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Solid solubility In gamma Fe 1.1% (increase by carbon) 12.8% (in 0.5%C steels 20%) Unlimited In alpha Fe 36% Influence upon ferrite Hardens considerably by solid solution Hardens slightly; increased corrosion resistance Hardens considerably by solid solution Hardens, ductility somewhat reduced
Influence upon austenite (hardenenability) If dissolved in austenite increases hardenability mildly Increases hardenability moderately, similar to manganese Decreases hardenability as dissolved Similar to Ni
Influence exerted through carbide. CarbideAction forming during tendency temperature Graphitizes
Chromium(Cr)
Unlimited
Cobalt(Co)
75%
Manganese (Mn)
Unlimited
3%
a. b. c. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. c. a. b. c. d. e. a. b. c.
Used as deoxidizer. Restricts grain growth. Alloying element in nitriding steels. Increases corrosion and oxidation resistance. Increases hardenabability. Increases strength at high temperature. With high C resists wear and abrasion. Contributes to red hardness by hardening ferrite. Alloying element is certain high-speed steels. Counteracts effect of brittleness from sulphur. Increases hardenability inexpensively. High Mn. high C produces steels resistant to wear and abrasion. Raises grain coarsening temperature of austenite. Increases depth of hardening. Raises hot and creep strength promotes red hardness. Enhances corrosion resistance in stainless steels. Forms abrasion resistant particles. Strengthens unquenched or annealed steels. Toughens pearlitic-ferritic steels (especially low temperatures). Renders high Cr/Fe alloys austenitic. Strengthens low C steels. Increases resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Improves machinability in free cutting steel Used as deoxidizer. Alloy for electrical and magnetic sheet metals. Improves oxidation resistance. Strengthens low alloy steels. Fixes carbon in inert particles.
Molybdenum (Mo)
Nickel (N)
Unlimited
Phosphorous (P)
0.5%
Silicon (Si)
Hardens strongly by solid solution. Lowers ductility inducing Brittleness. Hardens with loss in ductility.
Increases hardenability slightly, austenite retention with higher carbon Increases hardenability similar to Mn Increases hardenability more than Ni
Nil
a. b. c. a. b. c. d. a.
Negative graphitizes
Titanium (Ti)
0.75% (with
Approx. 0.6%
Gives age-hardening
Probably increases
Greatest known
Some
secondary hardening
b. c. d.
Tungsten (W)
Vanadium (V)
Increases hardenability strongly in small quantities Increases hardenability very strongly as dissolved
Strong
Very strong
a. b. a. b. c.
Reduces martensitic hardness and hardenability in medium Cr steels. Prevents formation of austenite in high Cr steels. Prevents localized depletion of Cr in stainless steels during long heating periods. Forms hard, abrasion resistant particles in tool steels, high-speed steels. Promotes red hardness and hot strength Promotes fine grain-elevates coarsening temperature of austenite. Increases hardenability when dissolved. Resists tempering and causes marked secondary hardening.