Objective of Deliming: 1. Freed pelt from lime 2. Reduce the swelling and plumping 3.

To lower the PH nearer to the tanning range 4. Remove other alkali from pelt 5. Prepare for different type of tannage Why liming is nessarry: If deliming is not done and if the limed pelt are treated with vegetable tan liquor ,the tannins combine with line and produce Calcium tannate on the grain which form dark brawn patches and crakes on the surface.If the lime pelt is taken straight to chrome tanning liquor ; the chrome will be fixed and deposited on the outer surface .Hence deliming is and important and necessary operation Test of Deliming: The deliming is tested by adding phenolphthalenie indicator on the out section of the pelt. Complete absence of pink color formation indicates complete deliming Ammonium Chloride: Advantages: 1. To get the let out & smooth feel 2. The final leather thin and papery 3. To get soft and stretchy leather Disadvantages: 1. Its expensive 2. It is not used for chrome side leather 3. it can not remove lime blast appropriately 4. Glace kids bated with NH4Cl show a much fallen leather than (NH4)2SO4

Uses: glove leather, garments leather Ammonium Sulphate: Advantages: 1. It improves the temper of the leather 2. It is quite cheaper Disadvantages: 1. It cannot remove lime blast 2. The grain is not so smooth as that of NH4Cl

3. The grain feel coarse due to the appearance of Ca SO4

Uses: upper calf skins, crushed kid etc. Boric Acid: Advantages: 1. It is a safe material 2. it produces a fine color of leather in vegetable tanning 3. It produces a smooth clear grain leather 4. It does not harshness to the grain 5. Lime can remove easily as Ca-Borate 6. Does not swell the skin.if added a little more 7. Do not swell the grain of the pelt Disadvantages: 1. If it is used in large quantity then loose grain in obtained 2. It is expensive 3. It can not remove lime blast Uses: 1. It is used in vegetable tanning 2. It is used in acidifying sole leather tanning CO2(H2CO3) Advantages: 1. There is no danger swelling of pelts in excessive use 2. it is quite cheap 3. it is available as dry ice

Disadvantages: 1. it give a tight leather, particularly in the flakes. 2. Initially it causes a rough feel to the grain of the leather Uses: upper calf skins, crushed kid etc.

Bi-Sulpite: Advantages: 1. It gives a sort of bleaching effect 2. It gives resistance to bacterial action danger in soaking 3. It is quite cheaper Disadvantages: 1. It destroy leather quickly 2. It does not allow the skin loose the thickness by formingNaOH Uses: it is used in sole leather tanning HCl: Advantages: 1. It gives smoothness of grain by the formation of CaCl2 2. The deliming takes place very rapidly 3. The lime can remove very easily by forming CaCl2

Disadvantages: 1. it swell the grain of the pelt 2. it rapidly attacks the hides substance 3. The leather in very much pull down and plumping lost 4. The leather bcomes flat without tamper 5. At high temperature the leather loose its value and structure will be destroyed by acid hydrolysis Uses: Oxalic Acid: Advantages: 1. it is very good bleaching agent 2. It removes Fe strain 3. It helps in getting a light colored and uniform product in vegetable tanning Disadvantages: 1. it can cause swelling 2. it is expensive

Uses: It is used in vegetable tanning Lactic Acid: Advantages: 1. It does not swell the pelt 2. The leather become fine,smooth and uniform 3. It gives a slippery feel grain Disadvantages: 1. it is expensive 2. It can not remove lime blast 3. it is a masking agent.Masking makes the Cr-complex toxic

Uses: 1. It is used in sole leather 2. It is used as a dip for belting Formic Acid: Advantages: 1. The deliming takes place very rapidly 2. It does not increase in the ash content of leather 3. It increase the chances of rapidly chrome penetration 4. It does not swell the pelt Disadvantages: 1. it is expensive 2. It cannot remove the lime blast 3. It is a masking agent Uses: It is used in horse upper leather,sole leather,upper leather

Acetic Acid: Advantages: 1. The deliming takes place rapidly 2. Lime remove easily by formation of Ca-Acitate 3. Does not swell the pelr

4. The leather becomes fine,smooth and uniform Disadvantages: 1. It is expensive in industrial use 2. It can not remove the lime blast 3. it is a masking agent Uses:

Sulphuric acid: Advantages: 1. Deliming takes place rapidly 2. It can remove lime blast or water staings Disadvantages: 1. It swell the grain of the leather 2. it rapidly attack the hide substance of the leather 3. It produces crack in the leather