UN Training Guidelines

SELECTION STANDARDS AND TRAINING GUIDELINES FOR UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVERS (UNMOs)
First Draft
SELECTION STANDARDS AND TRAINING GUIDELINES FOR UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVERS
The Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Training unit has prepared this draft of Selection Standards and Training Guidelines for United Nations Military Observers based on the compilation of various materials, curricula and selection criteria in use by Member States. Extensive advice concerning the training and preparation of UN Military Observers was provided by those Member States, Peacekeeping Training Centers and Organizations that conduct United Nations Military Observer Courses. Acknowledgements: Special notes of appreciation are extended to: Lieutenant-Colonel Jean-Pierre Doubeck, Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), Training Unit, for his work on this document, as well as to those who contributed information and guidance in its composition: The special subgroup of peacekeeping training center commanders, working as a part of the International Association of Peacekeeping Training Centers (IAPTC), who provided the draft training outlines. The Foundation for International Studies at the University of Malta, Institute of International Affairs The Austrian Training Center, Peacekeeping Operations, Vienna (MOC/PKO) The Canadian Peace Support Training Center, Kingston, and the Lester B. Pearson Peacekeeping Training Center Peacekeeping Switzerland (SUNMOC) The United Nations Training School, Ireland (UNTSI) The Nordic United Nations Training Center, Niinisalo, Finland The School Voor Vredesmissies, Amersfoort, The Netherlands The German Infantry School, Hammelburg, Germany The United Nations Training Advisory Team, Warminster, UK The Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) The U.S. Department of Defense, Washington The Australian Peacekeeping Training Center and Deployed Forces Center The Argentine Peacekeeping Training Center (CAECOPAZ) This document is printed by the International Training Centre of the ILO, Turin, Italy and distributed by the Office of Planning and Support/DPKO/Training Unit, New York. UN/225/UNMILOBS 98 Copyright United Nations 1997 This document enjoys copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, Governmental authorities of the Member States may freely photocopy this document for exclusive use within their training institutes. However, no portion of this document may be reproduced for resale or mass publication without the express consent, in writing, from the DPKO/Training Unit. Future drafts of this document will take into consideration comments and recommendations for improvement from UNMO personnel and organizations interested in the activities of United Nations Military Observers. Any comments or questions concerning this document may be addressed to: Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Training Unit 801 United Nations Plaza, Second Floor New York, NY 10017 USA Phone: (212) 963-8670 Fax: (212) 963-9061
First Draft, August 1998
FOREWORD
For almost 50 years, the United Nations military observers have been a cornerstone to facilitate the peaceful settlement of disputes within and between countries. Representing the entire international community, UNMO teams have successfully observed, monitored and assisted in implementing agreements all around the world. Relying heavily upon their keen military skills, UNMOs must rapidly adjust to the unique tasks of their mission area. This adjustment demands selection of mature, culturally sensitive, mentally and physically fit and militarily competent officers. The survival and success of an UNMO relies not only on individual's competence, but also on the professional skills of fellow members of an UNMO team. But too many UNMOs arrive in a mission area incapable of effectively executing their tasks. This proficiency gap not only risks the success of the mandate, but survival of the UNMOs individually and as a team. As of June 1998, the United Nations was operating 16 Peacekeeping Missions involving 928 Military Observers (UNMOs) provided by 60 Member States. Many of these contributing countries conduct specific national-level preparation and training for their UNMO personnel. Many of the countries also use other internationally recognized UNMO training programs to prepare their officers for special duty as a military observer. In most cases, UNMOs are deployed as individuals on small teams, normally without benefit of the usual military logistic and operational backup systems characteristic of a unit deployment. United Nations Military Observers (UNMOs) are military officers assigned to serve with the United Nations on a loan basis by Governments of Member States at the request of the Secretary-General to the United Nations. While in the mission area, UNMOs are under operational control of the Chief Military Observer (CMO) and are answerable to him for their conduct and performance as related to the duties performed as a military advisor. They remain under the command of their home country for legal jurisdiction, promotion, and base pay and allowances (Except the United Nations Mission Subsistence Allowance). UNMOs are considered as Experts on Missions for the United Nations as it is defined under Article VI of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations; this is an important aspect that lends credibility and legitimacy to their functions when they are deployed on mission. They are not permitted to carry weapons. Military Observers find themselves in the role of operational pathfinders, who observe, report, negotiate and investigate occurrences as members of a multinational team. Through this unique composition, they symbolize the international authority of the United Nations. This international teamwork among UNMOs and the work within the non-military organizational hierarchy in the UN requires a level of guidance and standardization to ensure that the preparation and training provides and maintains a balanced profile of professionalism and operational efficiency.
Selection Standards and Training Guidelines for United Nations Military Observers (UNMOs)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Table of contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v SECTION I: INTRODUCTION 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
SECTION II:
UNITED NATIONS POLICY FOR THE SELECTION AND REPATRIATION OF UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVERS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Selection: Qualification and requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Repatriation policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 In-theatre validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Problem areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 SECTION III: UNMO SELECTION CRITERIA 11
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Specific selection standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

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Nationality 13 Professional status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Mental and physical health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Age limit 14 Rank 14 Professional competencies and experience . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Personal and professional integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Initial qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Re-certification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Method of qualification/certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.d)

SECTION IV: TRAINING GUIDELINES OVERVIEW 17
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Generic/general training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Mission specific training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 In-mission training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 SECTION V: GENERIC/ GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES 21
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Recommended training structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Generic/general training overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

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The United Nations, international organizations and legal considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Basic UNMO skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 UNMO operational techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Module 1: UN structure, functions and purpose. . . . . . . 25 Module 2: Military Observer duties and responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Module 3: Negotiation, mediation and liaison procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Module 4: Administration, pay and logistics . . . . . . . . . . 29 Module 5: Basic driving, maintenance and vehicle recovery operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Module 6: Personal health, hygiene and fitness . . . . . . . 31 Module 7: Communications and radio procedures . . . . . 31 Module 8: Medical and medevac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Module 9: Proficiency in the specified mission language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Module 10: Mine awareness and explosive ordnance (EO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Module 11: Personal survival skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Module 12: Human rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Generic/general training module overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

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SECTION VI: MISSION SPECIFIC TRAINING GUIDELINES 37
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Recommended module structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

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Module 1: United Nations specific information. . . . . . . . 39 Module 2: Organization of the mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Module 3: Underlying aspects of the conflict and parties to the conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Module 4: Deployments and recognition of forces. . . . . 41 Module 5: Mission specific communications . . . . . . . . . 41 Module 6: Personal health, hygiene and security specific to the mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 45
SECTION VII:
IN-MISSION TRAINING GUIDELINES
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Module overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

