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Applied Energy 87 (2010) 17931799

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Applied Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy

Thermal performance optimization of a at plate solar air heater using genetic algorithm
Varun *, Siddhartha
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur 177 005 (H.P.), India

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
Thermal performance of solar air heater is low and different techniques are adopted to increase the performance of solar air heaters, such as: ns, articial roughness etc. In this paper an attempt has been done to optimize the thermal performance of at plate solar air heater by considering the different system and operating parameters to obtain maximum thermal performance. Thermal performance is obtained for different Reynolds number, emissivity of the plate, tilt angle and number of glass plates by using genetic algorithm. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 4 August 2009 Received in revised form 10 October 2009 Accepted 20 October 2009 Available online 20 November 2009 Keywords: Thermal performance Solar air heater Genetic algorithms Optimization Flat plate

1. Introduction Solar collectors in the system for the utilization of solar thermal energy are widely used in various equipments. Solar collectors (air heaters), because of their simple in design, are cheap and most widely used collection devices of solar energy [1]. The main application of solar air heaters are space heating, seasoning of timber, curing of industrial products and these can also be effectively used for curing/drying of concrete/clay building components [2]. A conventional solar air heater generally consists of an absorber plate with a parallel plate below forming a small passage through which the air is to be heated and ows. A solar air heater is simple in design and requires little maintenance. However, the value of the heat transfer coefcient between the absorber plate and air is low and this results in a lower efciency. For this reason, the surfaces are sometimes roughened or longitudinal ns are provided in the air ow passage [3]. Genetic algorithm (GA) is a search technique used in computing to nd exact or approximate solutions to optimization and search problems. Genetic algorithm uses the techniques inspired by evolutionary biology such as inheritance, mutation, selection and crossover. They belong to the class of stochastic methods, and are efcient in performing global search and shrink the vast search spaces into smaller ones. Due to promising potential of these methods researchers are now using these methods for evaluation,

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: varun7go@gmail.com (Varun). 0306-2619/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.10.015

prediction and optimization of various systems. Kalogirou [4] have used a combination of articial neural-networks and genetic algorithms to optimize a solar energy system with an intention to maximize its economic benets. Gholap and Khan [5] have also used multi-objective optimization of heat exchangers for refrigerators and came out with pareto optimal solutions. Sensitivity analysis of thermal performances of at plate solar air heaters have also been done by Njomo and Daguenet [6]. Recently Doodman et al. [7] has implemented a mix of global sensitivity analysis (GSA) and harmony serach (HS) for design optimization of aircooled heat exchangers. They rst reduced the size of the optimization problem using GSA and predicted the insensitive parameters of the optimization problem and then performed HS on inuential parameters. Mohanraj et al. [8] have successfully applied articial neural-networks (ANN) for the prediction of performance of a direct expansion solar assisted heat pump. The ANN model used by them proved to have satisfactory statistical performance values with correlation coefcient of 0.99 and minimum root mean square and coefcient of variance. Cheng and Lin [9] have used GA for geometric optimization of thermoelectric coolers in a conned volume. Senjyu et al. [10] had done the optimal conguration of power generating systems in isolated islands with renewable energy using actual hourly data over a year. Koroneos et al. [11] proposes the multi-objective optimization in energy systems on the island of Lesvos, Greece. The brief literature cited above establishes that numerous stochastic techniques have been used by researchers for performance prediction and optimization of various thermal energy systems.

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Nomenclature Ac Cp D FR F0 F0 G h hw I k ki m N Pr qu area of absorber plate (m2) specic heat of air (J/kg K) hydraulic diameter of duct (m) heat removal factor (dimensionless) collector efciency factor (dimensionless) heat removal factor referred to outlet temperature (dimensionless) mass velocity (kg/s m2) convective heat transfer coefcient (W/m2 K) wind convection coefcient (W/m2 K) irradiance (W/m2) thermal conductivity of air (W/m K) thermal conductivity of insulating material (W/m K) mass ow rate of air (kg/s) number of glass covers (dimensionless) Prandtl number (dimensionless) rate of heat transfer to air (W) Re t ta ti t0 tp UL Ut V Reynolds number (dimensionless) thickness of insulating material (m) temperature of air (C) inlet temperature of air (C) outlet temperature of air (C) temperature of absorber plate (C) overall loss coefcient (W/m2 K) top loss coefcient (W/m2 K) velocity of air (m/s)

