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fractal bowtie patch: a multifracton-mode antenna, IEEE Antennas Propagat Soc Int Symp Dig 4 (2002), 542545. J. Romeu and Y. Rahmat-Samii, Fractal FSS: A novel dual-band frequency selective surface, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 48 (2000), 10971105. P.W. Tang and P.F. Wahid, Fractal multiband antennas based on polygons, IEEE Antennas Propagat Soc Int Symp Dig 4 (2003), 230 233. P.W. Tang and P.F. Wahid, Hexagonal fractal multiband antenna, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagat Lett 3 (2004), 111112. C. Puente, J. Romeu, R. Pous, J. Ramis, and A. Hijazo, Small but long Koch fractal monopole, Electron Lett 34 (1998), 9 10. C.P. Baliarda, J. Romeu, and A. Cardama, The Koch monopole: A small fractal antenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 48 (2000), 17731781. K.J. Vinoy, J.K. Abraham, and V.K. Varadan, On the relationship between fractal dimension and the performance of multi-resonant dipole antennas using Koch Curves, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 51 (2003), 2296 2308. J.C. Liu, Y.J. Liu, D.C. Chang, C.C. Chang, and C. Cheng, Fractal multi-band antennas based on Lotus-pod patterns, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33 (2002), 223228. J.C. Liu, G.J. Chang, D.C. Chang, and L. Yao, CPW fractal microstrip antenna with Lotus-pods patterns, Proc Cross Strait Tri-Regional Ratio Sci and Wireless Technol Conf 8 (2002), 61 64. J.C. Lagarias, C.L. Mallows, and A. Wilks, Beyond the Descartes circle theorem, Amer Math 109 (2002), 338 361. S.S. Mana and H.J. Herrmann, Precise determination of the fractal dimensions of Apollonian packing and space-lling bearings, J Phys A: Math Gen 24 (1991), L481L490.

require much higher bit-rate transmission to facilitate the service of Internet access, video, music, games, and so forth. A promising way to fulll this demand is to employ a multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) antenna system [1], which uses a number of parallel radio channels to multiply the throughput of a radio system. The radio channels are on the same frequency, but the system relies upon the presence of rich multipath to ensure that multiple decorrelated transmit/receive paths are provided for the associated signal processing in order to resolve the number of signals arriving via different multipath routes [2]. Extensive research and development efforts have been devoted to compact antenna arrays for MIMO wireless communication terminals [3, 4]. The essential requirements for this system are that the antennas must be diverse, that is, they must be capable of receiving different signals even though they are closely spaced. To date, the use of multiple antennas on a compact mobile terminal still remains a challenge. In this paper, we investigate a compact four-element diversityantenna array on a PDA terminal operating at 5.2 GHz for an IEEE802.11a wireless system. The proposed design is simulated using the CST Microwave StudioTM package, which utilises the nite-integration technique (FIT) for electromagnetic computation [5]. The antenna is also experimentally veried in the Antenna Measurement Laboratory at Queen Mary, University of London (QMUL). The antenna performance is evaluated in terms of the far-eld radiation pattern, envelope-correlation coefcient, and mean effective gain (MEG).

2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ANTENNA DESIGN

A COMPACT FOUR-ELEMENT DIVERSITY-ANTENNA ARRAY FOR PDA TERMINALS IN A MIMO SYSTEM


C. C. Chiau, X. Chen, and C. G. Parini Department of Electronic Engineering Queen Mary University of London Mile End Road London, E1 4NS, U.K. Received 9 August 2004 ABSTRACT: A four-element diversity-antenna array using four dielectric-loaded folded-loop antennas in a personal digital assistant (PDA) terminal operating at 5.2 GHz for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) application is introduced. The S-parameters and the radiation patterns of the antennas are assessed using a nite-integration technique (FIT) simulation and experimental measurements. The diversity performance is also evaluated by calculating the envelope-correlation coefcients and the mean effective gain (MEG) of the antennas. 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 408 412, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley. com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20650 Key words: diversity antenna; MIMO; envelope correlation coefcient; mean effective gain (MEG) INTRODUCTION

In a conventional wireless communication system, there is usually only one antenna at both the transmitter and receiver, in which the system is called single-input single-output (SISO). This system has a bottleneck in terms of capacity due to the ShannonNyquist limit. However, in the future, wireless communication systems will