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Module 1: Module 2: Module 3: Module 4:
Administration and in-processing. . . . . . . . . . 47 Current operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Mission skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 53
SECTION VIII:
TERMS OF REFERENCE
Chief Military Observer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Sector Commander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Chief of Staff (COS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
SECTION IX:
UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER'S CODE OF CONDUCT
59
We are United Nations peacekeepers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Ten Rules: Code of Personal Conduct for Blue Helmets. . . . . . . . 64 Guidance to Commanders of United Nations Military Operations: Standards of Conduct and Performance Criteria . . . . 65
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SECTION X: RECOMMENDED RESOURCES 67
Recommended resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
ANNEX A
UNITED NATIONS MEDICAL STANDARDS FOR PEACEKEEPING AND SPECIAL MISSIONS
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Medical examination and documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Guidelines for the use of MS-2 medical examination form for military observers and civilian police . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Medical examination for military observers and civilian police during tour of duty and upon departure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 ANNEX B UN/UNMO LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY STANDARDS
UNITED NATIONS TRAINING SERVICE, OHRM: LANGUAGE TRAINING PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
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Elementary stage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
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Listening comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Reading comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Speaking skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Writing skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Listening comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Reading comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Speaking skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Writing skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Listening comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Reading comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Speaking skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Writing skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Intermediate stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
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Advanced stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
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United Nations language test model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
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Oral language test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Listening comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Video presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Reading comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Language assessment requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 ANNEX C UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER VEHICLE DRIVING STANDARDS
ASSESSABLE CRITERIA FOR THE UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER VEHICLE HANDLING TEST AND DRIVING IN TRAFFIC TEST
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Part A: Part B:
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Handling test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Road test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Failure of road tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Winter driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Driving test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Driving assessment requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
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SECTION
INTRODUCTION
SECTION I.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Almost fifty years of UNMO experience from missions in many parts of the world validate the range of skills and levels of expertise that UNMOs are expected to attain prior to joining any UN Observer Mission. These various national documents serve as the basis for the development of this common training baseline that all UNMOs and UNMO training schools should complete prior to deploying any of their officers to an UNMO mission. The international community cannot afford to delay implementing a UN mission mandate due to inadequately trained UNMOs. Selection Standards and Training Guidelines for United Nations Military Observers, is intended to assist the development of a structured process for the efficient selection and effective training of UN Military Observers for service in peace-support operations. It will also assist selection personnel who manage National officers volunteering to serve as United Nations Military Observers. Selection criteria are provided that will assist the process of selecting suitable officers to be trained and screening for service in UN missions. Training guidelines cover both pre-deployment training and in-mission training. It is generally accepted that pre-deployment training will consist of two parts: generic/general and mission specific training. The training guidelines are designed to be generic in nature in order to cater for a diverse client base, diverse learning environments, and a diverse range of facilitators. However, when used to influence a national peacekeeping training programme framework, these guidelines will adequately prepare UN military observers to support almost any peacekeeping observer operation UN sanctioned, regional or coalition. Personnel involved in the pre-deployment training or in-mission training of UN military observers should design unique training programmes focused on the specific mission requirements for selected UNMOs in a designated mission area - hence the reason for the term guidelines. Facilitators should modify the guidelines provided in this document as necessary, based on the experience level and predeployment preparation of the candidates. General/generic and mission specific training may be combined if the deployment area is already known and time permits. Tailoring instruction and support material is particularly important for the language training requirements. UNMO training programme managers are strongly encouraged to ascertain what the most relevant and current issues are for
SECTION I.
INTRODUCTION officers participating in each United Nations mission and then structure education and training courses appropriately. Furthermore, facilitators are encouraged to continually update written and/or audiovisual resources that complete the training guidelines, as they become available. In this regard, consultation with the United Nations/Department of Peacekeeping Operations/ Training Unit, New York (UNDPKO/Training Unit), and with military observers and peacekeeping trainers from other Member States is strongly recommended prior to the beginning a national UNMO selection and training programme.
SECTION
II
SECTION II.
INTRODUCTION
These guidelines consolidate existing United Nations administrative and related procedures concerning the deployment of the military observers and pertain only to the initial phase of the military observer's association with the United Nations mission in which they are to be assigned. These guidelines do not relate to either the mandate of the peacekeeping mission in which the military observers are deployed or to matters that lie within the competence of the other relevant organs of the United Nations. These repatriation guidelines are intended to facilitate the nationallevel pre-deployment and in-mission preparation of personnel selected for United Nations peacekeeping assignments. Wellprepared personnel reduce costs for both the United Nations and Member States related to training and repatriation and also enhance rapid implementation of the mandate. The international community cannot afford to delay implementing a UN mission mandate due to inadequately trained UNMOs.
SELECTION: QUALIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS

The number of years of professional experience, specialized skills, desired ranks, language skills and driving abilities required for deployment in United Nations operations are stipulated in the Notes for the Guidance of Military Observers on Assignment provided by the Secretariat for each mission. Each set of Notes takes into account the mandate and special circumstances of the mission. Strict adherence to the requirements of the Notes is imperative.
REPATRIATION POLICY
The repatriation of UNMOs requires the authorization of UN Headquarters. DPKO is fully supportive of the repatriation of personnel who lack the basic qualifications necessary to carry out their duties or whose performance has proven substandard and whose continued presence in the mission area would have an adverse effect on the operational effectiveness of a mission. 7
SECTION II.
UNITED NATIONS POLICY FOR THE SELECTION AND REPATRIATION OF UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVERS When individuals fail to meet the necessary requirements, the Head of Mission should seek authorization from the USG for Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) to repatriate those concerned. The Member State that has provided the officer is responsible for all costs associated with the repatriation, including the costs of the travel of his/her replacement to the mission area.
IN-THEATRE VALIDATION
Upon arrival in-theatre officers are subject to validation testing and additional verification that they meet the requirements as stipulated in the Notes for Guidance to the mission. Should an officer fail to meet the standards, the Chief Military Observer has the authority to request immediate repatriation and replacement through the Head of Mission.
PROBLEM AREAS
SECTION II.
Two of the most important standards for UN military observers are the Language Proficiency requirements and Driving Ability. Too many officers volunteering for service as United Nations military observers do not meet the basic standards in language and driving skills, resulting in a high rate of repatriation. Of greater concern is the impact that they have on the operational effectiveness of the mission and the potential risks that they pose to the UNMO team. Some missions require very high standards of driving ability due to the nature of the terrain and /or the climatic conditions. Lack of ability in this area imposes an unfair burden on his or her colleagues and is an unacceptable liability for the UNMO team. A United Nations military observer must also be able to communicate clearly and factually with his or her colleagues in the official language of the mission. He or she must be able to report accurately what he or she sees or hears. Insufficient language skill may be a threat to the safety of personnel and it diminishes the effectiveness of the officer and hence of the mission. Contributing nations are responsible for ensuring that potentials UNMOs have attained the standards established in this document. This is a minimal requirement and there is no latitude in standards outlined, as safety and lives are at stake. Some UN observer missions may require additional skills or attainment of a higher degree of proficiency in selected tasks due to mission requirements. If military officers volunteering for service as UN military observers are not proficient in these critical skills, it is imperative that facilitators design training programmes to correct the training shortfalls at the earliest possible stage.
SECTION
III
UNMO SELECTION CRITERIA
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SECTION III.
UNMO SELECTION CRITERIA
INTRODUCTION
Selection standards have been established to ensure that the highest quality of military observer is selected for service with the United Nations. For the purposes of this document, military observer refers to a serving member of a Member States Forces. These selection standards represent the minimum requirement and failure to meet one or more of these standards could be cause for repatriation of the military observer at the expense of the Member State. Many of the necessary skills that prepare an observer for his duties are taught or developed during the normal course of military officers careers. Therefore the time actually allocated to the training of observers may vary. Should military officers lack any of these skills the gap will need to be addressed either during the Generic/General Peacekeeping Training or the Mission Specific Peacekeeping training phases.
SPECIFIC SELECTION STANDARDS

