2012

White underbush
Facts about exploitation
[Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.]

Gugiuman Cosmin Dragos Grindsted Landbrugsskole 3/22/2012

1. IMPORTANCE
White underbush is one of the most valuable fruit plant found in the wild. It has miraculous effects in human medicin, veterinary, cosmetics, agriculture, microbiology, food industry etc. Underbush fruits contain 10 tiess more vitamin C than the citrics. They are also rich in the main vitamins such as: A,B1,B6,C,E,F,K,P. It has a huge amount of caroten. Its growing capacity makes it suitable for preventing the soil erosion, thanks to its long and wide roots(24 m from the trunk). It can also be used for animal feed with very good medicinal results. The areas of utilisation of this plant is growing continuosly, and the applications are multiple.

2. VARIETY AND PARTICULARITIES

The variety of underbush used on our farm is a hybrid named Delta 60M. Plants are strong, the ramification is medium, making the crown to be airy like a globe. On the fruit branches grow side sprigs (10-15 cm short) and one or two terminal sprigs(20-30 cm). The spikes are long (4-6 cm), rigid and thick The leafs are narrow and long (6-6,5 cm) with white hairs on the posterior side giving a white-pearly color. The mixt buds have high density, being found on almost all the length of the sprigs and they make 4-7 flowers which will cover all the length of the sprig, covering it. The fruits are very large (g=0.70; h=11.4mm ; d=9.1mm) , color is orange, long oval shape. The fruits can be harvested quite easy because they are not so strong held by de branch. The seed is large, brown color. The fructification capacity is large from 4 to 13 kg/plant. The maturity of the fruits is late. The growing and fructification periods From the second year from plantation the intensive growing stage begins and it last about 4-5 years. The growing period alternated with the start of fructification are short(2-3 years) and its the time when the harvest yield starts to grow from 3-12 t/ha Full fructification period lasts depending on the agrotechnique. In this period the yield can be up to 25 tons/ha.

The decline period appears after 18-20 years , when the production drops , and the plant starts to dry partially or fully.

The vegetation and fructification period In the romanian climate we can distinguish two phases in the year cicle: - The resting period - The vegetation period The resting period starts when the color changes and the leafs start to fall. This happens in october. This lasts until january-february and then when the temperature is constantly above 5 degrees(6-8 days consequiently) the plants start to grow. The vegetation period stars early I spring when the buds start to swallow( end of march and the beginning of april). Then a 30 days period starts until the sprigs start to grow Flowering: end of march-start of april when temperature in the day is between 12-15 degrees. It lasts 14-15 days. Obs: when female plants are flowering together with the male plants highest yield is achieved. The fruit growing period is 180-200 days. The maturation of fruits starts in the end of july start of august. In september-october they reach full maturity.

3. PARTICULARITIES FOR DELTA60M

Observations regarding vegetation and fructification phases Type Buds forming (days) 27.02 Flowering beginning (days) 11.04 End of flowering (days) 28.04 Start of leafing (days) 08.04 Start of Harvest ripe maturity (days) (days) 19.8 31.8

Delta 60M

Morphological particularities Type Plant strenght Middle Precocity Fruit size Density of mm ripening Late 4 Very thick Harvesting Spikes

Delta 60M

easy

4-6 cm thick

4. PLANT TECHNOLOGY
Seeding through cutting Is made in june under solar and artificial mist. The seeding procent can be 8590% with soil temp 22 degrees. Seeding procent for green cuttings directly into the field: Type Cuttings from top of sprig Delta 60M 38 % seeding Cuttings from middle of the sprig 25

Capacity of forming roots(green sprig) in the water: Type % sedding in bowl: plastic Delta 60M 30 glass 33

For better results the Rhisophon AA solution(0.1%), in which rhe cuttings are kept for 60 minutes giving a 55% chance for seeding.

Planting of cuttings Period of planting is when the soil temperature has at the depth of 20-25 cm, about 10-12 degrees C. (20 april-5 mai). Planting through billons: 1. Cutting the billon and compaction:

2. Splitting the billon to a 45 degrees ungle:

3. Spraying the base of the billon with 5-8 g insecticide/m with Duplitox or Sindatox 4. Putting the cuttings on the billons wall with a density of 15-18 billons/m on the same hight. 5. Reassembling the billons in well marked layers:

