Applied Energy 8 (1981) 175 191

P E R F O R M A N C E OF T R O M B E WALLS A N D R O O F P O N D * SYSTEMS

M. S. SODHA, S. C. KAUSHIK and J. K. NAYAK

('entre ~71' Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110029. India

SUMMARY

This paper describes an analysis of the periodic heat transfer through thermal storage walls and roof pond systems subjected to periodic solar radiation and atmospheric air on one side and in contact with room air at constant temperature (corresponding to air-conditioned rooms) on the other. A one-dimensional heat conduction equationJor temperature distribution in the walls and roof has been solved using the appropriate boundao' conditions at the su(/aces; explicit expressions jbr the periodic heat flux through storage walls and the roof have been derived. Numerical calculationsJbr the periodic' heat flux into the room have been made in order to assess the relative thermal perjormance of storage walls and roojpond systems in both winter and summer. It is Jbund that a thermal storage mass wall is preferable for longer heat storage times while a water wall is suitableJbr rapid heat dissipation into the living space. For New Delhi, a roof pond system comprised of water-concrete-insulation, in ascending order of thickness, in the summer and in descending order of thickness in the winter, is .[bund to be most desirable, whereas a combination with an ascending order of thickness is more appropriate for a typical cold climate like that of Boulder. Colorado, USA.

NOMENCLATURE
C 1

C2 ho hi

Specific heat o f concrete (J/kg C). Specific heat o f i n s u l a t i o n (J/kg C). H e a t transfer coefficient between the a b s o r b i n g black surface a n d the a m b i e n t air (W/rn 2 C). H e a t transfer coefficient between the a b s o r b i n g black surface a n d the w a t e r ( W / m 2 C). ( W a t e r is at the lower t e m p e r a t u r e . )

* Roof pond in this paper means a mass of water in containers over the roof of a building so that evaporation does not take place. 175 Applied Energy 0306-2619/81/0008-0175/$02-50 Applied Science Publishers Ltd, England, 1981 Printed in Great Britain

176
h2

M . S . SODHA, S. C. KAUSHIK, J. K. NAYAK

hi kl
k2

s(t)
t

ro
X Ct s

rp

7"w

Pl

P2

O(x, t)

Heat transfer coefficient between the water and the surface in contact with it (W/m 2 C). (Water is at a higher temperature.) Heat transfer coefficient between the lower surface and the still air in the living space (W/m 2 C). Thermal conductivity of the concrete (W/m C). Thermal conductivity of the insulation (W/m C). Heat capacity of water per unit area (J/m 2 C). Intensity of solar radiation (W/m2). Time co-ordinate (s). Atmospheric air temperature (C). Temperature of the absorbing black surface (C). Water temperature (C). Position co-ordinate (m). Fraction of solar energy, incident on the glass plate, absorbed by the black absorbing surface. Density of the concrete (kg/m3). Density of the insulation (kg/m3). Temperature distribution at a point given by (x, t) (C).
INTRODUCTION

Amongst passive systems, ~-6 Trombe walls and roof ponds offer a simple and inexpensive means of heating and cooling buildings. However, a time-dependent analysis of such systems does not appear to have been undertaken. In this paper we analyse the performance of thermal storage (solid mass and water) walls and roof pond systems, taking into account the periodicity of the solar radiation and atmospheric temperature. In a thermal storage wall solar energy is stored as sensible heat; the wall is usually of masonry or consists of containers filled with water. The heat flux can be in phase with the solar radiation (water wall) or out of phase with it (masonry wall), depending on the thickness and properties of the walls' storage material. A roof pond system is similar to the thermal storage wall except that the collector-storage mass is located on the roof of the building. We have obtained periodic solutions for the temperature distribution in storage walls/roof ponds exposed to periodic solar radiation and atmospheric air on one side and in contact with room air at constant temperature (corresponding to an airconditioned room) on the other. An explicit expression for the periodic heat flux into the living space has been derived using the appropriate boundary conditions at the surfaces. Numerical calculations for the periodic heat flux into the room have been made using the hourly data of solar radiation and atmospheric temperature for (a) a typical hot summer's day, (b) a cold winter's day in New Delhi, India and (c) a cold winter's day in Boulder, Colorado, USA. It is seen that a thermal storage mass wall is preferable for longer heat storage times whereas a water wall is preferred for rapid heat dissipation into the living space. For New Delhi an insulated concrete wall in

