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Second Harmonic Reduction of Miniaturized Dual-mode Microstrip Bandpass Filters Using Fractal Shaped Open Stub Resonators
Jawad K. Ali and Hussam Alsaedi Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract Higher harmonics normally accompany the performance of bandpass lers; and
the miniaturized microstrip dual mode bandpass lters are not an exception. The use of the conventional open stub resonator to reduce such harmonics is not a practical solution since it has a length of a quarter the guided wavelength at the harmonic frequency. This will make the miniaturized lter larger. In this paper, the use of a fractal based open stub, with high space lling property, has been investigated as a more practical solution of the 2nd harmonic reduction of the miniaturized dual mode bandpass lters. The proposed stub has the Peano fractal shape geometry which is characterized by its high space-lling property. The Peano based stub has been applied to many miniaturized lter reported in the literature. Modeling and performance evaluation of the presented lters have been carried out using a full-wave electromagnetic EM simulator, from Sonnet Software Inc. Simulation results show that the introduction of the proposed stub maintains the physical size of the lter under test and improves the lter performance by reducing the harmonics to satisfactory levels. This might presents a solution for second harmonic reduction of a wide variety of miniaturized dual mode bandpass lters with dierent miniaturization levels. 1. INTRODUCTION

Dual-mode microstrip bandpass lters based on square ring resonators have been widely used in microwave applications because of their attractive features such as compact size, high selectivity, and simple design. An additional challenge has been added; this lter has to meet the ever increasing need to produce miniaturized circuits. Consequently, many techniques have been proposed to design compact dual-mode lters. However, the conventional square ring resonator lters and their miniaturized variants suer from the spurious harmonics which need to be suppressed. Numerous techniques have been proposed for harmonic suppression of the dual mode resonator microstrip bandpass lters [110]. Spur lines [13] and open stubs [46] have been adopted as frequency notched structures at the input and/or the output of the dual mode bandpass lter as widely used technique to suppress or reduce the second harmonic. Other techniques, such as the use of corrugated couplers [7, 8], periodic loading inside the ring resonator [9], the defected ground plane [10], have also been proposed to meet this task. The open stub method has been proved to be a good solution for second harmonic suppression of the conventional square ring resonator lters. This method is opposed by the compactness requirements, when the square resonator is being reduced in size by applying the shape modication techniques, as in the case of applying the dierent fractal geometries [1113] to produce compact lter design. In this paper, the application of a fractal shaped open stub has been proposed for the suppression of the second harmonic of the miniaturized dual-mode ring resonator based bandpass lters. It is hopeful that the proposed fractal open stub, due to the space-lling property the fractal shape possesses, will solve the conict between the size reduction gained from shape modication of the square ring resonator based lters and the harmonics normally accompanying their performances.
2. THE PEANO FRACTAL GEOMETRY

The Peano curve was, in fact, the rst set of space-lling curves [14]. One interesting feature of the Peano-curve algorithm is that it has a relatively higher compression rate than other fractal curves in lling a 2-D region, which, consequently, suggests that the Peano resonator may resonate at a lower fundamental resonant frequency than the others. The steps of growth of the Peano fractal curve, up to the 3rd iteration, have been outlined in Figure 1. For a Peano resonator, made of a thin conducting strip in the form of the Peano curve with side dimension S and order n, the length of all the line segments L(n) is given by [14] L(n) = (3n + 1)S (1) The open stub has been thought of as a series bandstop lter or frequency-notched structure in the input/output microstrip lines of the dual-mode bandpass lter. However, adding a conventional

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Figure 1: The rst three iteration levels of the Peano fractal curve generation process.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: The modeled dual-mode microstrip bandpass lter structures with the Peano shaped open stubs connected at their inputs.

open stub will act against compact lter design. Instead, we think that replacing this with a fractal shaped open stub of high space-lling property, such as Peano fractal curve, will maintain both lter miniaturization and harmonic suppression.
3. THE PROPOSED HARMONIC SUPPRESSION METHOD

The proposed Peano shaped open stub has been applied on two dual-mode fractal based microstrip ring resonator lter structures reported in one of the authors work [11], as two case studies, to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method as depicted in Figure 2. These resonators are fractally generated based on the second and third iteration Minkowski-like pre-fractal curves, and have been designed for the ISM band applications at 2.4 GHz. The lter structures have been supposed to be etched using a substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 10.8 and thickness of 1.27 mm. The input/output ports are with 50 characteristic impedance. The resulting dimensions of these lters are of about 8.05 and 6.05 mm respectively. Filter structures, depicted in Figures 2(a) and 2(b), have been modeled and analyzed at the design frequency, using a full-wave electromagnetic EM simulator, from Sonnet Software Inc. [15]. Open stub resonators, based on sections of Peano second iteration structures as shown in Figure 1, have to be added at the inputs of the two lters. The required harmonic reduction has been reached after suitable dimension scaling of the stub lengths and observing the resulting lter responses. Figures 3 and 4 show the transmission responses of the two lters with and without the proposed stub resonators. The resulting transmission performance, shown in Figure 3, for the lter structure depicted in Figure 2(a) without the open stub, exhibits a second harmonic at 4.4 GHz. Adding the Peano shaped open stub at the input of this lter, results in a reduction of the related second harmonic to a level of more than 10 dB. It is clear that the addition of the stub aects only the second harmonic and maintains the required lter fundamental frequency performance unchanged. In addition, the resulting lter size with the stub added has only been slightly changed. On the other hand, the resulting performance of the lter structure depicted in Figure 2(b), without the open stub, shows a second harmonic at 4.1 GHz, as shown in Figure 4. Adding the Peano shaped open stub at the input of this lter, results in a second harmonic reduction to a level of more than 10 dB. For the dual-mode lter depicted in Figure 2(a), it has been found the Peano resonator side

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PIERS Proceedings, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, March 2730, 2012

Figure 3: The transmission responses of the lter depicted in Figure 2(a) with and without the Peano shaped open stub resonator.

Figure 4: The transmission responses of the lter depicted in Figure 2(b) with and without the Peano shaped open stub resonator.

length is equal to 3.9 mm, which represents 0.083 the guided wavelength, g which is calculated as g = e (2)

While the corresponding stub length for the lter depicted in Figure 2(b), is of about 2.78 mm which represents 0.59g .
4. CONCLUSION

A Peano fractal shaped open stub has been proposed in this paper in an attempt to reduce the second harmonic of the miniaturized dual-mode ring based microstrip bandpass lters. The Peano based stub has been applied to two miniaturized lters reported in the literature. Modeling and performance evaluation of the presented lters have been carried out using a full-wave electromagnetic EM simulator, from Sonnet Software Inc. Simulation results show that the introduction of the proposed stub almost maintains the physical size of the lters under test and improves the lter performance by reducing the harmonics to satisfactory levels. It is hopeful that the proposed method is useful in the miniaturized UWB antenna design as a simple means to create the required notch in the antenna response.
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