5.ESTABLISHMENT OF A WHITE UNDERBUSH PLANTATION

1. Environmental factors Temperature: white underbush has a strong resistance (from -35,-40 up to +45 degrees C) Light : needs plenty of light, and it has to be planted in places were the light is present all day. Humidity: has a high adaptability to drought and also to short floods Soil: almost all types of soil Type Delta 60M Soil Region Field Plain Surface 10 ha Humidity Medium Temperature 558.7mm 10.2

cernosiom N-E

2. Organising and preparation of the field First the main roads will be made so that an easy access to the parcels and also to the main roads. We will establish two parcels, 5 ha each. The rows will be in the North-South direction, for the best exposure to sun. The field will be drained and cleaned and the plowing will be made at 2530 cm and then the plowing will be threaded. 3. Distance, time and planting technic Planting will be ade in the autumn or in the early spring(the field will be prepared from autumn). Distance between rows is 3m and between plants 2m. One male plant on every 7 female plants.
8

Planting in holes(45/45/40). 5-6 kg manure 30-40 g superphosphate 20-25 g Potasium sulphate The ground will be compressed well and 6-8 l water will be added. The cutting will be 10-15 cm above soil. 4. Agrotechnique The leading system used for our plantation is flattened. The method used is a orchard fence. The seeding distance is 3/1 m. On the plant axis branches of one and two years will alternate, 12-15cm one from each other so that we will have crop every year. The harvesting will be done manually, from the cutted branch that has the fruits. Also, the branch can be freezed or chopped and than squeezed.

orchard fences

Maintanance and soil works The soil between the rows can be kept clean(black) or with grass(when humidity exceeds, but in the dry periods the grass should be mowed to the ground level.

Fruition and forming cutting After planting the axe of the plant is cut at 35-40 cm when the first floor is also projected. Two skelet branches are chosen on the row direction. In the years II and III, from the axe growings from 25 to 25 cm, new skelet branches will be chosen until the plant reaches 1.6-1.8 m. To ensure a good development of the plant the anual growth is shortened to 1/3. The branches will be leaded with trellis with 1-2 wires which can be taken out when the branches are woodening.

Fructification cuttings

They are made especially in the autumn or spring. Some of the bearing formations are cut, inside the crown the fruit branches should be 10-12 cm one from each other, and on the outside 6-7 cm. The shoots will be replaced each year from different branches. Through cutting we will follow the generative and vegetative state.

10

Irrigation When critical periods occure we can use small doses of water (300-400 m3/ha)

5. Pests and Diseases

Pests Phitiu de baryanum due to excesive humidity and high densitity of plants on m2. Verticilium (leaf twist) Cytospora sp. and Phomopsis consocia Diseases Trypanus cossus Hypantria cunea

6. Fruit harvest Will be made with a fruit harvester.

11

The fruits will be strored in small packages (<5kg). Kept fresh on 0 degrees C.

Fruit capitalization Through fruit industrialization we can obtain highly appreciated products with high nutritive value: juice, sirop, nectar,jam, jelly, gelatin, alcoholic drinks etc. The fruits are 100% used. Products: seed oil, pulp oil, flavon pwder, flovon capsules, extracted vitamins, etc.

Fresh fruits

Fruit branches

sorting

control

washing washing drying

drying

sorting Cooling -18 degrees

processing

separation Cooling -18 degrees Processing

12

UNDERBUSH FRUITS

JUICE

OIL

DERIVATED PROD.

Mash Powder Nutritional elements

Pulp oil Seed oil Byproducts from oil

Vitamins Colorants

Pharmacy

Comestible and noncomestible

cosmetics

13

No.crt Work 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Total 1 4 5. Total 2

Um

Quantity

Rolling disc on row 4 times Ha 1 Mechanical mowing 3 times Ha 1.8 Hoeing 2 times Ha 0.5 Version 1 Harvesting by sprig cutting To 15 Harvesting fruits To 15 Version 2 kg 15 pcs 1.666

Mechanical works no.ha/an 0.37 2.16

Price 60 120 1880

value 22.2 259.2 940 750 15000 16971.2 679.5 833 2733.7

100

Harvesting with mechanic harvester Fructification cutting

45.3 5

The prices are in lei The profit is calculated with the price of 0.5 euro/kg. The yield is 15 to/ha

Estimating indicators for establisment of one ha underbush plantation

Work Plowing Rolling disc Loading manure(tih) Spreading manure Total Pichets making Picheting Holes digging Moulding roots Mud +mudding Seedlings to hole Planting Watering total Manure Seedlings Total materials Total general

UM Ha Ha To Ha

Quantity MECHANICAL WORKS 1 1 30 1 MANUAL WORKS 1.666 1 1.666 1.666 1.666 1.666 1.666 1.666 MATERIALS 30 1.666

Ha/year 1,5 0,37 1.08 1.50

Price 150 60 40 60

Value 225 22.2 43.2 90 492.4 33.32 90 1166.6 33.32 47.88 24.99 833 166.6 2395.7 2700 3332 6032 8920.1

Thousand pieces Ha Th. Pcs Th.pcs Th.pcs Th.pcs Th.pcs Th.pcs

20 90 700 20 28.5 15 500

To Pcs

90 2

15