Discussion of Load modelling in Distributed Generation Planning

Student name: Xuan Hieu Nguyen Student ID : 4124819

I. Introduction In this paper, the author comments on the paper by K. Qian, C. Zhou, M. Allan and Y. Yuan on Load Modelling in Distributed Generation Planning, Supergen09 International Conference on Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, 2009, pp. 1-6. In particular, the author comments on the load models and effects of load models on energy loss calculation. II. Summary K. Qian et al (2009) conducted a study on the impact of load models in Distributed Generation Planning. This research aimed to provide further evidence on the effect of load modelling on power loss calculation. Load is divided into three categories: residential, industrial and commercial. A 38-node radial system is adopted to study the impact of load models on electrical power losses while two scenarios are considered: Single DG placement and Multiple DGs placement. The simulation results indicate that load models can significantly affect the load losses calculation in DG planning. In this research, loads are modelled as voltage dependant loads and this has given readers more exactly results about the effect of load models as well as DG source on power loss calculation. The simulation results provided help to understand the influence of load models that might affect to the power loss in distribution system. However, several limitations must be considered in interpreting the study findings. III. Critique In the study by K. Qian et al, load models in DG planning are classified into three kinds: residential, industrial and commercial. Simulation work has been conducted to investigate the effect of load modelling on power losses results. The results indicate that an assumption of fixed PQ load may lead to misunderstanding of power loss reduction in DG planning. The research shows that the adoption of detailed load models enables better knowledge of power loss change with connection of DG in the distribution system. It is found that optimal penetration level in term of fixed PQ load model larger than that derived from voltage dependant loads. The study also helps readers know that the power loss profile with increasing penetration levels displays as a U shape in case of single DG placement while power loss reduces to a minimum value when DG reaches its maximum penetration in term of multiple DGs placement. However, some limitations from the paper are still needed to be considered. In the paper by K. Qian et al, to investigate the effect of load modelling in DG planning the authors considered loads as three categories: industrial, commercial and residential as follows [6] instead of traditional constant loads: PL=PL0.V QL=QL0.V Where, active power exponent (1.5 < < 2.0)

 reactive power exponent (3.0 < < 4.0) PL0 active power operating point QL0 reactive power operating point 0.9 < V < 1.1 p.u. As can be seen from [6], there are four ways to model load. It is hard to understand why the writers chose this kind of load model. It will be interesting to consider how the simulation results would change if other types of load are used. In view of modelling, a 38-node radial system is adopted to study the effect of load models on calculation of power losses and the voltage rating of the system is 11 kV. The authors did not tell about the source where they get the 38-node radial system. In addition, they did not explain why they choose that system instead of other system, for example 33-node radial system. Different system with different rating voltage can lead to different results for power loss calculation. Could the authors please choose other system with other rating voltage like, for instance, 22 kV? Since 38-node radial system is used to get the results of the study, the authors seem to neglect to tell about the accuracy of the results. The authors did not specify the criteria to evaluate the results and how degree the results are applied in DG planning. It is obvious from the paper, two DG placement scenarios were used to study, including single DG placement and multiple DGs placement. In term of single DG placement, DG will be adopted by one of the customers. 0-50% of total load demands will be supplied by renewable DG source. The impact of load models on power losses will be studied on three cases: PQ fixed load model, voltage dependant load model and mixed load model. In this paper, DG is placed at node18 and then the results were calculated from that assumption. The authors appear to have ignored other place available for locating DG source. DG source in some case treats as power factor capacitor so the different position of DG source in distribution system will affect to power losses in system in different ways. As a result of that, the results would change if DG source is located in other node and the price for implementing DG source should be considered according to the placement of DG source. Should the authors consider other position for placing DG source and what will happen if they change the location of DG source? In addition, the reason why only 0-50% of total load demands is supplied by renewable DG source was not mentioned. It is suggested that more ability of DG source can be considered for studying. In case of multiple DGs placement, all the customers in the sample power system will adopt on-site distributed generation systems to meet part of their power consumption and the penetration level of DG will increase from 0 to 50% for the study. From [8] it can be seen that the optimal size and location of DG sources in power distribution system will affect significantly to the power losses. However, in this research the relation between DGs location and energy loss was not studied when all the customers are adopted onsite distributed generation systems. As a result, the definition of optimal location of DG sources has not been considered. It is interesting if a certain number of DG sources are used to get the results instead of

using all every DG sources for every load and then optimum location of DG needs to be investigated in DG planning. It is also suggested that the proposed method needs to be verified using real power systems. IV. Conclusion In summary, it has been admitted that the study is useful for readers, especially people who are studying about the distributed generation in distribution system. Further studies must be undertaken, other kinds of load models must be used, and other questions that are mentioned above must be considered to improve our understanding concerning the exact relationship between load modelling, DG modelling and power loss variation in detail and power distribution system in general. Despite some deficiencies in methodology, the study has provided some insights to account for distributed generation planning. V. References [1] L. Soder, Estimation of reduced electrical distribution losses depending on dispersed small scale energy production, Processing of 12th Power Systems Computation Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, 1996. [2] J. Mutale, G. Strabac, S. Curcic, and N. Jenkins, Allocation of losses in distribution systems with embedded generation, IEEE Proceedings of Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 7-14, Jan. 2000. [3] W. El-Khattam and M. M. A. Salama, Impact of distributed generation on voltage profile in deregulated distribution system, Proceedings of Power System Conference, Clemson, SC, 2002. [4] S. N. Liew and G. Strbac, Maximizing penetration of wind generation in existing distribution networks, IEEE Proceedings of Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 256-262, May 2002. [5] V. H. M. Quezada, J. R. Abbad, T. G. S. Roman, Assessment of energy distribution losses for increasing penetration of distributed generation, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 21, no. 2, May, 2006, pp. 553-540. [6] IEEE Task Force on Load Representation for Dynamic Performance, System Dynamic Performance Subcommittee, Power System Engineering Committee. Bibliography on load model for power flow and dynamic performance simulation, IEEE Transaction on Power System, vol. 10, no. 1, February 1995. [7] National Grid plc. http://www.nationalgrid.com/

[8] D. Singh, R. K. Misra, Effect of Loaf Models in Distributed Generation Planning, IEEE Transaction on Power System, vol. 22, no. 4, Nov. 2007, pp. 2204-2212.