PERFORMANCE OF TROMBE WALLS AND ROOF POND SYSTEMS

177

summer and a water wall in winter are most desirable. However, for a very cold climate (for example, the winter climate of Boulder, Colorado) an insulated concrete wall is preferable. For New Delhi, a roof pond system comprised of water-concrete-insulation in ascending order of thickness in summer is desirable; the same combination with a descending order of thickness is most appropriate for New Delhi winters. For a typical cold climate (e.g. that of Boulder), a roof pond system with an ascending order of water-concrete-insulation layers is preferable.
ANALYSIS

Figure 1 presents schematic illustrations of thermal storage walls1(a) a mass Trombe wall and (b) a water wall/roof pond system. (a) Mass Trombe wall A mass Trombe wall is essentially a thick wall, glazed/blackened (for winter) or white painted (for summer) on one side; the storage mass may be concrete, adobe,

Outside

I I ~ l~

O~.ono,.,o.,.

~ .,~ U H III] L L~I

I LUWIf--oo,,o.., ,so,o,,o.

inside air g

Outside
-

Optiono[ glazing of wQter

X: o [~.i....~..:;!j.]:~o...~_;.:~.;...:.:;~.;z.~}.:ir u m s ..~o
X:L1

.:.'.:...'~'.'.',,;.'..'::.-'.'..-9;:.',,:...".
!nsu[ation

X:I 2

IReg n ,.,9,,,,~lJlllllll~r ~:,~ 111111111'""' "~'"

inside air b

Fig. 1.

Schematic illustration of thermal storage walls. (a) Mass Trombe wall. (b) Water wall and roof pond system.

178

M. S. S O D H A , S. C. K A U S H I K , J. K. N A Y A K

stone or composites of brick, block and sand. In order to evaluate the performance of this wall, let us consider the configuration in Fig. l(a); the region 0 < x < l~ (Region I) represents some storage mass while the region l~ < x < l 2 (Region II) represents an insulating layer. The heat produced by solar radiation, absorbed by the wall, is conducted through the storage mass and is dissipated in the living space which is maintained at a constant temperature OR. The conduction of heat through the storage mass is governed by the onedimensional Fourier heat conduction equation:

~20
~X 2
-

1 ~0
O~ ~?t
(1)

where:

= k/pc
The energy balance at the absorbing surface ( x = O) and at the surface ( x = 12) in contact with the living space can be written as:

\~x)x~o

ho

Ox

-o

To)-

= ho(T~ - Ox:o)
and:

(2)

-k2(~) = hi(O~ --OR) \ c x / x = t2 t2

. -

(3)

where:

rs-

%S(t) ho

+To---

~:AR ho

and Ts is commonly known as the solair temperature. It may be noted that the heat loss due to long wave radiation exchange between the surface x = 0 and the surroundings, appearing in eqn. (2), is zero for both vertical and glazed surfaces; however, for a horizontal bare surface this has to be considered, v The boundary conditions at the interface x =/~ are determined by the fact that the temperature and heat flux are continuous at the interface. Thus, at x = ll:

O(x, t)lx=, = O(x, t)lx=t,

Region I Region [I

(4) (5)

k
Region I

= k

texL:,, Region I[

PERFORMANCE OF TROMBE WALLS AND ROOF POND SYSTEMS

179

Because ambient temperature and solar radiation are periodic in nature, one may expand the solair temperature (T~) as a Fourier series in time a in the form: T~ = a o + R e y , a. exp (intnt)
n=l

(6)

the phase (0.) and amplitudes (A.) of Fourier coefficients can be written as: a. = A. exp ( - ia.) (6(a))

In view of eqn. (6) one can write the following periodic solution ofeqn. (1) for the temperature distribution, O(x, t), in different regions:
ac

Or.(X, t) = Amx + Bm + Re > ' (Cmn exp (tim.x) + Dmn exp ( - tim.x)) exp (imot)
n=l

(7)

where:

i= ~

/ L . = ~ . . ( 1 + i)

ct,,. = [ntop,.c,,/2k,.] 12
where m ( = 1,2) refers to the region under consideration and A m, Bm, C.,. and Din. are the constants to be determined from the boundary conditions. Hence, the heat flux entering in the living space can be written as:
Q ~ o = h~[O~=~ -

