IDEC SYSTEMS SAVE ENERGY WHILE REDUCING DEMAND ON GRID

August 3, 2011 Tom Colvin, P.E., LEEDAP, DBIA Colvin Engineering Associates, Inc.

EVAPORATIVE COOLING BENEFITS

ENERGY CONSERVATION REDUCES DEMAND ON UTILITY PEAK DAYS HIGH INDOOR AIR QUALITY REDUCES BUILDING OPERATING COSTS

CONSIDER EVAPORATIVE COOLING FOR ALL PROJECTS LOCATED IN DRY CLIMATE

BETTER IAQ DURING COOLING HOURS REDUCED ENERGY COSTS SAME EQUIPMENT CAN BE USED FOR HUMIDIFICATION DURING WINTER WITH NO STEAM BOILER AND ASSOCIATED MAINTENANCE.

ECONOMIC COMPARISONS
PAYBACK PERIOD IN UTAH IS USUALLY 4 5 YEARS FOR BUILDINGS WITH TYPICAL OFFICE HOURS OPERATING SCHEDULE (55 hrs/wk) SAVES ABOUT 80% OF CHILLER TON-HOURS BASED ON $0.03/KWH + $12/KW DEMAND COST 12 MEDIA & 6R/10FPI COIL ADDS $0.55/CFM 30% LESS CHILLER SAVES $0.33/CFM NET FIRST COST PREMIUM = $0.22/CFM + PIPING BUILDINGS WITH LARGE OUTSIDE AIR REQUIREMENTS OR INCREASED HOURS OF OPERATION DECREASE PAYBACK PERIOD

DEMAND REDUCTION FOR UTILITY COMPANY

SINCE CHILLERS IN AN IDEC SYSTEM ARE TYPICALLY

SIZED AT 60-70% OF THE CALCULATED COOLING LOAD, THE MAXIMUM POWER DEMAND FOR THE BUILDING IS REDUCED; EVEN ON DAYS WITH CHILLERS AT FULL LOAD.

INDIRECT/DIRECT (IDEC) SYSTEMS PROVIDE MAXIMUM REDUCTION IN POWER DEMANDS WHEN OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURES ARE HOTTEST
CHILLERS IN SLC RARELY OPERATE WHEN OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE 92F

CHILLERS NEVER OPERATE WHEN OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE 95F (UTILITY PEAK DAYS)

THE EVAPORATIVE COOLING PROCESS

WHAT ARE THE STEPS?
WHAT IS WET-BULB DEPRESSION? WHY IS TWO-STAGE PROCESS BETTER THAN

TYPICAL SINGLE STAGE USED IN MOST RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS?

Process 1 Indirect Evaporative Cooling

Water in coil must be cooler

than entering air Air heat passes into water through a coil or other exchanger Enthalpy changes Wet-bulb temperature of airstream is depressed Humidity is constant Limited by both wet bulb temperature and heat exchanger 100% outside air is not required

Process 2: Direct Evaporation

Distribution Pipe Flow Meter Flow Balancing Valve Optional Filter Ball Valve Bleed Off Ball Valve

Ball Valve

Sump or trough Drain

Float valve

Process 2: Direct Evaporative Cooling

Rigid Media & sump systems

Water is absorbed by airstream

passing through media Air dry bulb temperature is lowered Enthalpy is unchanged Relative Humidity of airstream rises Leaving dry-bulb temperature is limited by the wet bulb temperature of the entering air

Typical IDEC Air Handler

Simple IDEC Piping System

IDEC AIR HANDLERS

3-stage cooling process.
Indirect cooling coil with low approach cooling tower. Provides wet-bulb depression of SA from 62F WB to 53F WB. Combination of 3F approach cooling tower selection and a 6 row pre-cooling coil provides a leaving DB air temperature of 6F above outdoor wet bulb. Chilled water coil (only used on high wet-bulb days) Evaporative media (12) - 90% saturation efficiency.

INDIRECT + DIRECT + REFRIGERATION

Health Issues for Evaporative Cooling

Legionella Pneumophila is unable to enter the airstream without aerosolizing the water Spray systems (NOT recommended) require high-efficiency mist
eliminators and sump water treatment to minimize Legionella risk. Rigid Media systems cannot aerosolize Legionella bacteria

The water is exposed to the air via the extended surface of the evaporative media. Only pure water is evaporated. Minerals and organisms remain in the re-circulating system and are removed by continuous bleed and draindown/flush cycle. Organisms can grow on the surface of the media and cause annoying odors if not properly flushed.

