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Development Science I:

CHARACTERISTICS OF AGROFORESTRY LANDSCAPE


Prof. Dr. HADI SUSILO ARIFIN

QUIZ
What is agroforestry landscape? What is watershed?

Graduate School of International Development and Cooperation Hiroshima University Japan Spring 2012
Material Source: AFLA Modul (Arifin HS, Wulandari C, Pramukanto and Kaswanto RL, 2008); Arifin HS, Wulandari C, Pramukanto and Kaswanto RL, 2010. Analisis Lanskap Agroforestri. IPB Press. Bogor. 199p

AGROFORESTRY LANDSCAPE Agroforestry in landscape scale Ecological boundaries Bio- regional Watershed ~ Water catchment ~ Water drainage ~ Catchment Area

DRAINAGE PATTERN AND SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTHERN PART OF RINJANI ECOSYSTEM ECPE, WWF LOMBOK)

WATERSHED
Is an area of internal drainage, the size an shape of which is determined by surface topography. Is completely encircled by a divide or a ridge line. Precipitation falling on one side of the divide drains toward the outlet or mouth of the watershed on that side of the divide.

WATERSHED
4. Evapotranspiratration

1.Interception 2. Run-off 3. Interflow


Arus antara Peresapan Water Table

Mt. Gede

5. Percolation

Cianjur City

Land use in Cianjur-Cisokan Watershed (Harashina, Takeuchi, Arifin, 2001)

0 N 10km

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SIMPLE AGROFORESTRY

COMPLEX AGROFORESTRY

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KEBUN CAMPURAN, MIXED GARDENS


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TALUN, FOREST GARDENS


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Agrosylvofisheries

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PEKARANGAN, HOME GARDENS

COMPLEX AGROFORESTRY

LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND CHANGE


Landscape Structure is determined by the composition, the configuration, and the proportion of different patches across the landscape. Landscape Function refers to how each element in the landscape interacts based on its life cycle events.
Floristic Composition: number of species, individula number, plant stratification HS Arifin Doc

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TUMPANG SARI

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Landscape Change ~ Landscape Dynamic is the changing of landscape in the scale of spatiotemporal.

CHARACTERIZING AGROFORESTRY LANDSCAPES


Approaches for identifying, assessing and understanding important properties, characteristics, patterns and dynamics of agroforestry landscapes. This includes identifying landscape elements, structures and functions, as well as interactions among elements and overall dynamics and emergent properties (e.g., biodiversity, hydrology, carbon sequestration, etc.). Attention is given to understanding heterogeneity and diversity in landscapes, including the degree to which agricultural and forestry components may be segregated or integrated, and to classifying different types of landscape configurations. Diversity includes both biophysical and human dimensions of landscape elements and processes.

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Maninjau Bukittingi

Future NGO activist roles of Business (wo)man graduates Extensionist


Researcher

Local government

Observe Analyze CompePredict tencies Empathize required Negotiate

PLTA Coffee enclave Multistakeholder interactions, governance, conflict, incentives: historical development, drivers of change, scenarios & future Landscape scale pattern of interactions, emergence of environmental services Value chain and marketing of AF products Farmer management of agroforestry patches on farm Tree-Soil-CropClimate-Fauna interactions Solok town

Singkarak
Paninggahan

Ombilin river

Padang

Epicentre 6.3 Richter earthquake, 6-3-2007

Courtesy of van Noordwijk

100%

Indonesia Philippines MMSEA

Forest cover (%)

Kapuas Hulu Lantapan W Aceh Upper Ping Singkarak Claveria 60% Batang Toru Halimun

80%

Bungo 40% Luang

20% 0% 0

Prabhang Kalahan Bac Khan

How does forest cover compare to population density & Bao Shan Hoa Binh SEAsia baseline? Tulang Bawang
200 250

Integrate <> Segregate

FIVE CATEGORIES OF LANDSCAPE AGROFORESTRY


Tree-Soil-Crop-Climate-Fauna interactions Farmer management of agroforestry patches on farm Value chain and marketing of AF products Landscape scale pattern of interactions, emergence of environmental services Multi stakeholder interactions, governance, conflict, incentives

50

Population density, km-2

100

150

Conditions & Trends: What are the goods and services people derive? Where is the landscape on the degradation/ rehabilitation transition?
Prima- Seconry dary