OR]
E[ hiha"k2fl2"exp(intnt) l ( F l c o s h f l l . L l + F2 sinhfll.L 0

= U(a o - 0 R) + R e
n=l

(8(a))

where:

F 1 = kEflz.(h 0 + hi)coshflE.L2 + (hohi + k2flZ.)sinh[~2.L2

- 2 z F 2 - klfll" [(hih0 + k~/~.)k2/~2.cosh/~2.L2 + (k~/q.h~ + k~flZ.ho) sinh flz.L2
1

and:
1 1 Lt L2 1 = h~ + k , + k z + hi

(8(b))

(b) Water wall This is based on the same considerations as the mass Trombe wall except that it employs water (or any other liquid) as the storage material. The transfer of thermal

180

M. S. S O D H A , S. C. K A U S H I K , J. K. N A Y A K

energy to the living space through a convective body is rapid, in contrast to the longer time lag property of the mass Trombe wall. It is interesting to note that a thermal storage roof is similar to a thermal storage wall except that the interposed convective body is located on the building roof. We have, therefore, analysed the performance of a general configuration (Fig. l(b)) which enables one to evaluate passive solar heating and cooling by water wall/roof pond systems. Solar radiation absorbed by the black surface (x = 0) is converted to thermal energy, part of which is lost to the ambient environment while the rest is used in raising the temperature of water; part of the sensible heat stored in the water is transferred to the material at the surface x = 11 and is conducted through it to the living space. Equation (1) governs the heat conduction through regions I and II (region I refers to l 1 _< x < l 2 and region II to 12 < x ~ 13), while the boundary conditions at the surfaces x = O, x = l I and x = 13 can be written as:
asS(t ) = hl(T p Tw) + h o ( T p Ta) + ~ A R

(9) (10)

\ t T X i x : l ' = h e ( T w - Ox:t,)

and:

(11)
The energy balance of the water mass can be written as:
M dTw = h,(Tp
d t -

Tw)

hz(T ~

0~=,,)

(12)

while the continuity conditions at the interface

Region l

l 2 are:

O(x, t)lx:,2 = O(x, t)lx:,2

Region II

(13)

and: (14)
Region 1 Region 11

Equations (9) and (12) can be combined to eliminate Tp; the resulting equation is:
MdTw

~-

= heff(Ts - Tw) - h z ( T w - 0x=,, )

(15)

where: h~fl = h i l and" +hol

PERFORMANCE OF TROMBE WALLS AND ROOF POND SYSTEMS

18l

L=T.+

cqS(t) ho

e AR ho

As in the earlier case, one may expand T s as a Fourier series in time:

T~ = a o + R e

n=l

a, exp(ine)t)

(16)

In view of eqn. (l(b)) one can write the solution of eqn. (1) for O(x, t) as:
Om(x,t) = Amx + Bm + R e ~ -~, {(Cm. eXp (Bin,x) + DmeXp(-~m,x))
n=l

x (exp(inmt))}

(17)

where" i=x/-1 tim. = Ct,..(1 + i)

O~m. = [ntopmCm/2km] ~'2

m ( = 1,2) refers respectively to regions I and II, and Am, B m, Cm. and Dmn are constants to be determined from the boundary conditions. The heat flux through the wall/roof is given by:
Q(t) = hi[Ox=13 -- OR] = U(ao _ OR) + Re ~ h i h 2 k l k 2 f l l . f l z . T w . N6
n=l

exp (inogt)

(18)

where:
U - 1 = ho 1 + h? 1 + h21 + ( L t / k l ) + (t2/k2) + h i 1 Tw. = heffan/[inogM + hef f + h2Nv/N6] N 6 = klfll.{(hih 2 + k~flZ.)sinhfl2.L3 + k2f12.(h2 + hi)coshfl2.L31

x cosh fl2nL2 + {k2fl2n(h2h i + k2f12.) cosh fl2nL3

2 2 + (klfllnhi + k2fl2h2)sinhfl2.L3}

sinh f12,L2 and:

N7 = k lk2fllnfl2n(k2fl2n s i n h fl2nL3 + h i c o s h fl2nL3) c o s h fllnL2 k2fl2n(k2fl2n c o s h fl2nL3 "+ hi sinh f12.L3) s i n h fllnL2 -[-

182

M. S. SODHA, S. C. KAUSHIK, J. K. NAYAK NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

It is well known that the thermal behaviour of a building is determined by the average heating or cooling load. The thermal storage wall/roof pond system provides a simple and inexpensive means of reducing the average heating or cooling load of a building. To obtain a numerical appreciation of the effectiveness of these systems in reducing the heating or cooling load of a building, we have calculated heat flux through storage walls/roof with the following configurations (glazed and unglazed): (a) (b) (c) (d) Concrete insulation. Water-concrete. Water-insulation. Water-concrete insulation.