Controlling the potential growth of Legionella

Temperature affects the survival of Legionellae as follows:

70 to 80 C (158 to 176 F): Disinfection range

Above 50 C (122 F): Survive but do not multiply 35 to 46 C (95 to 115 F): Ideal growth range

20 to 50 C (68 to 122 F): Legionellae growth range

Below 20 C (68 F): Legionellae can survive but are dormant

(EVAPORATIVE COOLING RANGE)

LOWER CONNECTED LOAD

SINCE MOST CHILLERS ARE SIZED AT ONLY 60% - 70% OF THE CALCULATED COOLING LOAD; THE MAXIMUM BUILDING DEMAND IS REDUCED EVEN AT FULL CHILLER LOAD.
CHILLERS NEVER RUN EXCEPT DURING JUNE, JULY, AND AUGUST. CHILLERS ARE RARELY REQUIRED FOR 9MONTH SCHOOLS (SEPT-MAY)

DESIGN GUIDELINES
DISCHARGE AIR

TEMPERATURE MUST ALWAYS BE < 55F TO MAINTAIN SPACE HUMIDITY < 50% RH

REMEMBER THIS! THE AIR LEAVING A

12 DEEP RIGID MEDIA IS EXACTLY THE SAME HUMIDITY AS AIR LEAVING A WET CHILLED WATER COIL IF BOTH AIRSTREAMS ARE SAME TEMPERATURE!

MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
ONLY A FEW CLIMATES HAVE WETBULB TEMPERATURES LOW

ENOUGH TO PROVIDE 55 F DISCHARGE AIR DURING ALL HOURS USING ONLY THE EVAPORATIVE PROCESS.
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION IS NECESSARY TO SUPPLEMENT

THE EVAP PROCESS DURING HOURS WITH HIGHER WETBULB TEMPERATURES. OBSERVED CHILLER OPERATION IN VARIOUS YEARS RANGES FROM 200-400 HOURS/YEAR IN UTAH
TYPICAL JULY IN SLC (WORST MONTH) HAS ABOUT 60% HOURS

WHEN HUMIDITY RATIO EXCEEDS 50 GR/LB (REQUIRES REFRIGERATION). JULY 2011 HAD 85% OF THE HOURS WITH hr > 50 GR/LB.

CHILLER OPERATION
MOST COST EFFECTIVE LARGE SYSTEM PIPES CHILLER CONDENSER IN SERIES WITH INDIRECT COOLING COILS LOW TEMPERATURE CONDENSER WATER REQUIRES SPECIAL ATTENTION TO HEAD PRESSURE CONTROL ON CHILLER REMOVING CONDENSER FROM CIRCUIT WHEN CHILLERIS NOT REQUIRED REDUCES PUMP ENERGY

INDIRECT STAGE
FIRST STAGE SHOULD BE INDIRECT VS. DIRECT

(WET-BULB DEPRESSION)
EASIER TO CONTROL DISCHARGE AIR

TEMPERATURE REDUCES WET-DRY CYCLING OF DIRECT EVAP MEDIA

REDUCES ODORS COMMON DURING FIRST FEW MINUTES OF WETTING MEDIA INCREASES LIFE SPAN OF MEDIA

INDIRECT STAGE (contd)

COOLING TOWER SIZED FOR <4F APPROACH AND

15F - 18F RANGE

PIPING THE CONDENSER IN SERIES WITH THE

INDIRECT COILS CAN REDUCE COST AND INCREASE PERFORMANCE WHEN RANGE IS LOWER VFD CONTROL OF COOLING TOWER FANS TO CONTROL THE DAT IS DESIRABLE AND COST EFFECTIVE

INDIRECT STAGE (contd)

FLOW RATE FOR COOLING TOWER DETERMINED BY

REQUIRED FLOW FOR INDIRECT COILS HIGHER FLOW THAN CHILLER REQUIREMENTS

USUALLY AN 8F DELTA T ON COIL WORKS WELL WITH

6R/10FPI COIL WITH 2.5F - 3.0F APPROACH ADDING A 10F - 12F DELTA T FOR CONDENSER YIELDS THE RECOMMENDED 18F - 20F RANGE FOR COOLING TOWER

REALITY IN UTAH
Spaces always <50% RH at 72F if the

DAT is maintained at 55F or lower. Chillers are rarely needed when OSA temperature is above 92F resulting in lower power demand and 80% reduction in annual energy use for refrigeration. Chillers generally operate when OSA DB is 80F-85F