Stakeholders: What are the roles, who are the players, what are their interests?
NEGOTIATION SUPPORT SYSTEM (NSS); Bringing science and knowledge to negotiation tables
4. Innovation drivers
Natural capital Knowledge systems Market access

Tree cover

Planted trees

Rules & institutions

2. Dynamic landscape mosaics

1. Multi stakeholder perceptions

Natural forest Time

Agreed changes

3.Negotiation Process

Courtesy of van Noordwijk

Spontaneous changes

CASE STUDY OF AGROFORESTRY LANSCAPE IN MENDALAM SUBWATERSHED WEST KALIMANTAN

CHARACTERISTICS OF MENDALAM SUB-WATERSHED


Mendalam River Basin is located in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia 123o 55 58 East Longitude 113o 37 26 East Longitude and 0o 49 22 North Latitude 1o 19 28 North Latitude. The area of Mendalam river basin is about 147,200 ha or about 1.5 % of total Kapuas Watershed (9,874,910 Ha; with the river 1,086 km distance). Location in Kapuas Hulu District Conserved District (56.51 % protected areas) Betung Kerihun National Park (BKNP) and Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP). 60% of Mendalam River Basin area is outside BKNP ~ c.a. 718 households ~ more than one tribe.

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As a macro scale, forest area in Kapuas Hulu District is 2.984.203 ha. 17.5% (523.094 ha) was forest production. 15.5% (461.063 ha) was marginal land due to illegal logging and mining exploitation. In October 1, 2003 Decree of Forest Minister No. 144 (2003) published Declaration of Kapuas Hulu District as a conservation district. The protected area is 54.9% from the total areaBKNP (800.000 ha), DSNP (132.000 ha), Danau Empangau Protected Forest (628.973 ha), water catchment area (360 ha), and peat soil area (67.082 ha).

As a micro scale, the landscape mosaic could be observed through landscape dynamic from the riparian area to the inland near the forest. It was established the land use order, i.e. tembawang (kebun campuran = mixed gardens), which is lied between river and housing site; pekarangan (home gardens); kebun tanaman (plantation); ladang (dry lands); and finally is hutan (forests).

SLOPE CLASSIFICATION IN MENDALAM SUB RIVER BASIN, KAPUAS HULU WATERSHED


No. 1 2 3 4 Slope Class 1 (0 8 %) 2 (8 15 %) 3 (15 25 %) 4 (25 45 %) Total Area Ha 84,556 72,027 26,796 494 183,873 % 46.0 39.2 14.5 0.3 100.0

LAND COVER TYPE OF MENDALAM RIVER BASIN 1990, 2000 AND 2005 *
Area (ha) No. Land Cover Type ha 1 2 3 4 Low Land Forest Secondary Dry Land Forest Secondary Wetland Forest Mixed Agriculture Dry Land Total**
142,317 20,599 5,658 15,159 185,723

1990 %
76.6 11.1 3.0 8.2 100

2000 ha
141,917 19,668 5,013 17,136
183,734

2005 %
77.2 10.7 2.7 9.3

ha
141,37 1 19,231 4,547 18,723

%
76.9 10.5 2.5 10.2 100

100 183,872

* Sources: Landsat TM analysis 1990, 2000 and 2005 in Livelihood Study of the Upper Stream of Kapuas Watershed (2007) ** The total area is based on Landsat Data.

SOCIAL-ECONOMICAL-CULTURAL CONDITION
Total Populations
NO 1 Village / Hamlet Datah Diaan village, the hamlets of: a. Nanga Hovat b. Uma' Suling c. Pagung SUB TOTAL 2 Padua Mendalam village, the hamlets of: a. Teluk Telaga b. Tanjung Karang c. Lung Miting SUB TOTAL 3 Tanjung Jati village, the hamlets of: a. Semangkok b. Nanga Sambus c. Tanjung Jati SUB TOTAL TOTAL Populations 144 280 376 800 706 222 311 1,212 342 714 1,702 2,758 4,770 Total Families 35 64 106 205 152 57 74 287 73 175 143 391 883

Land Cover Type of Sub DAS Mendalam (Landsat ETM 1990-left, and 2000-right)

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COMPLEX AGROFORESTRY AND VEGETATION STRUCTURE IN MENDALAM RIVER BASIN


No 1. Type of AF Tembawang (Mixed gardens) in river side Vegetation Structure Pattern Durian, fern (paku ikan), palm sugar, coconut, banana, sweet potato, peanut, green bean. Remarks Cash crops are cultivated intensively.