The hourly variations of solar radiation and ambient temperature for a typical summer's day (the 26th of May, 1978) and a winter's day (the 9th of March, 1979) at New Delhi and a typical cold winter's day (the l lth of January) at Boulder, Colorado, 9 have been used. Solar radiation incident on a south-facing wall is calculated from the data of incidence on a horizontal surface. The Fourier coefficients for daily variations of solair temperature for blackened/glazed and white painted bare walls, as well as a horizontal roof corresponding to the above days, are given in Tables 1 to 6. The first six harmonics are found to be sufficient for good convergence of the Fourier series. The following parameters have been used in numerical calculations:
Values j o r ho 8'9' 1 1
Place and season Description of the sur/ace
White painted bare roof and walls Blackened/glazed roof Blackened/glazed walls Blackened/glazed roof Blackened/glazed wall h o (W/m z C)

Corresponding wind speed (m/s)

3.3 3.3 3.3 5.3 5.3

New Delhi (Summer) New Delhi (Winter) Boulder, Colorado (Winter)

22.71 5-43 5-05 5.79 5.36

h i = 8"29 W/m 2 C in the case of a wall ]?.(reference 8)

6.13 W/m 2 C in the case of a rooI j ~ = 0.8 for a blackened/glazed surface. = 0.3 for a white-painted bare surface.
E-----1.

AR = 63.1 W/m 2 for a horizontal bare surface. ] 7). --- 0 for vertical and blackened/glazed surfaces~ (reference

TABLE 1
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS FOR THE DAILY VARIATION OF SOLAIR TEMPERATURE ON A WHITE PAINTED, BARE S O U T H - F A C I N G W A L L ON THE 2 6 T H OF MAY, 1 9 7 8 AT NEW DELHI

n A,, (C) tr, (degrees)

0 36-6229

1 6.7827 219.382

2 0.7037 40.3493

3 0.1954 213.0834

4 0.3816 10-3323

5 0-3022 254.9079

6 0.1568 283.1981

TABLE 2
FOURIER C(IEFFICIENTS FOR THE DALLY VARIATION OF SOLAIR TEMPERATURE ON A BLACKENED/GLAZED SOUTHFACING WALL ON THE 9 T H OF MARCH, 1979, AT NEW DELHI

n An (C) a,, (degrees)

0 46.3325

1 58-8883 194.386

2 24.465 26.247

3 3.049 321-913

4 5"9161 215.4476

5 2'0165 134.816

6 3.884 38.983

TABLE 3
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS OF THE DALLY VARIATION OF SOLAIR TEMPERATURE ON A B L A C K E N E D / G L A Z E D SOUTHFACING WALL ON THE 1 I T H OF JANUARY AT B O U L D E R , COLORADO 9

n A, (~'C) a, (degrees)

0 -2-42

1 5'9925 177-8913

2 3"9978 53.6433

3 1"2027 144.1981

4 0-7837 185.7837

5 1"0135 101.8188

6 0'1209 256.4296

TABLE 4
EOURIER COEFFICIENTS FOR THE DAILY VARIATION OF SOLAIR TEMPERATURE ON A WHITE PAINTED BARE ROOF ON THE 2 6 T H OF MAY, 1978 AT NEW DELHI

n A, (C) a, (degrees)

0 40"6825

1 12"3196 205.636

2 2"4801 27.1037

3 0"3895 17-227

4 0"2955 264.6136

5 0-3344 242.667

6 0-0823 327.745

TABLE 5
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS FOR THE DAILY VARIATION OF SOLAIR TEMPERATURE ON A B L A C K E N E D / G L A Z E D ROOF ON THE 9 T H OF MARCH, 1979 AT NEW DELHI

n A, (C) ~, (degrees)

