UNITROL 5000

Refresher: Excitation Systems

UNITROL 5000

Excitation System Main Components

Excitation Transformer

Automatic Voltage Regulator

AVR

Thyristor Converter Crowbar Field Breaker

UNITROL 5000

Excitation System Duties

AVR

Providing variable DC current with short time overload capability Controlling terminal voltage with suitable accuracy Ensure stable operation with network and / or other machines Keep machine within permissible operating range Contribution to transient stability subsequent to a fault. Communicate with the power plant control system

UNITROL 5000

Power Chart with Opreation Limits

Max. field current limiter Min. field current limiter Stator current limiter Under excitation P,Q limiter

-Q

1/Xd

+Q

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Excitation Transformer

Galvanic insulation between power source and rotor winding Limitation of DC short circuit current Adaptation of supply voltage to reach the required ceiling voltage Air cooled or oil immersed

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Thyristor Converter

Rectification of AC voltage Fast control of DC current Inversion of DC voltage Short-time overcurrent capability Withstand certain overvoltages on AC side Limitation of commutation overvoltages

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Field Discharge Circuits

Field Breaker on AC-side of the converter Opening of field circuit under fault conditions Fast absorption of field energy Field overvoltage protection Allow machine to slip

UNITROL 5000

AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator

Control terminal voltage on preset value with required accuracy Ensure stable operation with network and / or other machines Keep machine within permissible operating range Generate thyristor triggering pulses even under possible fault conditions Communicate with the power plant control system

UNITROL 5000
Excitation Current up to 10000 amps Input frequency range from 16 Hz to 400 Hz

Basic Characteristics

Adaptable to different redundancy requirements for controls and converters State of the art man machine interface Compatibility with most applied power plant control systems Remote diagnostics Comfortable commissioning tools

UNITROL 5000

Operational Application

UNITROL 5000
Excitation with rotating machines

UNITROL

Product Range

Static Excitation Systems

Range of Application

UNITROL 5000

UNITROL F

UN 1000
15A 500 A >10000 A Ifn

Generator Power/Excitation current

UNITROL 5000

Delimitation Against UNF

UNITROL 5000
REDUNDANCY - Control - converter HARDWARE - No. of digital I/Os - Current measurement BUS COMMUNICATION CONVERTOR SUPPLY 300 A Current control back up or full redundancy Twin or N-1 >32 3-phase AF100 30 words 16400 Hz (unlim. Current)

UNITROLF
Full redundancy Twin 32 1-phase AF100 6 Words DC 25 A 16400 Hz max

UNITROL 5000

Delimitation Against UNF

UNITROL 5000
CONTROL FUNCTIONS CONVERTER Adaptive Power Systen Stabilizer Negative excitation current (4 quadrant) Automatic equalizing of bridge current Real time stamp

UNITROL

FAULT HANDLING faults

sequence of

Main Standard Software Functions

UNITROL 5000

Systems Overview

Fieldbreaker AVR 2 AVR 1 Measuring Protection Monitoring AVR + FCR Logic Control Converter Control

CONVERTER 3 CONVERTER 2 CONVERTER 1

Field flashing Field suppression

AVR = Autom. Voltage Reg. FCR = Field Current Reg.

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Standard Program Functions

CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL (AVR, Limiters, Other controllers)

Voltage regulator with adjustable PID filter circuit Soft-start (gradual voltage increase) Reactive and active current droop Individually adjustable limiters - overexcited (max. field current, stator current) - underexcited (-Q = f (P) * U2, stator current, min. field current) - Volt per Hertz Superimposed controllers - Power Factor - MVAr - Soft-stop (MVAr unload) Power System Stabilizer (add. Hardware required) Field current regulator with adjustable PI filter Follow-up control between AUTO / MAN mode

MANUAL

AUTOMATIC

IARV / UNF10 E CHIND / 612

UNITROL 5000

Power Chart with Operation Limits

Max. field current limiter Min. field current limiter Stator current limiter Under excitation P,Q limiter

-Q

1/Xd

+Q

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a) POWER FACTOR Control

Superimposed Regulators
b) REACTIVE POWER Control

+P[MW] +P [MW]

Cos = 0.8

-Q

+Q [MVAR] -Q

+Q[MVAR]

Q = 0.2 p.u

-P

UNITROL 5000

Standard Program Functions

MONITORING AND PROTECTION

Thyristor conduction monitoring Thyristor heatsink temperature DC short-circuit Field flashing time Loss of actual value (PT failure) Overcurrent Volts per Hertz Loss of excitation Rotor temperature Rotating diode failure (add. hardware required)

IARV / UNF11 E CHIND / 612

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Monitoring Concept (use of redundancy)

SW supervision per channel HW supervision per channel supply monitoring

Thyristor monitoring Air flow monitoring

Loss of p.t.