LAND USE TYPE IN EACH KAMPONG IN MENDALAM RIVER BASIN


No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Kampong Nanga Hovat Uma Suling (Padua Kompleks) Pagung (Padua Kompleks) Teluk Telaga (Padua Kompleks) Janjung Karang Lung Miting Semangkok Nanga Sambus Ethnic Dayak Bukat Dayak Kayan Dayak Kayan Dayak Kayan Dayak Kayan Dayak Kayan Dayak Taman Malay Land Uses Type Type A Type A Type A Type A & Type B Type B & Type C Type A Type D Type C

2.

Pekarangan (Home Durian, rambutan, pamelo, coconut, Cultivated Gardens) pumpkins, pepper, juna (Dayak onion), intensively. taro, vegetable zinger (Alpinia sp.), poultry. Kebun Tanaman/ Plantations Ladang (Dry Lands) Hutan (Forest) Rubber, coffee, cocoa Rice, corn, vegetable zinger (Alpinia sp.), cucumber, pepper, cassava Mangosten, cekalang, pandanus, star fruit (belimbing darah), rambutan, bamboo, rottan, tengkawang (Shorea stenoptera), trees for honey bee (lebah madu) Semi-intensive Semi-intensive Cultivated extensively

3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8.

SETTLEMENT PROFILE ALONG MENDALAM SUB-WATERSHED


Hulu

Ladang & Kebun

Houses

Nanga Hovat Residential Area


PADUA KOMPLEKS
1/2 - 1 jam Abandon Land, Kebun Tembawang

Hilir

PAGUNG : - KAYAN - TYPE A

UMA SULING: - KAYAN - TYPE A

NANGA HOVAT: - BUKAT - TYPE A

Ladang

TELUK LUNG TELAGA: SEMANGKOK: MITING: - KAYAN - KAYAN - TAMAN - TYPE A + B - TYPE A - TYPE D TG. KARANG: - KAYAN NANGA SMABUS: - TYPE B + C - MALAY - TYPE B + C

Hutan

TYPE A

Landscape Mosaic of Type A in Mendalam River Basin

Uma Suling Residential Area in Datah Diaan Village

Arifin, Wulandari, Pramukanto & Kaswanto, (2008)

Arifin, Wulandari, Pramukanto & Kaswanto, (2008)

Kebun
Pekarangan Houses

Houses
Tembawang, Abandon Land, Kebun

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Tembawang, Abandon Land, Kebun

Ladang

Ladang

Hutan

Hutan

TYPE B

TYPE C

Landscape Mosaic of Type B in Mendalam River Basin

Type of Kampong (Settlement) which is Located in the Riverside

Landscape Mosaic of Type C in Mendalam River Basin

Type of Kampong (Settlement) which is Located in the Riverside

Arifin, Wulandari, Pramukanto & Kaswanto, (2008)

Arifin, Wulandari, Pramukanto & Kaswanto, (2008)

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Kebun

LANDSCAPE PLANNING
landscape planners must look beyond the 'closely drawn technical limits' and 'narrowly drawn territorial boundaries' which constrain design projects. Landscape planners tend to work on projects which: * are of broad geographical scope * concern many land uses or many clients * are implemented over a long period of time In rural areas, the damage caused by unplanned mineral extraction was one of the early reasons for a public demand for landscape planning.

Long House Bentang Tembawang, Abandon Land, Kebun Ladang

Hutan

TYPE D

Landscape Mosaic of Type D in Mendalam River Basin

Performance of Long House

Arifin, Wulandari, Pramukanto & Kaswanto, (2008)

LAND COVER

EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION RATE


erosi (ton/ha/yr)
4 3 2 2 1 25 31 6 9 5 9 Kapuas Koheng 2005 2 4 3 2 1 0 Mendalam Mendalam Sibau Sibau 2005 Kapuas 1986-2004 2005 1986-2004 Koheng 1986-2004 Subcatchment Erosi (ton/ha) Sedimentation (mg/l)

Land cover Class Forest Agroforestry Crop land Bush Grassland Rice field Settlement

Proportion of area 2001 91.9 2.6 0.07 0.4 0.02 0.2 0.1 2004 90.5 2.9 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.2

PROBLEM MAP

See You Next Week


Hadi Susilo Arifin
Mobile: +81-80-4735-4859 E-mail/YM/FB/Skype: dedhsa@yahoo.com Blog www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id

Sedimentation (mg/l)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

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