An experiment model of the diversity antenna on a PDA is shown in Figure 1(a). It consists of four dielectric-loaded folded-loop antennas. The dielectric-loaded folded-loop antenna is essentially a double-folded dipole (folded again in the vertical dimension) with the insertion of dielectric slab ( r 4), as shown in Figure 2. Without the insertion of the dielectric slab, the antenna is referred to as folded-loop antenna [6]. The dielectric slab in the antenna acts as a mechanical support to the antenna while the size of the antenna is further reduced due to dielectric loading. Another advantage of the use of the dielectric slab is the ease of fabrication of the antenna, which is achieved by spraying a layer of metallic substance with the precise dimension on the dielectric slab. In this PDA conguration, each antenna is fed in an unbalanced mode using a coaxial cable with the inner pin of the coaxial cable directly connected onto one end of the antenna, whereby the outer coaxial cable is connected to the other end of the antenna via a wire. It has been shown that the folded-loop antenna only generates a small amount of unbalanced current ow on the ground plane, even with an unbalanced feeding [6]. This feature will provide a good isolation between the antennas when they are spaced closely. The length of the antenna before it is folded around the dielectric slab is about one half-wavelength. The reactance component of the antenna input impedance can be adjusted by selecting the length and the width of the segments of the antenna and the distance between the antenna arms. By optimising the design, the nal dimension of the antenna is obtained, as shown in Figure 2. The PDA is represented by a metal case and has dimensions of 110 75 10 mm. All the antenna elements are located on the upper part of the PDA in order to avoid them being covered by the users hand, thus leading to degradation in the antennas performance.

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Figure 3 Return loss of the (a) simulated and (b) experimental models

Figure 1 (a) Experimental model of the compact four-element diversity antenna array on a PDA terminal; (b) 3D view of the simulated model. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at www.interscience.wiley.com]

ANTENNA-DIVERSITY ANALYSIS

The antenna-diversity performance is evaluated from the correlation coefcient and relative signal-strength levels between the received signals. The correlation coefcient of the received signals can be characterised by the complex correlation coefcient c and the envelope correlation coefcient e , which are related as follows [7]:
2 e c

(1)

Figure 2 Schematic diagram showing the dimensions of a single dielectric-loaded folded-loop antenna element (a 1 1 mm, a 2 4 mm, w 13.41 mm, h 3 mm, s 2.9 mm, r 4)

Figure 4 Isolation between the antennas for the (a) simulated and (b) experimental models

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Figure 5 Simulated ( ) and measured ( ) E-eld co-polar radiation patterns with respect to each individual E-eld polarisation plane. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at www.interscience.wiley.com]

assuming that the received signals have a Rayleigh distributed enveloped and randomly distributed phase. It is possible to achieve good diversity gain when the received signals satisfy the conditions [8]:
e

0.5, P 2, (2)

P1

in which E denotes the electric far-eld of the antenna and is the cross-polarisation discrimination of the incident eld. of 6 dB, which is the average in an urban fading environment [8], is assumed. The average received power Pi from each antenna element can be obtained from the radiation patterns by using the MEG. The MEG of an antenna is dened as the ratio of the mean received power to the mean incident power of the antenna, given by [9]:

where P i is the average received power from each antenna element. By using the radiation pattern, the complex correlation is evaluated as follows [7]:
0 c 2 0 0 2 0

MEG
0 0

PG

, 1

A 12 ,
2 0

sin d d
0

A11 ,

sin d d

A22 ,

sin d d

, (3)

P G

sin d d ,

(5)

where A mn E
,m

E *,n ,

,m

E *,n ,

(4)

where G and G are the spherical power gain of the antenna, and P and P are the angular density functions of the incoming plane waves. The ratio of the MEG between the two antennas must be close to unity in order to ensure P 1 P2.

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Figure 6 Simulated ( ) and measured ( ) E-eld cross-polar radiation patterns with respect to each individual E-eld polarisation plane. [Color gure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at www.interscience.wiley.com]

TABLE 1

Envelope Correlation Coefcients


e12 e13 e14 e23 e24 e34

Diversity System PDA

0.02329

0.01428

0.00475

0.00784

0.00112

0.00468

TABLE 2

MEG of the Antennas MEG 1 (dBi) 3.758 MEG 2 (dBi) 4.083 MEG 3 (dBi) 4.085 MEG 4 (dBi) 4.368

Diversity System PDA

ANTENNA DIVERSITY PERFORMANCE

The S-parameters of the diversity antennas on a PDA terminal were measured using an HP8720ES Network Analyser and are compared with the simulations, as shown in Figures 3 and 4. Overall, there is good agreement between the simulated and measured results. As shown in Figure 3, the measured 10-dB bandwidth is more than 200 MHz for every single antenna at the center

frequency of 5.2 GHz. Further, the isolation between the antennas from the measurement is always more than 20 dB over the operating bandwidth, as shown in Figure 4. The radiation patterns of the four-element diversity-antenna array on the PDA terminal were measured in an anechoic chamber with the transmitting eld provided by a quad ridge-horn with dual-polarisation capability. Since each of the antennas on the PDA conguration are oriented differently to one another, the radiation patterns of each antenna are plotted with respect to its own E-eld polarisation plane. Figures 5 and 6 show the simulated and measured co-planar and cross-polar patterns of the four antennas. Generally, the measured radiation patterns are in good agreement with the simulated patterns, although there is some discrepancy in the cross-polarisation radiation patterns due to the presence of the coaxial cables.