0 54.3846

I 72.483 192.902

2 32.876 21.475

3 3-165 233-973

4 4-713 242.046

5 0.6158 40.362

6 2.424 43.084

TABLE 6
FOURIER COEFFICIENTS FOR THE DAILY VARIATION OF SOLAIR TEMPERATURE ON A B L A C K E N E D / G L A Z E D ROOF ON I I T H OF J A N U A R Y AT BOULDER~ COLORADO 9

A, (C) or, (degrees)

-4"2788

3'1106 163-5602

2.6743 68.6859

1"3173 137.3467

0"47992 135.1837

0-5318 125-3144

0"3686 165.7855

184

M. S. SODHA, S. C. KAUSHIK, J. K. NAYAK

Storage material: Concrete.

k 1 = 0.721 W/m C. Pl = 1858"32kg/m3. C a = 655.2 J/kg C.

Insulating material: Thermo Lloyd insulation

k 2 = 0.0346 W/m C. P2 = 16 kg/m 3. C2 = 1340 J/kg C. Values of h~ and h 2, calculated from the relevant expressions, 1 are shown in Table 7. It may be mentioned here that the iteration method has been used in
TABLE 7

Figure
4

Curve
I 11 Ill IV, V & VI VII VIII IX X II, Ill, IV V

h I ( = h 2 ) (W/m 2 C) 91.7178 83.89 80-722 77.13 72.94 70.55 67"88 61-34 35.295 31.064

evaluating h~ and h 2 , such that the average temperature differences and corresponding heat transfer coefficients between the surface and the fluid are selfconsistent.

Mass Trombe wall

Figure 2 shows the hourly variation of the heat flux entering into the living space for different thickness combinations of a concrete-insulation system for the typical days corresponding to: (a) (b) (c) The 26th of May, 1978, at New Delhi (summer). The 9th of March, 1979, at New Delhi (winter). The l l t h of January at Boulder, Colorado (winter).

The variations in corresponding solair temperatures have also been shown in the relevant Figures. The following conclusions can be drawn from these Figures. It is seen that, for New Delhi, the average heat flux entering the room in the winter is larger in magnitude compared with that in summer. This is due to the greater availability of solar radiation on a south-facing wall in winter. Further, the

P E R F O R M A N C E OF TROMBE W A L L S A N D ROOF P O N D SYSTEMS

185

maximum heat flux occurs 6-9 h later than the maximum solair temperature, depending upon the thickness of the masonry wall. A comparative study of curves I to IV shows that placing insulation between the storage mass and the living space in general reduces the heat flux; however, the maximum heat flux shifts towards the solair maximum as the thickness of the insulation is increased. A comparison of Figs 2(a) and (b) shows that an insulated concrete wall is better for reducing the average heat flux in summer whereas a concrete wall is preferable in winter in New Delhi. For a typical cold winter's day in Boulder, Colorado, and for all possible concrete-insulation thickness combinations, the heat flux is negative--heat is

,o F
32

lI

-"

5 t
E "2 t,0
t~

LO

rr w tl. IE w i.---

30

20

/,

12 TIME ( h I ------~-

16

20

24

ta~ Fig. 2.
-

H o u r l y v a r i a t i o n of

Q(t) for

different c o n c r e t e - i n s u l a t i o n thickness c o m b i n a t i o n s .

Olt):
= = = = 0 0 0.0254 m 0-0508 m

Curve !: C o n c r e t e thickness = 0 . 2 5 4 m ; i n s u l a t i o n thickness Curve II: C o n c r e t e t h i c k n e s s = 0.3048 m ; i n s u l a t i o n t h i c k n e s s Curve I11 : C o n c r e t e t h i c k n e s s = 0.2794 m ; i n s u l a t i o n t h i c k n e s s Curve IV: C o n c r e t e t h i c k n e s s = 0.254 m ; i n s u l a t i o n t h i c k n e s s -0 0-0 Solair t e m p e r a t u r e (T~). (a) New Delhi ( s u m m e r ) on the 26th o f May, 1978. (b) New Delhi (winter) on the 9th of M a r c h , 1979. (c) Boulder, C o l o r a d o (winter) on the 1 l t h o f J a n u a r y .

, f
80

160

- 128

l
E ~ o~

6O

"8
96 ~

I.u Cg

40

IE

20

o 0

I
/-

I
8

I
12 TIME (h) (b)

I
16

I
20

,
2/..