NATIONALITY A military officer volunteering for service as a UN military observer must be a citizen (and hold a national or service passport) of the Member State he or she is representing. Member States that offer to contribute officers will be requested to provide the Secretariat with selected professional and personal information on the officers concerned (e.g., passport numbers date and place of birth). PROFESSIONAL STATUS A military officer volunteering for service as a UN military observer must be a serving member of the Member States Forces. This excludes retired military officers. MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH A military officer volunteering for service as a UN military observer must be in excellent physical condition and meet the established UN medical criteria outlined in the Medical Support Manual for United Nations Field Operations, pg. 139 155. (See Section IX)
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SECTION III.
UNMO SELECTION CRITERIA It is imperative that potential observers are closely screened for any physical, mental or substance dependency condition that may impair his or her ability to effectively perform all the basic UNMO skills described in this publication for the theatre of operations. Medical clearance for all officers and the relevant vaccinations and immunizations must be obtained prior to deployment. Instructions relating to such clearance are attached in Section X of this document Direct communication with the Medical Service and the Training Unit in New York is strongly advised.
AGE REQUIREMENTS The following policy has been established by DPKO for participation in peacekeeping missions. Member States must not deploy Civilian Police and Military Observers that are less than 25 years of age. This is commensurate with the functions and responsibilities they will fill in the mission. As a rule, any military officer volunteering for service as a UN military observer should not be over 50 years old. Personnel deployed in military units should preferably be 21 years old, however never younger than 18 years old. RANK UNMOs normally serve in the rank of Captain or Major (i.e. should have at least 5 years of service as an officer). The United Nations may sometimes request more senior officers for specific missions or appointments or officers with special qualifications. PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES AND EXPERIENCE The officer must have a basic level of professional competencies and/or experience, which will enhance the performance of the individual on the ground and reduce the level of additional in-theatre training. The following topics are normally part of the formal career development of a professional officer. Possession of this knowledge and these skills permits National trainers to develop more appropriate UNMO training programmes.
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Previous field/troop unit experience in his or her national armed forces.
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SECTION III.
UNMO SELECTION CRITERIA Knowledge of infantry organizations (force structure, equipment, and capabilities) and operations at the company and battalion level. Experience or training in light weapons (e.g., personal small arms) and medium weapons (e.g., crew served weapons and APCs) weapons, support equipment (e.g., generators, trucks,) and common weapon, vehicle, aircraft and ship identification. Map reading, land navigation (both ground and vehicle) and use of the global positioning system (GPS). Use of tactical and basic commercial communications equipment and approved UN radio procedure. Knowledge of basic skills in dismounted patrolling and vehicle patrolling. Knowledge of basic negotiation, mediation and conflict resolution skills and basic interviewing techniques. Basic problem solving skills. Knowledge of basic first aid and stress management techniques. Knowledge of other languages in the mission areas, in particular official languages of the UN.
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PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL INTEGRITY A military officer volunteering for service as a UN military observer must display:
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Exemplary personal and professional integrity. This implies an international outlook, independence from direction from governments and organizations external to the United Nations. Knowledge of and ability to act impartially while on mission. Maturity, high ethical standards, honesty, and trustworthiness.
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METHOD OF QUALIFICATION/CERTIFICATION
INITIAL QUALIFICATION For selection to serve as an UNMO, candidates should be endorsed by his Member States Commanding Officer and meet either of the following basic qualifications.
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SECTION III.
UNMO SELECTION CRITERIA National certification by successful completion of a national or international UNMO course.1 Have completed a successful tour as an UNMO in the preceding 36 months.
RE-CERTIFICATION Military Observer skills are perishable and therefore it is critical that UNMOs selected for missions have a current qualification. If not, National re-certification should be granted only after successful completion of a refresher course. The refresher course can be conducted through a national or regional training programme or an international course. It remains the responsibility of the Member State and not the CMO to provide this refresher training. Resources and time are simply not available in the mission area.
1. National certification remains a Member State prerogative, although it is strongly endorsed by DPKO and should include all aspects of the pre-deployment training standards.
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SECTION
IV
TRAINING GUIDELINES OVERVIEW
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SECTION IV.
GENERAL
The training guidelines outlined in this document are designed to be generic in nature and comprehensive enough to prepare an officer for duty as military observer on a UN or other type of observer mission. Personnel involved in the pre-deployment training or in-theatre training of UN military observers will need to design training programmes that specifically address mission requirements hence the reason for the term guidelines. Military observer course instructors should, where appropriate, change the order that modules are taught or suppress and add information if necessary to complement previous instruction or experience levels for the attending officers. This is particularly important for the language training requirements. The training guidelines address three broad training/education areas, with recommended learning objectives and training modules. Pre-deployment training is the most important and consists of generic/general and mission specific training. In-mission training should be limited to those aspects that cannot be covered prior to deployment
GENERIC/ GENERAL TRAINING

Generic/general training includes common subjects, guidelines and methods applicable to any officer and designed to develop a basic level of skills for employment as a Military Observer. These are the baseline knowledge and skills applicable to all UN Military Observers. Since it changes less frequently, this type of training should be conducted and refreshed on a regular basis. Generic/ General training is usually conducted at the national level, although regional initiatives that incorporate multinational training opportunities are strongly encouraged.
MISSION SPECIFIC TRAINING

Training subjects, guidelines and skills applicable to those military observers appointed to a selected UN mission. This training should be conducted immediately following the determination of any special skills addressing specific mission requirements. This element of predeployment training may be conducted either at the national, regional or international level.
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SECTION IV.
IN-MISSION TRAINING
In-mission training consists of programmes implemented in the area of operation, once military observers have been deployed into an observer mission. This type of training usually includes specific details on the theatre (based on experience) and refresher training sessions on generic and pre-deployment subjects. This training period normally lasts no longer than 2-3 days. In-theatre training must focus on those unique skills and capabilities UNMOs should demonstrate to effectively execute the mandate of their mission area. Intheatre training is normally the responsibility of the Chief Military Observer (CMO).
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SECTION
GENERIC/ GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES
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SECTION V.
GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES
INTRODUCTION
Generic/General Peacekeeping Training refers to the training that is applicable to all observer missions. It may be taught at any time prior to deployment and will enhance the UNMOs knowledge of the United Nations, peacekeeping missions and the roles and responsibilities of UNMOs in these operations, as well as raising his or her awareness of difficulties encountered during previous peacekeeping missions. Much of the information contained in this section may be useful for training personnel other than UNMOs designated for peacekeeping mission responsibilities. Many of the skills required of a military observer are taught or developed during the normal course of a military officers career. The degree of proficiency in these skills is a function of national training systems, the officers professional development and mission experience. Therefore the time actually allocated to the training of unique observer skills may vary.
RECOMMENDED TRAINING STRUCTURE

The Generic/General Peacekeeping training programme can be broadly divided into three areas; the United Nations, International Organizations and Legal Considerations; Basic UNMO Skills and UNMO Operational Techniques, each incorporating a number of sub elements. These have been divided into a series of basic modules to ensure adequate proficiency is achieved, yet provide a structure that is flexible. They vary in content and duration and may be taught as one block on consecutive days or as individual elements over a number of weeks. Each UNMO client group will have different training requirements depending on previous training and experience and hence facilitators may need to go into more detail in some curriculum areas. A recommended time allocation for each curriculum topic would be one to two days.
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SECTION V.
GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING OVERVIEW

THE UNITED NATIONS, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
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UN Structure, Functions, Purpose and Field Administration Understanding Regional Organizations UN Agencies, International Organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Legal Considerations
BASIC UNMO SKILLS

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Attitude Training Personal Security and Survival Skills Communications and radio procedures Basic Driving and Vehicle Recovery Operations Personal Health, hygiene and Fitness Administration, pay, and logistics Demonstrate Language proficiency Mission Specific Familiarization
UNMO OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES

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Observation Reporting Patrolling Escorting Verification and Monitoring Investigation and Inspection UNMO Team Leading Briefing and Staff Skills Negotiation, Mediation and Liaison Procedures Use of Interpreters Local Culture, Traditions and Religion Media Techniques
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SECTION V.
GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING MODULE OVERVIEWS

