ECE143 TRANSMISSION MEDIA AND ANTENNA SYSTEMS

3rd Term SY 2011 - 2012

Engr. Maria Cristina Feliz L. Odeste ECE Instructor Malayan Colleges Laguna

ANTENNA PARAMETERS
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Introduction
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An antenna is a metallic conductor system capable of radiating and capturing electromagnetic energy. Antennas are used to interface transmission lines to the atmosphere, the atmosphere to the transmission line, or both. Antennas are reciprocal devices; thus they have the same characteristics when used to transmit or receive EM waves. Radio waves are electrical energy that has escaped to free space in the form of TEM waves.

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Introduction
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It is apparent that the size of an antenna is inversely proportional to frequency. Every antenna has directional characteristics and radiate more energy in certain directions relative to other directions. The radiation efficiency (ratio of radiated to reflected energy) of an open transmission line is extremely low. To radiate more energy, simply spread the conductors farther apart. Such antenna is called a dipole.

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Radiation from a Transmission Line

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Introduction
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A basic antenna is a passive reciprocal device because it cannot actually amplify a signal. Transmit antennas must be capable of handling high power and therefore must be constructed with materials that can withstand high voltages and currents. Receive antennas however, produce very small voltages and currents and can be constructed from small-diameter wire. A special coupling device called a duplexer can be used to direct the transmit and receive signals and provide the necessary isolation.

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Antenna Parameters
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Radiation Pattern is a polar diagram or graph representing field strengths or power densities at various angular positions relative to an antenna.

If the radiation pattern is plotted in terms of electric field strength or power density, it is called Absolute Radiation Pattern If it plots field strength or power density with respect to the value at a reference point, it is called Relative Radiation Pattern. The line bisecting the major lobe, or pointing from the center of the antenna in the direction of maximum radiation is called the Line of Shoot.

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Radiation Patterns
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The radiation patters shown are 2D, however radiation from an actual antenna is 3D. Therefore radiation patterns are taken in both the horizontal and vertical planes.

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Unidirectional 3D Radiation Pattern

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Bidirectional 3D Radiation Pattern

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Antenna Parameters
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Radiation Field

Near Field refer to the field pattern that is close to the antenna.

The near field is sometimes called the Induction Field.

Far Field refers to the field pattern that is of great distance. Power that reaches the far field continues to radiate outward and is never returned to the antenna.

The far field is sometimes called the Radiation Field.

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Antenna Parameters
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Not all the power supplied to an antenna is radiated, some of it is converted to heat and dissipated. Radiation Resistance is an AC antenna resistance and is equal to the ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to the square of the current at its feedpoint.

Radiation resistance is the resistance that, if it replaced the antenna, would dissipate exactly the same amount of power that the antenna radiates.
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Equivalent Circuit of an Antenna

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Antenna Parameters
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Antenna Efficiency is the ratio of the power radiated by an antenna to the sum of the power radiated and the power dissipated.

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Antenna Parameters
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Antenna Gain

Directive Gain is the ratio of the power density radiated in a particular direction to the power density radiated to the same point by a reference antenna.

Power Gain is the same as directive gain exept that the total power fed to the antenna is used (i.e., antenna efficiency is taken into account) If an antenna is lossless, it radiates 100% of the input power, and the power gain is equal to the directive gain.

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Antenna Parameters
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Directivity is the measure of how much power, power density or power intensity is concentrated in a certain beam. Directivity is the maximum directive gain. The antenna does not actually amplify the input power, it simply concentrates its radiated power to a particular direction. The direction in which an antenna is pointing is always the direction of maximum radiation. For maximum captured power, a receive antenna must be pointing in the direction from which reception is desired.

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Antenna Parameters
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Effective Isotrpic Radiated Power (EIRP) is defined as the equivalent transmit power and is expressed mathematically as

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Sample Problem
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For a transmit antenna with Rr = 72, Re = 8, directive gain of 20 and Pin = 100W, determine:

Antenna efficiency Antenna gain (absolute and dB) Radiated power in watts, dB and dBm EIRP in watts, dB and dBm.

90%
18/12.55 dB 90W/49.54 dBm/19.54 dBW 1800W/62.55dBm/32.55 dBW

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Antenna Parameters
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Antenna Capture Area and Captured Power

The Antenna Capture Area is the effective area and a parameter for describing the reception properties of an antenna. Captured Power is the power available at the antennas output terminals (in watts) Captured Power is directly proportional to the received power density and the effective capture area of the antenna. The captured power can be delivered to a load such as a transmission line or a receivers input circuitry.

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Antenna Directive Gain

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ANTENNA TYPE
ISOTROPIC HERTZIAN HERTZ TURNSTILE

UNITLESS GAIN
1 1.5 1.64 1.15

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Sample Problems
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Calculate the captured power 10km away from a half-wave dipole transmitter with a 10W transmit power for the following receive antennas at 150 MHz.

Hertzian dipole Half-wave dipole

Answer: 6.23 nW, 6.81 nW

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Antenna Parameters
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Antenna Polarization refers simply to the orientation of the electric field radiated from it.

Linear Polarization

Horizontally Polarized Vertically Polarized

Elliptical Polarization Circular Polarization

Right-Hand Circular Polarization Left-Hand Circular Polarization

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Antenna Parameters
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Antenna Bandwidth is vaguely defined as the frequency range over which antenna operation is satisfactory. Bandwidth is normally taken as the difference between the half-power frequencies and is often expressed as a percentage of the antennas optimum frequency of operation.

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Sample Problem
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Determine the percent bandwidth for an antenna with an optimum frequency of operation of 400 MHz and -3dB frequencies of 380 MHz and 420 MHz.

Answer: 10%

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Antenna Parameters
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Antenna Beamwidth is simply the angular separation between the two half-power points on the major lobe of the antennas plane radiation pattern. Antenna Beamwidth is sometimes called -3dB beamwidth or half-power beamwidth. Antenna Gain is inversely proportional to beamwidth.

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Beamwidth
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Specification Sheet
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ACTIVITY
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How much power is dissipated by an antenna whose radiation resistance is 100 and ohmic resistance of 10 ? The transmitter power that supplied the antenna is 200W.

Answer:

A transmitter is required to deliver 100 W to an antenna through a 45 m coaxial cable with a loss of 4 dB/100 m. What must be the output power of the transmitter, assuming the line is matched?

Answer: 151 W

Determine the effective radiated power in dBm for an antenna with directivity of 300, efficiency of 80% and an input power of 2500W.

Answer: 87.78 dBm

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PROBLEM SET
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