preparing for next weeks test

LING1001 Introduction to Phonetics & Phonology

week 10
silvia.kouwenberg@uwimona.edu.jm consultation this week: Wednesday 4:30-5:30 pm departments main office paying attention to the phonological environment doing distribution statements drawing conclusions

identifying allophony in foreign language data

annotating text for phonetic detail

understanding phonological processes recognizing their applicability

Japanese: [s] and [] are in complementary distribution

[kesa] this morning [aita] tomorrow [osoi] slow, late [imasu] will do [kusaru] to rot [mui] insect [ase] sweat [miso] soy paste [toi] year
1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 1. provide distribution statements for [s] and [] explain why they are thought to be in complementary distribution we consider [s] and [] to be allophones of /s/; why not allophones of //? provide phonemic representations of the first four words

Japanese: [], [h] and [] are in complementary distribution

[joho:] forecast [to:u] tofu [ito] person [uku] clothes [hoi] star [he] strange [hako] box [kiin] grace [ihai] control
provide distribution statements for [], [h] and [] explain why they are thought to be in complementary distribution which of the three would you use to represent the phoneme? provide phonemic representations of the first four words

complementary distribution
X and Y occur in different environments where X can occur, Y cannot, and vice versa (hence: they complement each other) native speakers consider X and Y to be the same sound X and Y are allophones of the same phoneme complementary distribution makes distinctive contrast impossible

overlapping distribution
X and Y occur in the same phonological environments:
where X can occur, so can Y

their distribution is not predictable native speakers consider them different overlapping distribution makes distinctive contrast possible X and Y are allophones of different phonemes

answering questions about the distribution of sounds

drawing conclusions about phonemic status
you have discovered that two sounds are in complementary distribution in the data
one sound has a restricted distribution the other is freer, has a wider distribution = the Elsewhere case look for predictability: always the same sound before it, or after it? (e.g., Japanese [] is always followed by [i]) or: always the same kind of sound before it, or after it? (e.g., nasalized vowels in English are always followed by a nasal consonant) comparing two sounds, and one is predictable, is the other one excluded from that environment? and does it occur less predictably? (e.g., Japanese [s] is never followed by [i], and can be followed by a range of different vowels) => you have found your Elsewhere case

we take the Elsewhere case to be the phoneme

we can then predict the restricted allophone from that phoneme

Apply the following processes if/where relevant to this Dutch text: approximant devoicing; vowel nasalization; labialization; velar fronting.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
NB You need to be able to recognize phonetic symbols used for sounds which do not exist in English, so that you can recognize whether the right environment is there for the processes.

[ roda jese heft n en dulpnt rk dyl d pnt n hs had te nk breda d plu fn trenr hrm fn flthov slept en fir dri se t ht fyr ]

Turn this broad transcription into a narrow transcription by annotating it with as much phonetic detail as possible, using a Standard Jamaican or Caribbean articulation.

1. [ wi wd kmnd kefl titmnt 2. v iz kwstjans and uz no mat 3. h ltl tval e me sim tu ju ]

doing phonetic annotation for phonological processes

1.get very clear on which sounds the process applies to, and where
e.g. labialization: applies only to consonants before rounded vowels

2.look systematically through the text to see if the environment is there for the particular process
do this one process at a time e.g. labialization: look for rounded vowels (including rounded vowels which may not exist in English!); the consonant directly before it is labialized