HW /SW monitoring

Rotor thermal overload stage 1 Rotor over temperature stage 1

UNITROL 5000
Overflux V/Hz Over temperatrure Over load

Protection Concept (shut down)

SW supervision HW supervision internal supply

internal short circuit converter overload

Rotor earth fault Rotor short circuit Rotor thermal overload stage 2 Rotor over Temperature stage 2 Rotor overvoltage

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If (p.u.) n-1 bridges (n = 2) Rotor
3

Overcurrent Capability and Protection Setting

n bridges (n = 3)

1 p.u. = 1'315 A

Induced field current 3ph SC gen. terminals Induced field current 3ph SC HV side block transf.

Current versus time characteristic of converter and settings of protection functions for a 48 MVA generator
Change over to manual Trip

1.6

If limiter
1 0.1 0.2 10

t (s)

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AVRs Main Functions

UG, IG UG Measuring and A/D conversion UG, IG, If

AVR Setpoint
-V/Hz limiter - Soft start - IQ Compensation - IP Compensation

_ + Min. / max. value priority

PID

Underexcit. limiter
-Q=F(P,U,UG) -Stator current lead -Min. field current

Overexcit. limiter UG, IG, If UG, IG

-Max field current -Stator current lag

To pulse generation

Power System Stabilizer PSS

PI
Man setpoint

_ +

If

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Over excitation limiter OEL Under excitation limiter UEL Low value gate

Intervention in the AVR OEL and UEL Limiters

PSS PID
Parameter set 1,2,3

High value gate

Parameter set 1 AVR

UG

AVR set point

Parameter set 2 IG OEL IG UEL P(Q) UEL Parameter set 3 Ie max lim OEL Ie min lim UEL

UNITROL 5000
UG If

Intervention in the AVRs Set Point Soft Start

t
Field Flashing Reference value ramp up Normal operation

UNITROL 5000

Intervention in the AVRs Set Point Reactive and Active Power Droop

UG
Uref

compensation

UG
Uref

compensation

droop

droop

-Q
Reactive Power Droop

+Q

+P
Active Power Droop

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Intervention in the AVRs Set Point V/Hz-Limiter

Setting range V/Hz

UG set point UG max setpoint UG nominal UG min set point

Allowed range of operation

f nominal

UNITROL 5000
MUB

Super-Imposed Controllers

QBUS

1) mainly used in industrial plants

Power factor control MVAr control MVAr unload control

PFBUS QGEN PFGEN

Q control Discharge P.F control BUS 1) Generator

AVR set point

DisReactive charge Power (0) set point

Power factor

UNITROL 5000

Transfer Function Acc. to IEEE 421-5 Type ST1A Potential Source Exciter
from under-excitation Limiters UEL from over-excitation Limiters OEL LV Gate + + UP + TB1 KR TC1 1+sTC2 1+sTB2 UP TB1 KR TC1
Parameter TR Ts KIR KIA KR Kc TB1 TB2 TC1 TC2 Up+ Up-

UP + KR 1+sTC1 1+sTB1 UP KR

Up+ UTKc If 1 1+sTs Up- UT Uf [p.u.]

Generator UT 1 voltage [p.u.] 1+sTR

HV Gate

KR

UT setpoint [p.u.] 1 Generator QT Reactive 1+sTR Power [p.u.] Generator PT 1 Active Power [p.u.] 1+sTR

UST Stabilizing signal from PSS

KIR

KIA

Description Measuring filter time constant Gate control unit and converter time constant Reactive power compensation factor active power compensation factor Steady state gain Voltage drop due to commutation Controller first lag time constant Controller second lag time constant Controller first lead time constant Controller second lead time constant AVR output positive ceiling value AVR output negative ceiling value

Unit s s p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. s s s s p.u. p.u.

Range 0.020 0.004 -0.20...+0.20 -0.20...+0.20 10...1000 Acc. Transf. TB1TB2 0<TB2TC2 0.01...10 0.01...2 Fixed Fixed

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Acc. to IEEE PSS 2A

Transfer Function
USTmax USTmax

V1

s.TW1 1 + s.TW1

s.TW2 1 + s.TW2

+ Ks3

(1 + s T 8) N (1 + s T 9)M

1+s.T1 Ks1 1+s.T2

1+s.T3 1+s.T4 UST

USTmin USTmin

V2

s.TW3 1 + s.TW3

s.TW4 1 + s.TW4

Ks2 1 + s.T7
Unit s s p.u. p.u. p.u. s s Range 0.1...30 0.1...30
T8 Parameter T7 Description Time constant for integral of electric power calculation Ramp tracking filter time constant Ramp tracking filter time constant Ramp tracking filter degree Ramp tracking filter degree Upper limit of stabilizing signal Lower limit for stabilizing signal Unit s s s p.u. p.u Range 3...30 0.00...2.50 0.00...2.50 2...5 1...4 0.000...3.277 -0.000...-3.277

Parameter TW1,TW2 TW3,TW4 Ks1 Ks2 Ks3 T1,T3 T2,T4

Description Measuring filter time constant Gate control unit and converter time constant PSS gain factor Compensation factor for calculation of integral of electric power Signal matching factor Lead time constants of conditioning network Lag time constants of conditioning network

0.1...50 0.01...5 0.01...5 0.00...2.50 0.00..2.50

T9 M N USTmax USTmin

Redundancity concept

UNITROL 5000

Redundancy

Every converter bridge is supplied with its own ventilator and pulse amplifier.