MODULE 1: UN STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS AND PURPOSE Learning Objective: Officers should understand the general background, history, organization, and functions of the United Nations. They should know the political implications that lead to the use of military personnel in peacekeeping missions. They should understand the legal status and other aspects related to UN operations. Module Content: The recommended content includes:
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The history of the United Nations and the key elements of the Charter of the United Nations; The general organizational structure of the United Nations including: The role of individual Organs, The role of DPKO, and An overview of the work of the Specialized Agencies; The origins of United Nations Peacekeeping: The distinction between Chapter VI and Chapter VII Operations; A general history of United Nations Peacekeeping: from classic peacekeeping to multidimensional peacekeeping operations; A general history of United Nations Military Observers in peacekeeping operations; General knowledge about how the mission mandate is developed, how peacekeeping operations reflect mandated responsibilities, and how peacekeeping operations are funded; The structure of peacekeeping operations, including: The organization and management of a mission including key personnel, UNMOs role in overall mission structure, The role played by the military component of missions, UN field administration and logistics (FALD, CAO and integrated logistics support), and The role of the media; UN Agencies, International Organizations and Non-Governmental organizations (NGOs) to include: The roles of the United Nations specialized agencies (UNHCR, UNHCHR, UNDP, WFP, WHO, .),
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SECTION V.
GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES The mandates and roles of international/national NGOs and PVOs, The mandate and tasks of the ICRC;
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Regional Organizations and peacekeeping to include: Roles and functions of regional organizations, Provisions of Chapter VIII of the Charter, Regional capabilities, and Participation of a regional organization; Legal aspects of peacekeeping operations, including: An overview of the legal status of an UNMO, The status of contribution agreements, Codes of conduct, International humanitarian law and laws of armed conflict, and Application of host nation, national and international laws to the UNMO in a peacekeeping operation.
MODULE 2:
MILITARY OBSERVER DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Learning Objectives: Participants will have a working proficiency of the basic military observer duties and responsibilities. Participants will be familiar with the principle duties of UNMOs including, observing, reporting, patrolling, checkpoint and observation point procedures, verification and monitoring, investigation and inspection, briefing procedures and leading team operations. These are the most critical skills for an UNMO and training should ensure proficiency in these areas. Module Content: The recommended content for the module includes:
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Observation. Observing is the core function of a successful UNMO and requires the highest standards and competencies.. The observer must be able to quickly locate, recognize, and identify military and other related violations of established agreements between belligerents. This includes: Observation techniques, Siting and establishment of observation positions, Equipment, weapons, and aircraft recognition, Land navigation and map reading,
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SECTION V.
GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES The use of binoculars, Night observation devices, GPS, and Compass;
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Reporting. The UNMO must be proficient in using established report formats, and developing clear, concise, and accurate reports of events in his area of responsibility. This includes: Competence in mission language, Knowledge of reports and returns, Competence in communications procedures, Skill in handling communications equipment, fax machines, and Knowledge of computer, e-mail and preformatted messages; Patrolling. The UNMO must be proficient in organizing, preparing, and conducting mounted and dismounted patrols in accordance with established UN guidelines, terms of reference, and mandate directives. This includes: Structure, types and roles of patrols, Patrol duties, Security during patrols, Organization, briefing, debriefing and leading patrols, Compilation of patrol reports, and Briefing UN officials, belligerent parties and others on the results of the patrol;
Verification and Monitoring. A mandate may often require UNMOs to validate and/or monitor belligerent force compliance with applicable peace accords. UNMOs must have detailed knowledge of controlled weapons, authorized movements, and controlled, restricted, and free movement areas. This includes: Verification and monitoring techniques, Knowledge of weapons, equipment and military organizations, Monitoring agreements, Specialized equipment to support monitoring, and Reporting; Investigation and Inspection. Parties to the conflict will often call upon UNMOs to investigate and report on breaches of international
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SECTION V.
GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES humanitarian law and human rights conventions as well as inspecting the results of attacks. This requires: Understanding of UN investigative procedures, Knowledge of International humanitarian law and human rights conventions (see module 12), The effects of bomb and other damage, Proficiency in Crater analysis, and Reporting;
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Lead an UNMO Team. The UNMO must be proficient in organizing, preparing, conducting and conducting post operations for an UNMO team. Teams usually consist of 2-4 personnel. Training should include: Mission SOPs on post operations, Establishment of daily routines, Mobile and static procedures, Reporting procedures, and Security; Briefing and Staff Skills. UNMOs must be skilled in basic staff operations. This will also require competency in briefing visitors, senior UN officials, investigators, local officials, and other personnel as required. Understand local staff SOPs, Applicable UN guidelines for staff operations, Briefing techniques, Press briefings, and Liaison techniques.
MODULE 3:
NEGOTIATION, MEDIATION AND LIAISON PROCEDURES Learning Objective: The UNMO may be required to negotiate in a wide range of operational situations. These negotiations require a firm grasp of the mandate requirements and agreements in place. Effective liaison techniques require highly developed sensitivities to local customs, traditions, language, and religions as well as cultural awareness. Observers must be skilled at enhancing and maintaining impartiality and objectivity in order to successfully mediate, negotiate, manage and avert potential crises.
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SECTION V.
GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES Module Content: The module should include:

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Appreciation of local cultural, traditions, and religion in the context of the mission, crisis management mediation and negotiation; Media relations, including: Mission media policies, Interview techniques, Media information statements; Use of interpreters; Crisis management; Negotiation techniques; Mediation skills; Liaison techniques and interpersonal skills; Working with in-theatre UN agencies, NGOs. PVOs, regional organizations; Military operations centres (Civil-Military Operations Centres, or CMOCs), and local political/government representatives; and Working with belligerents and local government officials.
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ADMINISTRATION, PAY AND LOGISTICS Learning Objectives: UNMOs must have a basic appreciation of the UN administration procedures, pay and allowances, and the logistics system. Module Content:
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UN administrative operations and SOPs applicable to UNMOs; UN pay and allowances system; UN leave policy; and Use of UN, host nation, and home nation logistics systems to support and sustain the UNMO team.
MODULE 5:
BASIC DRIVING, MAINTENANCE AND VEHICLE RECOVERY OPERATIONS Learning Objectives: UNMOs will be proficient in basic wheeled vehicle operation, off-road driving techniques, vehicle maintenance, and recovery/towing procedures.
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SECTION V.
GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES Module Content:

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Basic driving standard shift, 4 wheel drive vehicle; On and off-road driving techniques; Vehicle maintenance techniques; Vehicle recovery and towing procedures; Preparing vehicle for operations in potential mined areas; Convoy driving techniques; and Driving in challenging conditions (e.g. snow, deep water, sand). Two years experience in driving a standard shift wheeled vehicle; Cross country experience driving in rough terrain with a wheeled vehicle; A valid driving license for wheeled vehicles from his or her Member State; Capability to operate and maintain a 4X4 wheeled vehicle in an austere environment requiring cross-country mobility; and Proficiency in basic vehicle recovery techniques and hasty vehicle troubling shooting procedures. The United Nations Handling Test Model; and The United Nations Road Test Model.
Additional Requirements and driving skills:

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Two documents are provided in Section XIV as models:

