Epithelial root sheath in multi rooted teeth in a case of molars and some premolars when we see more than

one root, so we see common root trunk for one third of the length of the root and then later on this divide into two roots in a case of mandibular molars or three roots in a case of max. molars. 23min begin:

The primary apical foramen which is the end of the growing root (its not finished yet) once the root has completed 100% this foramen become very small and is called apical foramen. The primary apical foramen-before root full completion- subdivides into a number of secondary apical foramina (if you want to imagine this case you have to imagine the apical part of the tooth - tooth from the opposite of occlusial view this is the apical view ) If we want only one root, it continues and then closes and makes one root. But when we want more than one root, we have some extension that go and fuse together dividing the primary apical foramen into a number of foramina depending on the number of roots and these actually happens after some development of the root (if you remember in dental anatomy: the division of the roots in the molars it takes place not immediately at the servical line but after the development of the

root trunk), so the root starts as one root for maybe one third of the distance and then it divides into two or three depending on the tooth, and this takes place at the junction nearly between the servical third and the middle third of the tooth, so its coat by the in growth of the epithelial sheath from the margins of the epithelial root sheath and this fuse together near the center of the root, the numbers and locations of this sheath corresponds to the numbers of the roots, if we want 2 roots we see 2 sheath, if we want 3 roots we see 3 sheath and so on.

Maybe under inductive role of dental papilla its believed the researches now is on: Whats the factors that give the orders to this sheath to start? the coz is genetically determents and believed that dental papilla which is occupied in the space here has an important role for initiation this sheath to divide the roots in growth is believed occurs along pass the low vascularity, some other researches also said that this grow when the vascular supply of this area is low.

So why we need an apical foramina? to pass a blood vessels and nerves to reach inside the pulp but this hall is huge and big while the tooth is forming and it becomes reduced in size when the tooth is ready to be completed so while the root is being form the apex is wide or open and surrounded by thin regular knife edge of dentin. so this very different compared to tooth that it fractured, fractured tooth will have thick walls of dentin at the margin of braking, but a tooth which still growing the margins of dentin will be knife edge not thick ( ). -A permanent tooth erupt with about 2/3 of root forming and after eruption or after a appearing in the mouth from 2 to 3 years for the root to be completed, by root completion the wide apical foramen becomes very narrow, and only wide to transmit neurovascular bundle it becomes very small only enough to passive the nerve and blood vessels inside the pulp. -Growth of the epithelial root sheath: occurs apically, and it encloses the dental papilla except at the primary apical foramen, since in the primary apical foramen there is a dental follicle not dental papilla. -The dental follicle occurring at outside and the dental papilla located inside, so thats why this area at the apical margins this is the dental follicle not the dental papilla. -The margins of the epithelial root sheath are angled internally to formed the root diaphragm, as u know all the time the epithelial root sheath has an angled margin, the margin is not vertical its angled this is called the epithelial diaphragm, because of that when we look at growing tooth from bellow, u will see this area (band) because the

margins are angled thats why we will see the bottom of the epithelial root sheath. So what is the epithelial root diaphragm?-the epithelial root diaphragm is the angled margins of the epithelial root sheath, all the time the end of the epithelial root sheath is angled. -the dental follicle lies external to the epithelial root sheath, and the dental follicle is the tissue that form cementum, periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone. The root diaphragm is angled, the angled edge of the epithelial root diaphragm is a circular band, in the circular root there is a circular band because its angled from all the margins because the root is circular it creates a circular band this root diaphragm is sandwiched between 2 populations of undifferentiated mesinchyme: the dental papilla inside and dental follicle outside. Commencement of root dentinogenesis: The cells of internal layer of epithelial root sheath, the induce the peripheral cells of dental papilla these differentiation into odontoblast and give root dentin. - the internal enamel epithelial cells induce, they gives signals to the tissue to dental papilla, but they give signals to the peripheral cells of dental papilla (the cells that located outside or at periphery of dental papilla) response to these signals the cells starts to differentiate and become odontoblast and they lay down to form dentin so this who root dentin forms.

How does cementum form? - root dentin now is deposited, root dentin causes the epithelial root cells to lose their continuity, because of that root dentin become exposed to the undifferentiated cells of the dental follicle, these leds to differentiation of cementoblast and deposition of cementum. -now, we reach the stage where dentin start to developed inside the first part of the root, dentin itself causes the integration of ERS; WHAT HAPPENS NEXT? These tissue outside the dental follicle become exposed to a foreign body (dentin) because of that the exposure of outside population of the undifferentiated cells to dentin leds to differentiation of new cells this new cells called cementoblast. -this differentiate and they form cementum on the surface of the dentin, so this is the process by which cementum form. -So root dentin is deposited and as a result epithelial root sheath they lose their continuity, and as a result of fragmented cementum the dentin will expose to outside, some cells because of these exposure they differentiate and become cementoblast and they lay down cementum on the outer surface of dentin. -Fragmented epithelial root sheath cells they remain inside the area here or they remain outside cementum these are called the epithelial root sheath rest cells, these cells are significant because these cells are remain inert without any function, but if we are unlucky these cells sometime may perforate and they form assist in the jaw these are called radiculer cyst. After the fragment they become the epithelial rest so these are the epithelial rest of malassez. Malassez is the scientist of the first covered them, So they are called the epithelial

rest of malassez they exist inside the periodontal ligament, this cells represent the fragmentation of the epithelial root sheath. Q: The epithelial rest of malassez are? -1: ectodermal in origin -2: mesincymal in origin -3: ectomesincymal in origin Ans: is 1

-Root dentin is exposing to undifferentiation cells of dental follicle

and as a result this exposure led to differentiation of the some cells into cementoblast and these cells will deposed cementum on the external surface of dentin this process called cementogenesis. -Dentin itself causes the fragmentation of the epithelial root sheath cells and because of these fragmentation dental follicle cells becomes exposed to dentin, as a result some of the cells they differentiate and become cementoblast and they lay down cementum on the external surface of dentin, so this is the process as simple as that -Dental follicle near the diaphragm has three layers in fact, we have: inner investing layer, middle layer and outer layer. -So the dental follicle that located outside we can divided into three layers: inner layer, middle layer, outer layer. The inner layer a pond the exposure layer to the dentin which caused by the fragmentation of the epithelial root sheath cells, this become the cementoblast and they lay down cementum.

-The cells in the intermediate layer they differentiate into fibroblast and they give the periodontal ligament, which holds the tooth inside the bone and the cells on the outer layer of the dental follicle they differentiated into ostioblast and they give the alveolar bone surrounding the tooth. The three layers the inner investing layer, the middle layer, and the outer layer. the inner investing layer these are ectomesinchymal in origin from neuoralcrest as you know, the cells differentiate into cementoblast, and its ectomesinchymal in origin. Cementoblast are cuboidal cells that are located on dentin surface and they lay down cementum. the cells of intermediate layer: they differentiate into fibroblast and produce periodontal ligament, its mesoidermal in origin. the cells of the outer side: they differentiate into ostioblast that give the alveolar bone, its mesiodermal in origin.