Greek symbols transmittanceabsorptance product (dimensionless) <sa> gth thermal performance (dimensionless) ep emittance of plate (dimensionless) eg emittance of glass cover (dimensionless) b tilt angle ()

In the current work an attempt has been made to exploit the potential of GAs for estimating the optimal thermal performance of a at plate solar air heater having various systems and operating parameters. The present work facilitates the domain of optimized values for different parameters which are decisive for ultimately nding the best performance of such a system. The basic values like number of glass covers, Irradiance and Reynolds number are the key inputs on the basis of which entire set of optimized values of parameters like wind velocity, plate tilt angle, emissivity of plate and ambient temperature are estimated by the proposed algorithm and nally the efciency is calculated. This gives a fair idea for actual set-ups so as how far they are from the optimized thermal performance in real situations. 2. Thermal performance of solar air heater As per ASHRAE recommendations the thermal performance of a solar collector can be expressed by the following equation [12];

3. Thermal performance prediction The thermal performance of a solar air heater can be predicted on the basis of detailed consideration of heat transfer processes in the system. Using the correlations for heat transfer coefcient for at plate solar air heater and the performance parameters (overall heat loss coefcient, heat removal factor etc.) can be evaluated. For this purpose, a step by step procedure has to be followed. In order to compute the top loss coefcient and heat removal factor plate temperatures are assumed and an iterative process is followed. Various steps involved in the iterative process have been explained below [14]. A computer program based on the proposed optimization in the next section of these calculations has been developed in MATLAB 7.0 software. Step 1: An initial estimate for the mean absorber plate temperature tp, is made by using the approximation tp = ta = ti. Step 2: Using this plate temperature, top loss coefcient, UT and then overall loss coefcient, UL are computed using the following equations. The top loss coefcient UT can be computed using the relationship proposed by Klein [15] as given below:

gth F R sa U L

 ! ti ta I

If the inlet temperature coincides with the ambient temperature then Eq. (1) reduces to g = FR(sa). This expression of performance does not allow the real operative temperature to be shown and results are not efcient. In view of this limitation Biondi et al. [13] proposed the following equation for efciency of solar air heaters.

" UT

1 349=tp t p ta =N b0:33 hw

#1

rtp ta t2 t2 p a ep 0:05N1 ep 1 2N b 1=eg N


2

gth F 0 sa U L

 ! t0 ti I

where F0 is the heat removal factor referred to the outlet temperature and can be expressed as;

where b 1 0:04hw 0:005hw 1 0:091N: Using this value of top loss coefcient, the overall loss coefcient can be determined from

UL UT

GC p F0 ExpU L F 0 =GC p 1 UL

ki t

Eq. (2) indicates that a plot of efciency against [(t0 ti)/I] will result in a straight line whose slope is F0UL and ordinate axis intercept is F0(sa). Further, thermal performance can also be expressed based on temperature gain produced by the collector and expressed as;

Step 3: By using this estimated loss coefcient UL, the efciency factor F0 and heat removal factor F0 are computed using the following equations. The heat removal factor, F0 is given by

F0

GC p ExpU L F 0 =GC p 1 UL

where F0 is,

gth

GC p t 0 ti I

F0

h h UL

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The heat transfer coefcient h can be determined from the correlation developed for smooth at plate collector [16]