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Those models are an adaptation for UNMOs of the tests conducted by the United Nations for the selection of Civilian Police Monitors. They include vehicle handling, off-road operations, use of standard shift transmission, operator-level vehicle repair and services, and open road tests. Member States are strongly encouraged to establish driving-training programmes and tests in accordance with those standards for the selection and assessment of their military personnel prior to deployment.
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SECTION V. MODULE 6:
GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES PERSONAL HEALTH, HYGIENE AND FITNESS Learning Objectives: UNMOs will often be required to work under austere conditions, in areas where the essential infrastructure to support health problems is destroyed or in remote areas. The observer must be prepared to maintain a high standard of hygiene and fitness to ensure he remains capable of fulfilling his operational role. Module Content:
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Risks associated with HIV/AIDS and other STDs; Water purification and food storage; Personal fitness; maintaining strength and endurance while deployed; Personal hygiene while deployed under field conditions; Nutrition and health assessment; Eye protection; and Foot care.
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MODULE 7:
COMMUNICATIONS AND RADIO PROCEDURES Learning Objectives: UNMOs will be proficient in basic tactical and commercial communications systems typically used in mission areas; skilled in verbal and written communication in the mission language; proficient using UN/mission standard report formats, and troubling shooting basic communications systems problems. Module Content:
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Radio operation (vehicle mounted, portable, and base station); UN Communications procedures and approved formats and procedures; Military terms and graphics; Briefing techniques; Language training (English or mission language); and Standard UN and mission reports.
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SECTION V.
MODULE 8: MEDICAL AND MEDEVAC Learning Objectives: Officers should be proficient in basic first aid and life-saving procedures as well as skilled in the use of coping mechanisms fitness, stress relief, hygiene to sustain themselves in the mission area. Module Content: The recommended content for the Medical and MEDEVAC module includes:
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Stress management: Officers should be skilled at: Identifying stress, The sources of stress, The symptoms of stress, Stress management techniques, and Helping others displaying symptoms of stress; Primary and secondary survey of casualties; Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), including: Care of an obstructed airway, External airway respiration, and External cardiac massage (requiring demonstration and practice on a mannequin);
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Management of bleeding wounds (haemorrhage) including: Application of a pressure bandage, Elevation of bleeding limbs, Identification of pressure points, Specific wounds and sucking chest wounds; Identification and management of burns; Identification and management of shock; Management of fractures including: Splinting and immobilization, Applying a sling, Lifting techniques, and C-SPAN techniques; Climatic conditions including heat exhaustion, stroke and hypothermia;
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SECTION V.
GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES Alcohol and food poisoning; Insect and other bites; Casualty transport and evacuation: Preparation of casualties for evacuation, Improvised transportation;
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MEDEVAC procedures; Communications and reporting: Procedures for reporting accidents and injuries, and Procedures for activating evacuation resources.
MODULE 9:
PROFICIENCY IN THE SPECIFIED MISSION LANGUAGE Any military officer volunteering for service as a United Nations military observer must have a good command of the United Nations official language determined by the Secretariat as the language of the mission. Language proficiency:
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For the purposes of this document, communicate refers to being able to read, write, listen and speak to a proficiency level where he or she can understand mission requirements and be easily understood in both written and oral communications with mission and local personnel. Any military officer volunteering for service as a UN military observer must have a working ability in the language of the mission; Elementary knowledge of the local language or languages; In some cases a priority may be given to a working proficiency (oral and written capability) in a local language(s) for operational matters.
Two documents are provided in Section XIII in order to help Member States in selecting and assessing their personnel:
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The United Nations Language Training Objectives, which are sorted in three stages: Elementary, Intermediate and Advanced. Officers volunteering for service as United Nations military observers should be trained to meet at the minimum the intermediate level standards set in this document. The United Nations Language Test Model: This model is an adaptation of the test conducted by the United Nations for the selection of Civilian Police monitors. 33
SECTION V.
Member States are strongly encouraged to establish language-training programmes and tests in accordance with those standards for the selection and assessment of their military personnel prior to deployment.
MODULE 10:
MINE AWARENESS AND EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE (EO) Learning Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of mines and EO and avoidance measures. Module Content:
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Mine characteristics; Recognition of minefield markings; Improvised Explosive Devices (IED and Booby Traps); Avoidance measures both mounted and dismounted; Removal of casualties from mined areas and booby traps; Where to expect mines and booby-traps; Movement in mine / IED threat areas; and Precautions in mounted and dismounted operations.
MODULE 11:
PERSONAL SURVIVAL SKILLS Learning Objectives: UNMOs will be proficient on basic skills related to their survival once deployed in the mission area, conducting patrols, or other activities which may increase the likelihood of their contact with uncooperative belligerents. Module Content:
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NBC equipment and other personal protective equipment; Hostage survival techniques; Hijack procedures and survival techniques; and Survival techniques and skills.
MODULE 12.
HUMAN RIGHTS Learning Objectives: UNMOs require a broad knowledge of Human rights and their application in a mission area.
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SECTION V.
GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES Module Content:

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Role of human rights and humanitarian law; Mission coordination and liaison with civilian partners: Human rights components, Civpol, Civil affairs personnel, NGOs, and ICRC; Human rights and humanitarian law in peacekeeping operations: Thresholds, Standards and escalation of conflict, International armed conflict, Non-international armed conflict, States of emergency, and Civil disorder; Respect for human rights by peacekeepers; Performance of policing duties in peacekeeping operations and protection of mission installations and activities; Supervision, monitoring and verification of cease-fires agreements, separation of forces and cessation of outside assistance; Assistance with electoral activities; Protection of prisoners and detainees; Protection of womens rights in conflict, potential conflicts and post conflict situations; Protection of children in conflict, potential conflicts and post conflict situations; and Human rights reporting.
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SECTION
VI
MISSION SPECIFIC TRAINING GUIDELINES
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SECTION VI.
MISSION SPECIFIC TRAINING GUIDELINES
INTRODUCTION
Mission specific training includes the detailed information, specific skills and knowledge concerning the UN peacekeeping mission and the environment in which the UNMO will be employed. Much of the information needed to conduct mission specific peacekeeping training will be provided by the UN, based on the known mission requirements and will be produced in the form of Notes to Military Observers on Deployment. More detailed information will also be available for those missions that have been in existence for some time. Many of these training guidelines are equally applicable to a variety of United Nations missions. This training will normally be conducted prior to deployment and may be conducted in conjunction with generic/general training. It should include all the information currently available on the prospective mission, to reduce the in-mission training needed on arrival in theatre. When new missions are being established, a high level of detail may not be available and aspects may have to be left to the in-mission training phase.
RECOMMENDED MODULE STRUCTURE