SOME EXAMPLES
SCOWCROFT IRS BUILDING - OGDEN

DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION UFAD

ONE UTAH CENTER SLC VAV OFFICES MERIT MEDICAL PRODUCTION BUILDING LOTS

OF EXHAUST AIR INJECTION MOLDING

SCOWCROFT EXTERIOR

SCOWCROFT BUILDING
RENOVATION OF A HISTORIC FOUR STORY BRICK AND WOOD WAREHOUSE BUILDING INTO OFFICES FOR THE IRS.
UNDERFLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ALLOWS EACH OCCUPANT TO ADJUST TEMPERATURE IN THEIR OWN CUBICLE. 100% OUTSIDE AIR DURING ALL HOURS ABOVE 55F AMBIENT, DISCHARGES INTO BREATHING ZONE.

SCOWCROFT ATRIUM

SCOWCROFT BUILDING
BUILDING OPERATING SINCE 2004 AND CHILLER

HAS RUN A TOTAL OF 4424 HOURS (632/yr) BUILDING ACHIEVED A LEED SILVER RATING FROM THE USGBC. BUILDING RECEIVED AN ENERGY STAR RATING IN 2008 WITH A SCORE OF 75. (88 BTU/SF-YR) UFAD SYSTEM ALLOWS THE BUILDING TO OPERATE WITH DISCHARGE AIR TEMPERATURES ABOVE 60 F WHEN OUTSIDE HUMIDITY IS LOW

SCOWCROFT BUILDING
DIRECT EVAPORATIVE MEDIA IS ARRANGED WITH ONE 4 DEEP PAD AND ONE 8 DEEP PAD TO ALLOW LOWER SATURATION EFFICIENCY DURING HOURS WHEN OUTSIDE WET-BULB IS LOW AND DAT TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE 55F WITHOUT RAISING INDOOR HUMIDITY TOO HIGH.
AIRHANDLERS HAVE REHEAT COILS AVAILABLE TO

CONTROL HUMIDITY ON HUMID DAYS.

SCOWCROFT BUILDING
PER BUILDING ENGINEER, SYSTEM WORKS VERY WELL. COMFORT COMPLAINTS ARE MINOR EVEN THOUGH 95% OF OCCUPANTS ARE FEMALE WORKING FOR THE IRS IN SMALL CUBICLES. EVEN THOUGH BUILDING SYSTEMS OPERATE 132 HRS/WEEK, ENERGY USE IS 25.4 KWH/SF-YR. ANNUAL ELECTRICAL COST IS $1.30/SF ANNUAL GAS HEATING COST IS $0.15/SF WORK HOURS ARE 125 HRS/WEEK, 22 HRS/DAY, 6 DAYS/WEEK

WHAT ABOUT SMALLER PACKAGED EQUIPMENT?

SOME IDEC PRODUCTS THAT ARE PREMANUFACTURED VS. FIELD BUILT

SPEAKMAN 5 TON MODULES 2. COOLERADO 3-10 TON MODULES 3. MUNTERS CUSTOM ANY SIZE UP TO 75,000 CFM IN A SINGLE UNIT
1.

How it Works

FEATURES & BENEFITS

Nominal 5 tons of cooling with 1750 w peak power consumption Reduce Peak Demand 65% versus 13 SEER AC system Built in economizer function (Requires Outdoor Thermostat) Single point electric, water and drain connections 24-volt control panel works with any Thermostat with O terminal Water limit switches protection for pumps Removable panels for ease of servicing All stainless steel sump Automatic water quality purge system

FEATURES & BENEFITS

100% Fresh filtered air throughout your building No recirculation of stale air Better indoor air quality Less respiratory CO2 build-up Environmental Friendly No harmful gases are used in our IDEC process. Significantly less energy use versus traditional air conditioning. Humidifies Air Health benefits- Good for Skin and Respiratory System

Advanced Evaporative Cooler Performance Comparison

USA, UT Salt Lake City
ASHRAE 1.0% Design Conditions Dry Bulb (F) Wet Bulb (F) Indoor Room Set (F) Elevation (Feet) 94.8 62.6 75 4226