(n-1) Redundancy
Several converter bridges operating in parallel at the same time (3 x 50 %, 4 x 33.3 %, etc.) In case of failure of one bridge, this one is blocked. Operation continues without restrictions.

(1+1) Redundancy (Twin)

Two bridges: one in operation, the other blocked (2 x 100 %) In case of failure of the active bridge, there is a switch-over to the standby bridge.
IARV / SES38 E CHIND / 805

UNITROL 5000
Type S5E

Single Channel AVR

Automatic channel with change over to manual control

UG IG IF AVR FCR

AVR = Automatic Voltage Regulator FCR = Field Current Regulator

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Type D5E
UG IG IF

Single Channel and back up FCR

AVR FCR Block IF BFCR Backup Regulator follows the Backup Regulator follows the main control and takes over main control and takes over automatically in case of failure automatically in case of failure of the main control but not vice of the main control but not vice versa versa
AVR = Automatic Voltage Regulator FCR = Field Current Regulator BFCR = Backup Field Regulator

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Type D5T

Single Channel and back up FCR

With Redundant Twin Converters

(cold standby, 100% redundancity) UG IG IF AVR FCR Block IF BFCR Block

AVR = Automatic Voltage Regulator FCR = Field Current Regulator BFCR = Backup Field Regulator

UNITROL 5000
Type D5S
UG IG IF AVR

Single Channel and back up FCR With redundant n-1 Converters

(Redundancity: 3 x 50%, 4 x 33%, 5 x 25% etc )

1 FCR Block IF BFCR 2

AVR = Automatic Voltage Regulator FCR = Field Current Regulator BFCR = Backup Field Regulator

UNITROL 5000

Dynamic Current Distribution among Parallel Converters

Thyristor firing pulses from AVR Current equalizing line

t t

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Type A5E

Two Channel Control

With Single Converter

UG IG IF AVR FCR Block UG IG IF AVR FCR

AVR = Autom. Voltage Reg. FCR = Field Current Reg.

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Redundancy Concept of A5..Types

STAND BY
Actual voltage value Actual field current value CPU Field overcurrent V/Hz Rotating diodes

OPERATING Regulation Monitoring Protection Logic Control

Voltage regulator (AUTO) Field current regulator (MAN) Power System Stabilizer Limiter functions Overriding controllers (P.F., VAr) Actual voltage value (P.F. failure) Actual field current value CPU Rotor temperature Field overcurrent V/Hz Rotating diodes

Regulation Monitoring Protection Logic Control

Actual values Trip signals Status of system Follow-up

UNITROL 5000
Type A5T

Two Channel control

With Redundant Twin Converters

(cold standby, 100% redundancity) UG IG IF AVR FCR Block UG IG IF AVR FCR Block

AVR = Autom. Voltage Reg. FCR = Field Current Reg.

UNITROL 5000
Type A5S
UG IG IF AVR

Two Channel control With redundant n-1 Converters

(Redundancity: 3 x 50%, 4 x 33%, 5 x 25% etc )

1 FCR Block

UG IG IF

AVR FCR

AVR = Autom. Voltage Reg. FCR = Field Current Reg.

UNITROL 5000 Two Channel control with Back up FCR

Type Q5S
UG IG IF AVR 1 FCR IF BFCR 2 UG IG IF AVR FCR n IF BFCR

With redundant n-1 Converters

(Redundancity: 3 x 50%, 4 x 33%, 5 x 25% etc )

UNITROL 5000

Sequentional use of Redundancy

Functionality

CHANNEL 1 AVR FCR Full Prot. Full Prot. Full Monit Full Monit Full Control Full Control Failure in AVR

BFCR Back up Prot. Minimum Control

CHANNEL 2 AVR FCR Full Prot. Full Prot. Full Monit Full Monit Full Control Full Control Failure in AVR Failure in Hardware

TRIP BFCR Back up Prot. Minimum Control Failure in back up control

Possible Failure

Failure Failure in in Hardware back up control

D5.. A5.. A5.. with BFCR

UNITROL 5000

Follow up Control

The reference values of all controllers that are on standby or switched off are always adjusted so that bumpless change over is assured. Automatic Voltage Regulator AVR set point Field Current Regulator FCR set point Back up Field Current Regulator BFCR set point Superimposed Q-control set point (optional) Superimposed Power Factor control set point (optional)