Mission specific peacekeeping training is broken down into modules and may be taught as blocks on consecutive days or as individual elements over a number of weeks. Each UNMO group will have different training requirements depending on previous training and experience and hence facilitators may need to go into more detail in some of the curriculum areas. Specific curriculum modules include: MODULE 1. UNITED NATIONS SPECIFIC INFORMATION Learning Objective: The UNMO must understand the Unspecific elements that pertain to the mission. The module includes:
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Mandate and Mission; Mission agreements; Memoranda of understanding; Standing operating procedures (SOPs); Rules of engagement (ROE); and Status of Forces. 39
SECTION VI. MODULE 2.
MISSION SPECIFIC TRAINING GUIDELINES ORGANIZATION OF THE MISSION Learning Objective: The MILOB must understand the operational environment of the mission. The module includes:
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Composition of the mission and administration; Operational roles of the mission; Contributions of Participating Countries; Camp Locations and Facilities; Map/Zone structure; General Information on the mission area to include: Topography, Climate, Dos and Don'ts, General points, Off Camp considerations, and Basic local phrases; Mission Tasks for Field Sites and Patrols (when known): Sector Control Centres, Check Points, Observation Posts, Temporary Observation Posts, and Special Temporary Observation Posts; Field Sites and Patrols; Patrols; Field Site Requirements; and Evacuation of Field Sites.
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MODULE 3.
UNDERLYING ASPECTS OF THE CONFLICT AND PARTIES TO THE CONFLICT Learning Objective: The MILOB must be conversant with the history of the region, the underlying conflict, the parties to the conflict and the basis for the peace accord. The module should include:
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History of the region and the conflict; Geographical conditions including:
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SECTION VI.
MISSION SPECIFIC TRAINING GUIDELINES General description, Communications networks, Terrain, Weather conditions, and Resources;
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Demography; Customs and Culture; Religion; Political situation including: Parties, Leadership, Elections, Trouble spots, and Conflict areas; Reasons for the conflict; Parties to the conflict; and Peace Accords and their applicable provisions.
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MODULE 4.
DEPLOYMENTS AND RECOGNITION OF FORCES Learning Objective: The UNMO must be fully conversant with the disposition and structure of belligerent forces, recognition of equipment and organizations. Module content includes:
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Command structures of belligerents; Deployments on the ground; Trouble spots; Coalitions and international relationships; Sources of logistical and political support; and Local Forces Recognition (Police / Armed Forces / Aircraft).
MODULE 5.
MISSION SPECIFIC COMMUNICATIONS Learning Objective: The UNMO must be conversant with mission specific communications equipment, procedures and reports: The module includes:
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SECTION VI.
MISSION SPECIFIC TRAINING GUIDELINES Communications equipment; Radio Procedures; Flow of Information; Types of Reports; Vehicle/Personnel Incident Report, Aircraft Incident Report, Situation Report, Summary of Events Report, MEDAVAC/Mass Casualty Follow-up Report, Patrol Boat Status Report, Explosive Ordnance Report, Weather Report, Daily On Hand Fuel/Water Status Report, Helicopter Fuel Status Report, Weekly Remote Site Status Report, and Vehicle Departure/Entry Log;
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Site Reporting Responsibilities; and Field Site Communications.
MODULE 6.
PERSONAL HEALTH, HYGIENE AND SECURITY SPECIFIC TO THE MISSION Learning Objective: The UNMO must be conversant with mission specific health and security risks. Module should include:
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Threat Assessment; Defence measures; Personnel security; Unusual activity outside site perimeters; Survival including as applicable: Operational Survival, Water Conservation, Situation Survival, Survival Scenarios, Personal Protection,
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SECTION VI.
MISSION SPECIFIC TRAINING GUIDELINES Clothing/Shelter, Communication, and Recovery;

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Additional First Aid considerations; Identification of Mines and Unexploded Ordnance; General Safety including as applicable: Vehicle hazards and vehicle safety, Fire Safety, Firearms and Ammunition Safety, Environment, Equipment required for movement within the area, and Speed Limits.
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SECTION
VII
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SECTION VII.
INTRODUCTION
In-mission training is conducted by the CMO within the mission area within the limited time and resources available in-mission. In-Mission training programmes provide the final opportunity for new UNMOs to refine their skills before performing their functions within the mission area. Additionally, it provides sustainment training for UNMOs deployed on mission that may need to update their proficiency on skills not needed earlier in the mission area. Normally, In-Theatre mission training will only be 2-3 days long. This places a premium on comprehensive general/generic and pre-deployment training. Chief, Military Observers, must use the In-Mission training period to focus on specific competencies UNMOs can only learn in the mission area not the common skills that can be learned prior to deployment.
MODULE OVERVIEWS
Recommended training modules include: MODULE 1. ADMINISTRATION AND IN-PROCESSING Learning Objective: The MILOB must be conversant with the organization and context of the United Nations mission.This module should address:
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Mission organization to include: Operational mission/mandate for implementation, Composition of force headquarters, Troop contributing countries, Camp locations and facilities, and Zonal structure; General mission information to include: Topography, Climate and its effects, Regional history, Demography, customs and culture, Dos and Donts for the region, Off-camp considerations,
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SECTION VII.
IN-MISSION TRAINING GUIDELINES Basic local language phrases, and Hazardous areas.
MODULE 2.
CURRENT OPERATIONS The MILOB must have a sound knowledge of current operations and the threat within the mission area. This module should address:
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Field Sites and patrols: Mission tasks for responsible field site and patrols, Sector control centres, Check points, observations points, Temporary observation points, Field site requirements, Belligerents, and Evacuation field sites; Threat assessment and defense measures Defense measures authorized, Personnel security, Personal property security, Hazardous areas, Mine activity, Booby-trap and unexploded ordnance areas, and Unusual activity areas.
MODULE 3.
MISSION SKILLS The MILOB must quickly become familiar with specific mission procedures including communications, reporting, vehicle drills and the recognition of local forces. This module should include:
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Recognition: Local force recognition, Police-armed forces, and Paramilitary force recognition.
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SECTION VII.
IN-MISSION TRAINING GUIDELINES Reporting: Types of reports, Flow of information, Decision authority for specific actions, Vehicle departure/entry logs, and Site reporting responsibilities;
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Communications: Mission specific radio/telephone procedures, Training and validation of technical skills on tactical and commercial radio operation, and Faultfinding, troubling shooting and maintenance of issued radios;
The use of Firearms and Use of Force in the mission area: Understanding the use of force and rules of engagement (ROE) for all forces deployed in the mission area, Definitions of hostile intent and hostile act, Instructions related to the use of firearms, and Challenging procedures in use by all parties in the mission area; Vehicle drills: Vehicle commander responsibilities, Convoy commander responsibilities, Briefing techniques, Security, Vehicle preparation for movement, Actions on contact and accidents, Vehicle recovery, and vehicle, and Preventative maintenance/hasty repair.
MODULE 4.
SAFETY The MILOB must be familiar with and capable of implementing safety procedures related to the mission. This module should address all aspects of safety including:
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General Safety: Mounted and dismounted hazardous safety conditions,
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SECTION VII.
IN-MISSION TRAINING GUIDELINES Firearm safety, Environmental threats, and Special equipment recommended for movement in the mission area;
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Survival and first aid: Survival techniques for the area of operation, Water conservation, Survival scenarios and escape routes/safe areas, Clothing and shelter, Communications, Individual recovery procedures, and First aid; Mines and unexploded ordnance: Explosive hazards, Explosive safety, Minefields, and Unexploded ordnance.
Optional training modules: Each mission will bring with it unique cultural, legal, military, and political perspectives that can only be fully appreciated by the UNMO once deployed in the mission area. As such, the Chief Military observer or his designated training officer should develop the scope of the learning objectives for each optional training module. The following special areas should be considered as potential In-Theatre training modules:
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Language; Cultural, Social and Religious Awareness; Survival, Escape, Resistance, and Evasion Techniques; Additional Land Mine Awareness; Chemical / Biological Weapons Awareness; Rough Terrain Driving & Vehicle Recovery Procedures; Crater Analysis; Weapons Effectiveness; Weapon Systems Identification;
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SECTION VII.
IN-MISSION TRAINING GUIDELINES Operation and Maintenance of Night Vision Devices; Operation and Maintenance of GPS Devices; and Range Estimation.
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SECTION
VIII
TERMS OF REFERENCE
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SECTION VIII.
TERMS OF REFERENCE
CHIEF MILITARY OBSERVER (CMO)