16V 63 290 6 t a 6 310 0 6 b 6 70 0:85 6 ep 6 0:95


The number of glass cover plates (N) is also varied from 1 to 3 for a xed value of irradiance (I). The algorithms is structured in such a way that for a xed value of I and N the Reynolds number (Re) in steps of 2000 is incremented and a softcode developed in MATLAB is run for nding the set of optimized values for remaining variables and nally the thermal efciency is calculated by using these values. Skeleton of an optimizing algorithm based on GA. 1. Random generation of initial population. 2. Computing and saving the tness for each individual in the population in focus. 3. Dening selection probabilities for each individual in population while maintaining the proportionality. 4. Generating next pool of population by probabilistically selecting individuals from previous population to produce offspring by applying GAs standard operators. 5. Repeat step 2, till an optimized set of solution is obtained. The skeleton of GAs depicted above is usually applied to solve most of the problems. Though it might not nd the best solution more often than not, in most cases it comes up with a partially optimal solution.A typical genetic algorithm requires two things to be dened: 1. A genetic representation of the solution domain. 2. A tness function to evaluate the solution domain. A standard representation of the solution is as an array of bits. Arrays of other types and structures can be used in essentially the same way. Fixed as well as variable length representations can be used, but crossover implementation is more complex in later. The tness function is dened over the genetic representation and is responsible for measuring the quality of the represented solution. Once we have the genetic representation and the tness function dened, GA proceeds to initialize a population of solutions randomly, and then improve it through repetitive application of its potential operators. A step by step procedure is depicted in Fig 1.

h 0:024Re Pr

0:8

0:4

k D

Net thermal energy gain is then computed using the following equation.

qu Ac fhsaiI U L tp t a g

10

The temperature rise is computed using the equation given below

t0 t i

qu mC p

11

Step 4: These estimates for heat removal factor F0, loss coefcient UL, heat energy gain qu, and temperature rise (t0 ti) are then used in the following equation to compute the new mean plate temperature.

tp t a F 0 Isa

1 F 0 t0 ti F 0 UL Isa

! 12

Step 5: This new mean plate temperature is compared with the previous value and the difference decides the further course of calculations. If difference is within acceptable limits, the process is terminated while if the difference is outside the tolerance limits the calculated value of tp is used as revised value. Step 6: Using this revised value of mean plate temperature the above steps (15) are repeated till new and old values of mean plate temperature agree within specied limits. Step 7: When the correct plate temperature has been determined from this iterative procedure, the thermal performance of solar air heater is calculated by using the following expression.

gth F 0

 ! t0 ti hsai U L I

13

4. Genetic algorithm revisited Genetic algorithms (GA) belong to class of evolutionary algorithms that use techniques inspired by evolutionary biology [17]. GA is designed to replicate the processes in biological systems necessary for evolution. This whole optimizing strategy is in harmony with the principles rst established/proposed by Charles Darwin of survival of the ttest. They intelligently and efciently perform a random search within a dened search space to obtain a solution. There are instances in literature regarding mathematical convergence of GAs [18,19]. GAs is multifaceted, highly nonlinear, stochastic and complex [20] however the robustness of the solution depends upon how the algorithm is structured and the computational time. 4.1. Proposed GA algorithm for optimization of thermal performance The objective function of this problem is:

4.2. Detailed methodology Step 1: Choose binary coding to represent variables velocity (V), emissivity (ep), collector tilt angle (b), ambient temperature (ta). We set Generation Counter t = 0. For each variable 8-bits are chosen, thereby making the total string length equal to 32. The solution accuracy for each variable is given as follows: (3 1)/(28 1) for V, (70 0)/(28 1) for b (0.95 0.85)/(28 1) for ep, (310 290)/(28 1) for ta 1. A roulette-wheel selection, a single point crossover and a bitwise mutation operator is used. 2. The crossover and mutation probabilities are assumed to be 0.8 and 0.05 respectively throughout. 3. The initial pool of population is of 10 chromosomes for initiating the algorithm. Step 2: The next step is to evaluate each string in the population. The tness of rst string is calculated. The rst sub-

Maximize gth F 0 hsai U L

 ! t0 ti I

The constraints of the problem are: 600 6 I 6 1200; I is varied in steps of 200 and for each I, Re is varied as below. 2000 6 Re 6 20000; for each run of the algorithm the Re is incremented by 2000 for a xed value of I & N. The ranges for other parameters are as follows:

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Fig. 1. Flow chart for algorithm.

string (01011010) of the string decodes to 90. Thus, the corresponding parameter value is equal to 1 + ((3 1) 90)/255 or 1.72. 1. The second substring (11001101) decodes to 205 thus, the corresponding parameter value is equal to 0 + ((70 0) 205)/255 or 56.272.