0
o

Ts
o o

-16

t
o o
c~

or)

-z.O 0 4 8 12 TIME (h) (c) Fig. 2

[ 16

1 20

, 2g.

-12

contd.

P E R F O R M A N C E OF T R O M B E W A L L S A N D R O O F P O N D SYSTEMS

187

always being rejected to the surroundings. It is found that an insulated concrete wall is more useful for reducing the heat rejection to the surroundings than a concrete wall.

Water wall
Figure 3(a), (b) and (c) show the effect of the thickness distribution of the water-concrete and water-insulation systems on the instantaneous heat flux for

961

"

u
48 rs

"v,m

a:

"at "Jr

__4,

0~ 0

16
TIME ( h ) (o) ~

j . 16

~ 20

o 24

Fig. 3.
-

Q(t)

Curve Curve Curve Curve Curve

......

H o u r l y v a r i a t i o n o f Q ( t ) f o r different w a t e r - c o n c r e t e a n d w a t e r i n s u l a t i o n systems. d u e to w a t e r ~ : o n c r e t e system. 1: w a t e r d e p t h = 0 . 3 0 4 8 m ; c o n c r e t e t h i c k n e s s = 0 11: w a t e r d e p t h = 0 . 2 5 4 m ; c o n c r e t e t h i c k n e s s = 0-0508 m 111 : w a t e r d e p t h = 0.2032 m ; c o n c r e t e t h i c k n e s s = 0 . 1 0 1 6 m IV: w a t e r d e p t h = 0 . 1 5 2 4 m ; c o n c r e t e t h i c k n e s s = 0-1524 m V : w a t e r d e p t h = 0-1016 m ; c o n c r e t e t h i c k n e s s = 0.2032 m

Q(t) d u e to w a t e r - i n s u l a t i o n system. C u r v e VI: Water depth = 0.2985m; insulation thickness C u r v e VII: W a t e r d e p t h = 0-2921 m ; i n s u l a t i o n t h i c k n e s s C u r v e VIII: W a t e r d e p t h = 0 . 2 8 5 8 m ; i n s u l a t i o n t h i c k n e s s C u r v e IX: Water depth = 0.2794m; insulation thickness C u r v e X: Water depth = 0.254m; insulation thickness C u r v e XI: Water depth = 0 insulation thickness - O O O - solair t e m p e r a t u r e (1-,). (a) N e w Delhi ( s u m m e r ) o n the 2 6 t h o f M a y , 1978. (b) N e w Delhi (winter) o n the 9th o f M a r c h , 1979. (c) B o u l d e r , C o l o r a d o (winter) o n the I l t h o f J a n u a r y .

= = = = = =

0-0064m 0.0127 m 0-0191 m 0.0254m 0.0508 m 0.3048 m

188

M. S. SODHA, S. C. KAUSHIK, J. K. NAYAK

160

L 48 E 32 6/. w
96

7~

.0

0 0

t2 TIME (h) (b)

t6

20

2/,

_t2,t
o

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

"6" o

t
~"
6
-36

7--

-60

-8

t.

12

16

20

2/,

TIME (h) (c)

Fig. 3--contd.

PERFORMANCE

OF TROMBE

WALLS

AND

ROOF POND

SYSTEMS

189

typical summer days in New Delhi, winter days in New Delhi and a cold winter day in Boulder, Colorado. The hourly variations in solair temperature have also been plotted in the relevant figures. It is seen that for the summer in New Delhi, a concrete wall is more desirable than either a water wall or a water-concrete wall. However, an insulated wall of appropriate thickness is preferable to a purely concrete wall. For the winter in New Delhi, a water-concrete combination is more desirable than either a concrete wall or an insulated water wall. However, a water wall may be preferable to a water--concrete combination. This is because the thermal transfer is rapid within a convective body of water and hence the heat dissipation to the living space is more immediate. For a cold day during the winter at Boulder, Colorado, it is found that an insulated water wall is more desirable than a water-concrete wall, a concrete wall or a water wall. However, a concrete wall would be better than a water wall.
t.O ~ - - - - ~ 60

~"~.

\\\\\
\ ,

~////
1

7/"

30

50

ff

"C~

LLI :E I-r,"

I0

30

0 0

i 4

I 8

1 12 TIME (h)

, -

I 16

I 20

. 2/+

20

F i g . 4.
- OU).