GENERAL The terms of reference for the Chief Military Observer are established through the authorization of a mandate by the Security Council and are formalized through guidance provided by the Under Secretary General, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. RESPONSIBILITIES
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The CMO is responsible, under the authority of the Secretary General, for the organization and operation of the MILOB component of the mission. The CMO is responsible for the planning and execution of operations and will establish a staff to assist him in this process. The ability to plan and conduct current operations, conduct contingency planning, gather information and liaison are key aspects of the operational function. The CMO will issue orders and assign tasks to subordinate units and elements. The CMO will provide in-mission training to newly arrived UNMOs to prepare them in mission specific matters. All MILOBS will be under the CMOs command and will answer to him for their conduct and performance of duties. The CMO is responsible for establishing contact with parties to the conflict, agencies and other organizations working within his/her area of operations, to ensure that his assigned mission is achieved. The CMO is responsible for the operational deployment of all personnel under his command. The CMO will establish a chain of command for the MILOBs and may delegate his/her authority through this chain of command. The CMO is responsible for the maintenance of good order and discipline among the MILOBs. He/she has the authority to investigate, conduct inquiries and establish a reporting structure to discharge this responsibility. See guidance in Section X. The CMO is responsible for the preparation of mission SOPs, Operational Guidance and other directives to the MILOBs component. 55
SECTION VIII.
TERMS OF REFERENCE The CMO will deal with the media in accordance with the information policy laid down by the Secretary General.
CHAIN OF COMMAND
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The CMO will normally report all matters regarding the functioning of the Observer Mission and policy issues through the Head of Mission (HOM) if one is appointed. The CMO will maintain a close working relationship with the HOM and the chief Administrative officer (CAO) and keep them fully informed about the organization, deployment and operations of the MILOBs component. The CMO will consult with the HOM on all decisions that have political implications. On military and technical matters the CMO may report directly to DPKO, while keeping the HOM fully informed.
SECTOR COMMANDER
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Under the direction of the CMO, the Sector Commander is responsible for the execution of the MILOB plan for the mission within his/her area of responsibility; The Sector Commander plans and executes operations within the sector and will assign duties and tasks to the MILOBs to support the accomplishment of the mission. He/she will designate team leaders and will monitor the performance of the deployed teams; The Sector Commander will establish a reporting structure, which ensures the timely flow of information to the mission headquarters; He/she will maintain a close relationship with the CMOs staff to ensure the coordination of critical mission is timely and effective; He/she establishes contact with parties to the conflict, agencies and organizations working within his assigned sector; The Sector Commander supervises the MILOBs assigned to his sector and is responsible for the maintenance of good order and discipline. He/she will conduct inquiries into allegations against MILOBs in the sector in close concert with the CMO;
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SECTION VIII.
TERMS OF REFERENCE He/she will supervise the administrative aspects related to the MILOBs in his sector, including the management of CTO.
CHIEF OF STAFF (COS)

The Chief of Staff is the principal staff officer for the CMO and provides overall coordination and control over the routine staff work that is produced by the staff. In this capacity the COS:
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formulates and disseminates policy for the general operation of the staff, directs, supervises and integrates the staff work of the headquarters; coordinates all aspects of planning, assigning tasks based on the guidance he/she has received from the CMO; and monitors the relations among the staff and subordinate elements and agencies.
The COS also ensures that the United Nations staff procedures and channels of communications are adhered to by all staff members, particularly those between the military and civilian portions of the headquarters. The COS represents the Commander, when authorized.
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SECTION
IX
UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVERS CODE OF CONDUCT
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SECTION IX.
UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER'S CODE OF CONDUCT The UNMO Code of Conduct is based on the core documents for the code of conduct that are applicable to all United Nations peacekeeping personnel. The documents were created by the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations to assist Member States in the formulation of appropriate codes of conduct for their own personnel. Three documents are included that will assist the individual military observer as well as senior staff and the Chief Military Observer in assuring that conduct does not become a factor during observer missions. They include:
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We Are United Nations Peacekeepers Ten Rules Code of Personal Conduct for Blue Helmets Guidance to Commanders of United Nations Military Operations: Standards of Conduct and Performance Criteria
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SECTION IX.
WE ARE UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPERS

The United Nations Organization embodies the aspirations of all the peoples of the world for peace. In this context the United Nations Charter requires that all personnel must maintain the highest standards of integrity and conduct. We will comply with the Guidelines on International Humanitarian Law for Forces Undertaking United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and the applicable portions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the fundamental basis of our standards. We as peacekeepers represent the United Nations and our Nations and are present in the country to help it recover from the trauma of a conflict. As a result we must consciously be prepared to accept special constraints in our public and private lives in order to do the work and pursue the ideals of the United Nations Organization. We will be accorded certain privileges and immunities arranged through agreements negotiated between the United Nations and the host country solely for the purpose of discharging our peacekeeping duties. Expectations of the world community and the local population will be high and our actions behaviour and speech will be closely monitored. We will always:
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Conduct ourselves in a professional and disciplined manner at all times; Dedicate ourselves to achieving the goals of the United Nations; Understand the mandate and mission and comply with their provisions; Respect the environment of the host country; Respect local customs and practices through awareness and respect for the culture, religion, traditions and gender issues; Treat the inhabitants of the host country with respect, courtesy and consideration; Act with impartiality, integrity and tact; Support and aid the infirm, sick and weak; Obey our United Nations superiors and respect the chain of command; Respect all other peacekeeping members of the mission regardless of status, rank, ethnic or national origin, race, gender, or creed; Support and encourage proper conduct among our fellow peacekeepers; Maintain proper dress and personal deportment at all times; Properly account for money and property assigned to us as members of the mission; and Care for all United Nations equipment placed in our charge.
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SECTION IX.
We will never:
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Bring discredit upon the United Nations or our Nation through improper personal conduct, failure to perform our duties or abuse of our positions as peacekeepers; Take any action that might jeopardize the mission; Make unauthorized communications to external agencies, including unauthorized press statements; Improperly disclose or use information gained through our employment; Use unnecessary violence to threaten anyone in custody; Commit an act that could result in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to members of the local population, especially women and children; Become involved in sexual liaisons which could affect our impartiality, or the well being of others; Be abusive or uncivil to any member of the public; Wilfully damage or misuse any United Nations property or equipment; Use a vehicle improperly or without authority; Collect unauthorized souvenirs; Participate in illegal activities, corrupt or improper practices; or Attempt to use our position for personal advantage, to make false claims or accept benefits to which we are not entitled.
l l
l l l
l l l l l l
We realize that the consequences of failure to act within these guidelines may:
l l l
Erode the confidence and trust in the United Nations; Jeopardize the achievement of the mission; and Jeopardize our status and security as peacekeepers.
63
SECTION IX.
TEN RULES CODE OF PERSONAL CONDUCT FOR BLUE HELMETS