2. The third substring (00110101) decodes to 53. Thus, the corresponding parameter value is equal to 0.85 + ((0.95 0.85) 53)/255 or 0.871. 3. The forth substring (11100010) decodes to 226. Thus, the corresponding parameter value is equal to 290 + ((310 290) 226)/255 or 307.718.

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4. Finally the rst string corresponds to a point x* = (1.72, 56.272, 0.871, 307.718). These values are now substituted in the objective function expression to obtain the function value. In the similar way other remaining strings of the initially generated population pool are also treated. 5. The function value at this point i.e. for the rst string is equal to F(x(1)) = 0.2 6. We now calculate the tness function value at this point, and this value is used in the reproduction operation. Since the problem in focus is a maximization problem the tness value will be same as function value. 7. Likewise other strings in the population are evaluated and tness values are calculated. Step 3: At this step, good strings in the population are selected to form the mating pool. The average tness of the population is calculated to use the roulette-wheel selection procedure [20]. Adding the tness values of all strings of the population pool and dividing the sum by the population size, F (mean) is obtained. Subsequently, the expected count of each string as (F(x)/F) is calculated, the probability of each string being copied in the mating pool and the cumulative probability is also computed. In order to form the mating pool, random numbers between zero and one are generated and the particular string which is specied by each of these numbers is identied. Following this procedure for n = population size, the number of selected copies for each string is counted. It is found that the theoretical expected count and true count are in very good agreement with each other thus indicating the correctness of the approach. Step 4: The strings in the mating pool are used in the crossover operation. 1. As a single point crossover is used, two strings are to be selected at random out of the population pool. 2. The two randomly selected strings are then checked with the already dened crossover probability if the crossover is needed. For a true result the next step is to nd the crossover site at random. The crossover site is selected by creating a random number between (0 to L1) and (031) in this case. 3. After crossover, the children strings are placed in intermediate population. Same procedure is opted for other strings also. Step 5: The next step is to perform mutation on strings in the intermediate population. 1. For bitwise mutation, we ip a coin with a probability pm = 0.05 for every bit. If the outcome is true we alter the bit to 1 or 0 depending upon the bit value. 2. With a probability of 0.05, a population size 10, and string length 32, we can expect to alter a total about 0.05 10 32 or 16 bits in the population. Step 6: The resulting population is now the new population. We now evaluate the each string in this new population as done previously and identify the t string in this pool and thermal performance is calculated using this value. This completes one complete set of iteration of GAs. We increment the generation counter to t = t + 1 and proceed for next iteration. This process continues until the maximum allowable generation is reached or some other termination criterion is met. The termination criterion in this approach is when the difference between the two successive thermal performances as calculated by the algorithm is merely 0.001, i.e. the value starts repeating for a particular run.

5. Results and discussion In this work for a xed value of number of plates (N = 1, 2 and 3) and xed irradiance (I = 600, 800, 1000 and 1200) and varying Reynolds number ranging from 2000 to 20000, the optimized set of values of velocity (V), tilt angle (b), emissivity of plate (ep) and ambient temperature (ta) are obtained. The experimental results for at plate solar air heater at V = 1, b = 0, N = 1 and I = 1000 are available [21] and these available values are compared with the most close input parameters which are used in GA algorithm (for N = 1 and I = 1000) as given in Table 1. It is evident from Table 1 that the experimental values are uniformly lesser within the reasonable limits than the obtained GA results. This is due to the reason that experimental results are adhered for xed value of tilt angle (b), ambient temperature (ta), emissivity (ep), while using GA algorithm developed in this work all of these values were made variable. 5.1. Effect of Reynolds number on thermal performance The thermal performance of a at plate solar air heater increases with the increase in Reynolds number. As the Reynolds number increases the turbulence in the ow increases which leads to higher heat transfer and which yield higher thermal performance. The thermal performance ranges from 29.23% to 68.74% for the Reynolds number varying from 2000 to 20000 with an increasing step size of 2000 having single glass cover and irradiance is 600 W/m2 as shown in Table 2. Similarly performance ranges from 36.89% to 73.48% for the same range of Reynolds number and increasing step size and irradiance having two glass covers. The maximum value of thermal efciency comes out at 75.65% having three glass cover plates and irradiance of 600 W/m2 at Reynolds number 20,000. The optimized set of value for this is V = 2.95 m/ s, tilt angle b = 65.33, emissivity of plate ep = 0.86, ambient temperature is 296.11 C and temperature rise is 2.20 C. 5.2. Effect of number of glass plates on thermal performance By using more number of glass plates over a at plate solar air heater will increase the cost of the system and the system become more complicated but it increases the thermal performance of the