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TABLE 3

MEG Ratios of the Antennas MEG 1/MEG 2 1.0776 MEG 1/MEG 3 1.0781 MEG 1/MEG 4 1.1507 Meg 2/MEG 3 1.0005 MEG 2/MEG 4 1.0679 MEG 3/MEG 4 1.0673

Diversity System PDA

In the proposed PDA conguration of Figure 1, the antennas are facing towards different directions and the boresight of the radiation pattern is directed away from the terminal/ground plane, as shown in Figure 5. Hence, every antenna tends to pick up different radio signals from the multipath routes. Furthermore, Figure 6 has shown that the cross-polarisation is very low ( 15 dB in most of the directions) in this proposed PDA conguration. The envelope-correlation coefcients calculated by means of the radiation patterns are depicted in Table 1. The MEG of each antenna and MEG ratios between the antennas are also calculated, as shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The envelope-correlation coefcients of the antennas are substantially less than 0.5, as shown in Table 1; hence, the four antennas are highly decorrelated. The MEG of antennas 2 and 3 are almost the same because they are placed opposite to each other in the same E-plane. Table 3 shows that the antennas have comparable average received power. Overall, these results show that the proposed compact four-element diversity-antenna array on a PDA terminal meets the criteria to achieve diversity gain.
CONCLUSION

6. Y. Kim, H. Morishita, Y. Koyanagi, and K. Fujimoto, A folded-loop antenna system for handsets developed and based on the advanced design concept, IEICE Trans Commun E84-B (2001), 2468 2475. 7. R.H. Clarke, A statistical theory of mobile radio reception, Bell Syst Technical J (1966), 9571000. 8. R.G. Baughan and J.B. Andersen, Antenna diversity in mobile communications, IEEE Trans VT 36 (1987), 147172. 9. T. Taga, Analysis of mean effective gain of mobile antennas in land mobile radio environments, IEEE Trans VT 39 (1990), 117131. 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DEMONSTRATION OF WIDEBAND TUNING OF FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE SURFACES IN A WAVEGUIDE SETUP


Christos Mias School of Engineering Division of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Warwick University Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K. Received 17 August 2004 ABSTRACT: Highly tunable diodes and multidiode biasing congurations can be employed to enhance the tuning range of frequencyselective surfaces (FSS). The paper considers a variety of such diodes and congurations, demonstrating experimentally a wideband tuning that can be in excess of 500 MHz. However, the presence of varactor biasing electrodes leads to the distortion of the FSS response. The paper describes how the problem can be eliminated through the novel use of surface-mount resistors. The experimental results are obtained in a waveguide setup, within the 1.6 2.7-GHz range. 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 412 416, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20651 Key words: tunable; frequency-selective surface; microwave lter

A compact four-element diversity-antenna array on a PDA terminal operating at 5.2 GHz for the MIMO system has been investigated in this paper. The antenna elements used were dielectricloaded folded-loop antennas, which are compact in size and have a large bandwidth and small unbalanced current ow on the ground plane. The 10-dB bandwidth of the antennas are around 200 MHz with more than 20 dB of isolation over the bandwidth. The envelope-correlation coefcients and MEG ratios of the antennas were calculated from the radiation patterns. We have shown that the envelope-correlation coefcients of the compact fourelement diversity-antenna array are substantially less than 0.5 and the MEG ratios are maintained close to unity. Therefore, the proposed compact four-element diversity-antenna array on a PDA terminal can be considered as a diversity system for future MIMO applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank John Dupuy of the Department of Electronic Engineering, QMUL, for this help with the measurements and fabrication of the antennas. The authors would like to acknowledge Computer Simulation technology (CST), Germany, for the complimentary license of Microwave StudioTM package.
REFERENCES 1. G.J. Foschini and M.J. Gans, On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas, Wireless Personal Commun 6 (1998), 311335. 2. G.J. Foschini, Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas, Bell Labs Tech J 1 (1996), 4159. 3. S.C.K. Ko and R.D. Murch, Compact integrated diversity antenna for wireless communications, IEEE Trans Antennas Propagat 49 (2001), 954 960. 4. M. Karaboikis, C. Soras, G. Tsachtsiris, and V. Makios, Compact dual-printed inverted-F antenna diversity systems for portable wireless devices, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagat Lett 3 (2004), 9 14. 5. CST Microwave Studio, Users manual 4, 2002.

INTRODUCTION

Tunable frequency-selective surfaces (FSS) can improve the spectrum efciency of wireless indoor communication systems by suppressing unwanted interference and can compensate, through tuning, for fabrication and installation errors. If FSS are to be used in indoor environments, they must have the potential to be fabricated, at low cost, over large surfaces. Varactor-diode-based tunable FSS [13] have such a potential, as their cost of fabrication is lower than that of alternative tuning methods such as optically controlled or optically generated FSS [4, 5] on semiconductor substrates and ferromagnetic or ferroelectric substrate FSS [6, 7]. Currently, the latter FSS are not only costly, but also they cannot be feasibly fabricated over electrically large substrates. It is also desirable to achieve wideband tuning, however, since low cost is associated with varactors of narrowband tuning range, biasing congurations need to be identied that can allow multidiode arrangements. In this way, wideband tuning can be achieved while maintaining a low production cost.

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