1. Dress, think, talk, act and behave in a manner befitting the dignity of a disciplined, caring, considerate, mature, respected and trusted soldier, displaying the highest integrity and impartiality. Have pride in your position as a peacekeeper and do not abuse or misuse your authority. Respect the law of the land of the host nation, their local culture, traditions, customs and practices. Treat the inhabitants of the host country with respect, courtesy and consideration. You are there as a guest to help them and in so doing will be welcomed with admiration. Neither solicit or accept any material reward, honour or gift. Do not indulge in immoral acts of sexual, physical or psychological abuse or exploitation of the local population or UN staff, especially women and children. Respect and regard the human rights of all. Support and aid the infirm, sick and weak. Do not act in revenge or with malice, in particular when dealing with prisoners, detainees or people in your custody. Properly care for and account for all UN monies, vehicles, equipment and property assigned to you and do not trade or barter with it to seek personal benefits. Show military courtesy and pay appropriate compliments to all members of the mission, including other UN contingents regardless of their creed, gender rank or origin. Show respect for and promote the environment, including the flora and fauna, of the host country. Do not engage in excessive consumption of alcohol or traffic in drugs. Exercise the utmost discretion in handling confidential information and matters of official business which can put lives into danger or soil the image of the UN.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. 10.
64
SECTION IX.
GUIDANCE TO COMMANDERS OF UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OPERATIONS: STANDARDS OF CONDUCT AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
1. The United Nations Organization embodies the aspirations of all peoples of the world for peace. In this context, the United Nations Charter requires that all personnel must maintain the highest standards of integrity and conduct. The standards summarized below reflect the standards included in various official issuances of the United Nations, in particular the United Nations Staff Rules and Regulations. All participants in a peacekeeping operation must accept special constraints in their public and private lives in order to do the work and pursue the ideals of the United Nations Organization. Standards of conduct and effective performance of peacekeeping duties are fundamental to the success of the military component of a United Nations operation. The principles that govern these aspects are a matter of order and discipline and commanders at all levels bear responsibility for the conduct and performance of individuals under their command. Commanders play a pivotal role in: a. Establishing the competencies and responsibilities of subordinates; b. Assuring that subordinates are aware of their obligations and that they respect them; c. Assuring that violations cease, are thoroughly investigated and that disciplinary action is taken; and d. Training their subordinates in their responsibilities as an ongoing part of routine training. 4. The Chief of Mission has the overall authority to take appropriate administrative measures where failure to comply with the guidelines is encountered. This authority may be delegated to senior staff of the UN mission. Commanders of the military and police components will require that national contingent or team commanders exercise responsibility in this respect for their respective national personnel. Commanders must: a. Ensure compliance with the guidelines on International Humanitarian Law for Forces Undertaking United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. This will take into account the nature of the UN forces, their powers, competencies and mandate; b. Ensure that the Rules of Engagement and standards of conduct are consistent. The use of force and in particular, the use of weapons and their relationship to standards of conduct must be clearly established;
2.
3.
5.
65
SECTION IX.
c. Enforce standards for Human Rights from the applicable sections of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; d. Ensure that all personnel comply with the standards established for the conduct of UN peacekeepers; e. Ensure that subordinates recognize the needs and interests of the host country and its people and act in accordance with the principles of strict impartiality, integrity, independence and tact; f. Establish a clear chain of command to ensure that inappropriate conduct and activities are acted upon. This requires a clear linkage of the National responsibilities for discipline and the prerogatives of the UN commander to ensure appropriate follow-up of incidents; g. Monitor and investigate all incidents of illegal activities and apply appropriate remedial action; h. Ensure that all personnel understand the mandate and mission assigned by the Security Council and that they comply with their provisions; i. Confirm that extensive and effective pre-service briefings and training have developed an understanding of local customs and practices and respect for the culture, religion, traditions and the gender issues prevalent in the host nation. Ensure respect for local laws, customs and practices where these are not in conflict with mandated activities and the privileges, benefits or immunities negotiated and incorporated in the SOFA; and
j.
k. Ensure that subordinates respect, manage and care for all material and goods supplied by the United Nations (radios, vehicles and equipment.) 6. Commanders must take immediate action where: a. Exploitation of the weak, particularly women and children, either through position or financial status has taken place; b. Excessive consumption of alcohol, the use or traffic in drugs has occurred; and c. Participation in criminal or illegal activities, such as black marketing or currency speculation, is detected. 7. Commanders must also ensure that mission personnel neither seek nor receive instructions relating to the performance of their duties from any unauthorized external source. Therefore legitimate communications with National authorities and with the media must be within clearly established guidelines to avoid conflicts. A clear mechanism must be established for dealing with complaints against UN personnel at the UN and National level. This must include a well defined process for reporting, investigating and follow-up action.
8.
66
SECTION
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
67
SECTION X.
RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
l
United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. United Nations Military Observers Handbook. International Training Center of the ILO. Italy. 1995. United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Guidelines for the Transfer, Rotation and Extension of United Nations Military Observers and Police Monitors. Boutros Boutros-Ghali. An Agenda for Peace. United Nations. New York. 1992. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Confronting New Challenges Annual Report on the Work of the Organization 1995. United Nations. New York. 1995. United Nations Department of Public Information. ABC of the United Nations. United Nations. New York. 1992. United Nations Department of Public Information. Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice. United Nations. New York. 1973. United Nations Department of Public Information. Image and Reality Questions and Answers about the United Nations, How it works and who pays for it. United Nations. New York. 1993. United Nations Department of Public Information. The Blue Helmets A Review of the United Nations in Peacekeeping. United Nations. New York. 1996. United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Protect Yourself and Those You Care About, Against HIV/AIDS. International Training Center of the ILO. Italy. 1998. United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. United Nations Stress Management Booklet. International Training Center of the I.L.O. Italy. 1995. United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. We are United Nations Peacekeepers. International Training Centre of the ILO, Italy. 1997. United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. 10 Rules for the Conduct of Blue Helmets. International Training Centre of the ILO, Italy. 1997. United Nations Security Coordinators Office. Hostage Incident Card. International Training Centre of the ILO, Italy. 1997.
69
SECTION IX.
UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER'S CODE OF CONDUCT United Nations Office of Human Resources Management. Mission Readiness and Stress Management. United Nations Secretariat. New York. 1995. World Health Organization. AIDS and IRV Infection Information for United Nations Employees and Their Families. United Nations. New York. 1995.
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SELECTION STANDARDS AND TRAINING GUIDELINES FOR UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVERS (UNMOs)

First Draft, August 1998

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Specific selection standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.d)

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Recommended training structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Generic/general training overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Generic/general training module overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.d)

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Recommended module structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

IN-MISSION TRAINING GUIDELINES

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Module overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Module 1: Module 2: Module 3: Module 4:

Administration and in-processing. . . . . . . . . . 47 Current operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Mission skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 53

Chief Military Observer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Sector Commander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Chief of Staff (COS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER'S CODE OF CONDUCT

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.d)

UNITED NATIONS MEDICAL STANDARDS FOR PEACEKEEPING AND SPECIAL MISSIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.d)

Driving test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Driving assessment requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

SELECTION: QUALIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS

UNMO SELECTION CRITERIA

UNMO SELECTION CRITERIA

SPECIFIC SELECTION STANDARDS

Previous field/troop unit experience in his or her national armed forces.

TRAINING GUIDELINES OVERVIEW

TRAINING GUIDELINES OVERVIEW

GENERIC/ GENERAL TRAINING

MISSION SPECIFIC TRAINING

TRAINING GUIDELINES OVERVIEW

GENERIC/ GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES

GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES

RECOMMENDED TRAINING STRUCTURE

GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES

GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING OVERVIEW

BASIC UNMO SKILLS

UNMO OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES

GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES

GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING MODULE OVERVIEWS

GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES Module Content: The module should include:

GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES Module Content:

Additional Requirements and driving skills:

Two documents are provided in Section XIV as models:

GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES

GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES

GENERIC/GENERAL TRAINING GUIDELINES Module Content:

MISSION SPECIFIC TRAINING GUIDELINES

MISSION SPECIFIC TRAINING GUIDELINES

RECOMMENDED MODULE STRUCTURE

SECTION VI. MODULE 2.

History of the region and the conflict; Geographical conditions including:

Site Reporting Responsibilities; and Field Site Communications.

MISSION SPECIFIC TRAINING GUIDELINES Clothing/Shelter, Communication, and Recovery;

IN-MISSION TRAINING GUIDELINES

IN-MISSION TRAINING GUIDELINES

General Safety: Mounted and dismounted hazardous safety conditions,

CHIEF MILITARY OBSERVER (CMO)

CHIEF OF STAFF (COS)

UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVERS CODE OF CONDUCT

UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER'S CODE OF CONDUCT

WE ARE UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPERS

UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER'S CODE OF CONDUCT

UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER'S CODE OF CONDUCT

TEN RULES CODE OF PERSONAL CONDUCT FOR BLUE HELMETS

UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER'S CODE OF CONDUCT