Alexandra Sherman A3 Honors World History October 28, 2011 Chapter 20 Outline 1,203 words

The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed monumental, but very different o developments in England and France. o In England, a limited (parliamentary) monarchy, parliamentary government and measured religious toleration prevailed; o in France, absolute monarchy and closed Catholicism. Russias entry into the European political arena under Peter the Great, developments in central and eastern Europe, the rivalries between the Habsburgs in Austria and the Hohenzollerns in Prussia. James I set the tone of English politics in his troubled reign (16031625). o Beset by a large royal debt, a fiercely divided church and a Parliament restive over his predecessors claims to royal authority, o James worsened his own situation by lack of tact and strong advocacy of the divine right of kings. The scandalous corruption of his court and an unpopular proSpanish foreign policy further alienated James subjects. Charles I (16251649) fought even more openly with Parliament and the Puritans. o made war on Spain and financed it with extraParliamentary taxes and forced loans. o Continued conflict with Parliament led to its dismissal and for eleven years, o Charles tried to rule as an absolute monarch, exploiting neglected laws and extending existing taxes to raise money. o In the 1640s, however, an invasion from Scotland forced Charles to recall Parliament and the resulting quarrels over taxation and conflict with the Puritan opposition led to civil war. Two factors led to Parliaments final victory: o alliance with Scotland o the reorganization of the Parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell. In 1649, Charles I was executed. For the next eleven years, England was officially a Puritan republic under Cromwells leadership. In reality, it was a military dictatorship o made unpopular by: harsh rule, expensive foreign policy, inattention to trade and commerce stern regulation of moral life. In 1660, after Cromwells death, Charles son was restored as King Charles II(16601685). Politically and religiously, he returned England to the status quo of 1642. Charles favored religious toleration, but the strict Anglican Parliament excluded Catholics and Puritans from English religious and political life. Charles launched a bold new foreign policy, o challenging the Dutch for the commercial leadership of Europe. Charles was succeeded in 1685 by his brother James II (16851688), o quickly became unpopular because of: his open Catholicism absolute rule. In 1688, Parliament invited James Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, leader of the Netherlands, to take over the government. o James fled and the coup, known as the Glorious Revolution, succeeded without bloodshed. The new rulers cooperated with Parliament

recognized a Bill of Rights o limited the monarchys powers and guaranteed the civil liberties of the English privileged classes. o banned Roman Catholics from the English throne. Unlike future movements, the Glorious Revolution was not a popular revolution, but provided a model for them. France set out on the opposite path. Louis XIV (16431715) was determined to be a strong and absolute ruler. o The palace of Versailles proclaimed the glory of the Sun King. In contrast to the English Puritan challenge to royal authority, Louis defended the divine right of kings theory, o argued that God had appointed Old Testament rulers and only God could judge them. Louis believed that political unity required religious conformity persecuted Frances Protestant minority by revoking the Edict of Nantes in 1685. events in Russia. o Tsar Peter the Great(16821725), an admirer of the West, organized a fourfold drive to westernize Russia. In large measure, he succeeded in breaking the power of the nobles (boyars) and the Moscow guard (streltsy) who had long disrupted the country. Peter the Greats other achievements: building a navy founding St. Petersburg Table of Ranks o drew nobility into public service. Habsburg Empire and the pragmatic sanction, o provided the legal basis for a single line of inheritance within the Habsburg dynasty. o Charles got the nobles of his realm and the kings of Europe to recognize his daughter, Maria Theresa (17401780) as his heir. Yet when Charles VI died in 1740, he left his daughter with little funds and a weak army. Frederick II of Prussia invaded Silesia in December of 1740 Prussias rise to power in the eighteenth century. Louis wars, especially against Spain. o The alliance between England, the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire kept Louis from winning the European empire he sought. At Louis death in 1715, England was Europes great rising power. o Britain had won the War of the Spanish Succession, it needed a period of recovery after 1713. o France, at the conclusion of this war, was economically and politically exhausted. This period was an era of colonial expansion and consolidation in Europe and overseas. The Seven Years War (1756-1763) showed the military might of England, as the French lost their West Indies colonies and their influence in India. the ancien regime, or old regimethe time applied to the life and institutions of prerevolutionary Europe. breaks down the social structure of European society o a hierarchical, rigid structure with power in the hands of the few aristocrats, while the peasant populations primary goal was the stability of the food supply. o The economy of the eighteenth century depended on the land. In the west, most of those who lived in the countryside were free peasants, in the east, most were serfs.

The landowners subjected both of these groups to feudal dues, services and strict control, often resulted in peasant discontent and rebellion. o The most dramatic revolt was Pugachevs rebellion of 1771 1775 involved all of southern Russia. o A steady rise in the price of Europes food staple, grain, because of population growth, encouraged a revolution in agriculture, leading to greater productivity. This included new crops and agricultural methods such as the enclosure movement. The industrial revolution Over time, the wealth produced by industrialization upset the political and social structures of the Old Regime o led to political and social reforms. Industrialization also allowed the European (and American) states to build stronger militaries. The industrial revolution began in Great Britain, with new methods of textile production, the steam engine and iron production o causing Britain to become the most powerful industrialized nation until the late nineteenth century. The urban environment had changed dramatically between the sixteenth and nineteenth century. Class consciousness became a significant part of society, o the upper class and middle class often collided. the religious and physical persecution of Jews in European cities. o This period in Jewish history, from the end of the fifteenth century into the eighteenth, can be described as the Age of the Ghetto. In cities they usually lived in distinct districts known as ghettos, in the countryside, in Jewish villages. Jews could not and did not mix in the mainstream of the societies in which they dwelled. o Under the Old Regime, all of this discrimination was based on religious separateness. Those who converted to Christianity generally were welcomed into the major political and social institutions of gentile European society. Without conversion, however, Jews were subject to various religious, civil, and social disabilities.