Cooling Technology

Adiabatic Supply Effectiveness Air F 122% 86% 90% 56 67 66

CFM 2,500 4,500 1,200

BTU's 45,300 33,028 10,245

Equivalent Tons of Cooling

AIR2O IDEC CRS-2500

Breezair Coolerado C-60

5.0
3.6 1.1

HYBRID SYSTEMS
ECONOMIZER, INDIRECT/DIRECT EC AND HEAT PUMP The most complete system for maximum comfort and maximum energy savings The system monitors outdoor conditions and chooses the most economical cooling mode while maintaining indoor comfort Our energy savings increase as a buildings fresh air requirement increases

HYBRID Components

COOLERADO

Executive Summary

Save Green
Our patented cooling technology provides:
50% to 90% more efficiency Only 100 watts of power per ton of cooling Rapid investment payback

48

How Efficient Are We? Western Cooling Challenge

12 HVAC manufactures entered
Challenge -

Beat 2010 DOE standards Coolerado beat the aggressive mark by

an additional 40% First Certified Winner

49

How Coolerado Efficiently Cools

Technology Demonstration
4 1 2 4 3

HOW IT WORKS
1 2 3 5 1

100% FRESH AIR enters the system

2

The AIR IS FILTERED of dust/allergens

3 4

WORKING AIR REMOVES HEAT and is exhausted from the system

5

COOL PRODUCT AIR enters the building with no added humidity

51

Displacement Cooling How To Cool Efficiently

Hot, dirty air, exhausted through the ceiling

Fresh, cool air from Coolerado

52

Energy Efficiency
Coolerado vs. Conventional AC

EER

TEMPERATURE
53

Coolerado Product Line-up

M30
M50 C60

H80

Our solar compatible products provide between 3 to 8 tons and 1,500-3,000 SF of cooling

54

Pre-Cooling Applications
Primary cooling as able
(shoulder seasons or primary season in dry climate)

Pre-cooler in humid

climates No need to remove existing HVAC Substantial energy savings Increase life of existing equipment

55

Las Vegas Summer Design Performance

210
50

55

60

85

45

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Normal Temperature
I-P Units

80

85 200 Prepared By: 1.2 Name: Keith Dunnavant 190 Company: Munters/Des Champs Products 85 Tel: 540-291-1111 x4101 W ET 1.1 Fax: 540-291-3333 180 BU LB email: kdunnavant@des-champs.com TE MP Date: 9/23/2007 ER 170
16.0 16.5

AT U

40

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

75
35

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 27.640 in. HG Exhaust Air

30

75
70

130 120
15.5

.8

70 .7

DR

70
25

110 100 90 80

VAPOR PRESSURE - INCHES OF MERCURY

2178 FEET

Supply and Exhaust Airflows are Equal

80

RE

80

- F

1 160 150 140

.9 75

AI R

PO UN

65

65

.6

PE R

-B TU

60
20

65

EN TH AL PY

57.9F
After 90% DEC
55 50 45
50

60

90

.5

60

15.0 VOL

80

70 60 50 40 30 20 10

55 .4 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 .1 .3

- CU UME

15

% 50 75
60 %

.FT. LB PER

10

45
40

35 30 25
5

40

After IEC

35

30%

15

20

30 25

15%

R 8%

EL

IT UMID EH ATIV

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE - F

40

% 50

O/A

% 25

100F DB/65F WB
.2 10 0

1 4 .5

. DR IR YA

1 4 .0

20%
TIVE H 10% RELA UMIDITY

10
10

15
13.0

20

New Wet bulb of 56.1F

4%

6%

13.5

2%

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F

1 1 2 2 3

74F/125.2gr

Polymer Tube HX
74F/44.4gr

Dry, Cool Supply Air (Air is Indirect Evaporative Cooled since no water is Added to supply air)
100F/44.4gr Hot outside air (or building exhaust)

Hot outside air 100F/44.4 gr

Water in Stainless Steel Welded Sump

Pump

EPX Indirect Evaporative Cooler (IEC) Cooling Tower Analogy

Heat Out
Air Tunnel

Heat Out

Air In 75 F 85 F

100/65 100/65
Heat In Cooling Coil

Heat In

74/56

80/58
Cooling Tower to Cooling Coil IEC

Air In

EPX Indirect Evaporative Cooler

Heat Load enters water and air directly within CT

Heat Load enters water loop and is rejected at CT

Polymer Tube HX Installed in Packaged AHU Air enters HX Tubes

Mist Eliminator Media installed above HX

Polymer Tube Heat Exchanger

Mills College EPX Units Oakland, California

Sprayed Heat Pipe Indirect Cooler

EVAPORATIVE COOLING
QUESTIONS?
Colvin Engineering Associates, Inc.
HIGH PERFORMANCE DESIGN