Introduction to Microarray Molecular Biology research evolves through the development of the technologies used for carrying them

out. It is not possible to research on a large number of genes using traditional methods. DNA Microarray is one such technology which enables the researchers to investigate and address issues which were once thought to be non traceable. One can analyze the expression of many genes in a single reaction quickly and in an efficient manner. DNA Microarray technology has empowered the scientific community to understand the fundamental aspects underlining the growth and development of life as well as to explore the genetic causes of anomalies occurring in the functioning of the human body. A typical microarray experiment involves the hybridization of an mRNA molecule to the DNA template from which it is originated. Many DNA samples are used to construct an array. The amount of mRNA bound to each site on the array indicates the expression level of the various genes. This number may run in thousands. All the data is collected and a profile is generated for gene expression in the cell.

Microarray Technique An array is an orderly arrangement of samples where matching of known and unknown DNA samples is done based on base pairing rules. An array experiment makes use of common assay systems such as microplates or standard blotting membranes. The sample spot sizes are typically less than 200 microns in diameter usually contain thousands of spots. Thousands of spotted samples known as probes (with known identity) are immobilized on a solid support (a microscope glass slides or silicon chips or nylon membrane). The spots can be DNA, cDNA, or oligonucleotides. These are used to determine complementary binding of the unknown sequences thus allowing parallel analysis for gene expression and gene discovery. An experiment with a single DNA chip can provide information on thousands of genes simultaneously. An orderly arrangement of the probes on the support is important as the location of each spot on the array is used for the identification of a gene.

Types of Microarrays Depending upon the kind of immobilized sample used construct arrays and the information fetched, the Microarray experiments can be categorized in three ways: 1. Microarray expression analysis: In this experimental setup, the cDNA derived from the mRNA of known genes is immobilized. The sample has genes from both the normal as well as the diseased tissues. Spots with more intensity are obtained for diseased tissue gene if the gene is over expressed in the

diseased condition. This expression pattern is then compared to the expression pattern of a gene responsible for a disease. 2. Microarray for mutation analysis: For this analysis, the researchers use gDNA. The genes might differ from each other by as less as a single nucleotide base. A single base difference between two sequences is known as Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) and detecting them is known as SNP detection. 3. Comparative Genomic Hybridization: It is used for the identification in the increase or decrease of the important chromosomal fragments harboring genes involved in a disease.

The Colors of a Microarray GREEN represents Control DNA, where either DNA or cDNA derived from normal tissue is hybridized to the target DNA. RED represents Sample DNA, where either DNA or cDNA is derived from diseased tissue hybridized to the target DNA. YELLOW represents a combination of Control and Sample DNA, where both hybridized equally to the target DNA. BLACK represents areas where neither the Control nor Sample DNA hybridized to the target DNA. Each spot on an array is associated with a particular gene. Each color in an array represents either healthy (control) or diseased (sample) tissue. Depending on the type of array used, the location and intensity of a color will tell us whether the gene, or mutation, is present in either the control and/or sample DNA. It will also provide an estimate of the expression level of the gene(s) in the sample and control DNA.

Applications of DNA Microarrays in Pharma Field and Its Development Natural product research is often based on ethnobotanical information and many of the drugs used today were employed in indigenous societies. One of the aims of ethnopharmaceutical research is better understanding of the pharmacological effects of different medicinal plants traditionally used in healthcare. Plants are regarded as a promising source of novel therapeutic agents due to their higher structural diversity as compared to standard synthetic chemistry. Plants have applications in the development of therapeutic agents: as a source of bioactive compounds for possible use as drugs. There are three approaches to natural product-based drug discovery: screening of crude extracts; screening of pre-fractionated extracts; screening of pure compounds.

There are three main applications of DNA microarrays: first, in pharmacodynamics for discovery of new diagnostic and prognostic indicators and biomarkers of therapeutic response; elucidation of molecular mechanism of action of an herb, its formulations or its phytochemical components and identification and validation of new molecular targets for herbal drug development. Second, in pharmacogenomics for prediction of potential side-effects of the herbal drug during preclinical activity and safety studies; identification of genes involved in conferring drug sensitivity or resistance and prediction of patients most likely to benefit from the drug and use in general pharmacogenomic studies. Third, in pharmacognosy for correct botanical identification and authentication of crude plant materials as part of standardization and quality control.

http://www.premierbiosoft.com/tech_notes/microarray.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/microarrays.html http://www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/dna-microarrays-technique-application-pharmacy