Hourly variation of Water depth I1: Water depth III: Water depth I V : Water depth V : Water depth
1: = = = = =

Q(t) due to water--concrete-insulation

concrete concrete concrete concrete concrete thickness thickness thickness thickness thickness
= = = = = 0 0-0254m; 0-127m; 0-1778 m; 0.1524 m;

system insulation insulation insulation insulation insulation thickness = thickness = thickness = thickness = thickness =
0-3048 m 0-0254m 0.0254m 0.0254 m 0-0508 m

Curve Curve Curve Curve Curve

-O (a) (b) (c)

0 0.254m; 0.1524m; 0" 1016 m ; 0-1016 m ;

O O - Solair temperature (Ts). New Delhi (summer) on the 26th of M a y , 1978. New Delhi (winter) on the 9th of March, 1979. Boulder, Colorado (winter) on the 1 lth of January.

190
80

M. S. SODHA, S. C. KAUSHIK, J. K. NAYAK

/'-"N Ts

-I 60

6,1
8

l r,4

48

~6

32

64 LIJ I--

16

32

(b) 0

&

12
TIME (h)

16

20

2/,

O-

-8

ors
o -2

-16
-4

tad <

E -2Z, "cI

-6

-8

"k
-32
C -Z,I
, I , I , I , 1 , I ,

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TIME ( h )

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"

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Fig. 4~contd.

PERFORMANCE OF TROMBE WALLS AND ROOF POND SYSTEMS

191

Thermal storage roof (water-concrete-insulation system)

In the roof pond system, the passive collector storage mass is located on the roof. We have, therefore, made calculations of the heat flux Q(t) corresponding to this configuration using horizontal solar radiation data (corresponding Fourier coefficients are given by Tables 4, 5 and 6), for summer, as well as winter days at New Delhi and a cold winter day at Boulder, Colorado. Figure 4 (a), (b) and (c) show the hourly variations of heat flux coming into a room due to a roof pond system with different water depths and concrete thickness combinations. It is seen that for the summer in New Delhi, a roof pond system comprised of water-concrete-insulation in an ascending order of thickness is the best combination whereas, for the winter, a combination with a descending order of thickness is preferable. However, for a cold winter day at Boulder, Colorado, a roof pond system with an ascending order of thickness is more appropriate.
CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that a thermal storage mass wall is desirable for longer heat storage while a water wall is preferable for rapid heat dissipation into the living space. For the summer, an insulated concrete wall, and, for the winter, a water wall, should be chosen. However, for a very cold winter (Boulder, Colorado) an insulated concrete wall is to be preferred. Further, for New Delhi a roof pond system comprised of water-concrete-insulation in ascending order of thickness in the summer, and a combination with a descending order of thickness in the winter, is thermally more desirable. For a typical cold climate (e.g. winter in Boulder, Colorado), the roof pond system with an ascending order of water-concrete-insulation thickness is most appropriate.
REFERENCES 1. J. D. BALCOMB,J. C. HEDSTROMand R. D. MCFARLAND, Passive solar heating of buildings, Proc. Workshop on Solar Energy Applications, Associated Universities, Inc., 27 June-31 July, 1977. 2. J. D. BALCOMB, Passive Solar Systems Development. LA-UR-76-2135. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, 1976. 3. J. D. BALCOMB, Passive Solar Energy, LA-UR-78-2506, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, 1978 4. D. BALCOMB,Designing Passive Solar Buildings to Reduce Temperature Swings, LA-UR-78-1316. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, 1978. 5. ANON., Passive Solar Systems. Special Compilation No. 1, Tate Energy Research Institute, Documentation Centre, Bombay, India, 1978. 6. J. D. BALCOMB,Passive solar heating for buildings, Proc. Solar Conference. Dept. of Minerals and Energy, Melbourne, Australia, 17-24 February, 1979. 7, ANON., ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Airconditioning Engineers, Inc., New York, 11967, p. 489. 8, J. L. THRELKELD, Thermal environmental engineering, Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1970. 9. J.A. DUFFIEand W. A. BECKMAN,Solar energy thermalprocesses, John Wiley and Sons, New York,
1974.

10. W. C. MCADAMS, Heat transmission (3rd ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1954. I I. ANON., ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Airconditioning Engineers Inc., New York (Chapter 22.2), 1977.