Table 1 Experimental results compared with obtained GA results. S. no. Experimental values (t0 ti) (C) 1. 2. 3. 4. 11.0 9.0 7.0 5.0 GA obtained values

gth (%)
16.5 26 37.8 50.0

(t0 ti) (C) 11.444 8.938 7.1593 5.360

gth (%)
27.48 40.11 48.12 57.66

Table 2 Set of optimized result different Reynolds number (N = 1 and I = 600 W/m2). S. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Re 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 V 1.0392 2.9686 1.6745 2.2392 2.7569 1.1412 2.8588 1.2588 2.8902 1.5725 b 41.7255 57.098 19.2157 25.8039 28 30.7451 42.8235 52.7059 61.4902 39.8039

ep
0.8904 0.8806 0.8751 0.8798 0.8684 0.8578 0.8669 0.8731 0.8896 0.9382

ta 301.6078 295.1765 299.8824 296.3529 302.2353 290.7059 307.3333 302.1569 308.3529 305.451

t0 ti 7.7582 5.6814 4.5364 3.7907 3.2359 2.9532 2.5477 2.359 2.1111 1.9403

gth
29.2294 42.1749 49.7669 55.0673 58.8518 61.7762 63.9401 65.9159 67.461 68.7416

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Varun, Siddhartha / Applied Energy 87 (2010) 17931799 Table 7 Set of optimized result different Reynolds number (N = 3 and I = 800 W/m2). S. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Re 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 V 2.3804 1.8078 2.7725 2.3412 1.4863 1.6039 1.7059 1.4627 2.4824 1.2275 b 12.902 49.6863 29.6471 70 14.8235 45.2941 21.9608 61.2157 44.1961 51.8824

Table 3 Set of optimized result different Reynolds number (N = 2 and I = 600 W/m2). S. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Re 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 V 1.5725 1.3765 2.4118 1.4 2.098 1.8941 2.1843 1.7294 1.0471 2.1608 b 54.3529 3.5686 31.5686 56.549 3.2941 9.3333 40.3529 68.6275 23.0588 11.5294

ep
0.8571 0.9461 0.9492 0.8598 0.8755 0.8606 0.9206 0.8939 0.8888 0.8939

ta 293.3725 301.2157 308.4314 310 300.5098 300.6667 290.3137 298.7843 302 299.8039

t0 ti 10.2868 6.8671 5.239 4.4204 3.7091 3.2273 2.8679 2.5842 2.318 2.1088

gth
36.8908 50.324 57.6223 62.4028 65.5798 67.9671 69.6984 71.3131 72.4333 73.4772

ep
0.9229 0.9088 0.8524 0.939 0.8751 0.941 0.8614 0.9124 0.9331 0.9422

ta 299.3333 298.7059 299.098 307.098 293.5294 296.4314 309.6863 305.7647 296.2745 309.2157

t0 ti 14.4294 10.1644 7.694 6.2278 5.2581 4.5261 3.9446 3.5459 3.1948 2.9059

gth
40.3751 54.124 61.1521 65.5463 68.485 70.5836 72.2261 73.5504 74.5676 75.3931

Table 4 Set of optimized result different Reynolds number (N = 3 and I = 600 W/m2). S. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Re 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 V 1.4 2.2627 1.1961 1.9725 2.7098 1.1961 2.0275 2.3725 1.4038 2.9529 b 41.1765 48.8627 64.5098 0 2.7451 49.9608 66.7059 65.6078 20.8627 65.3333

ep
0.8708 0.8908 0.9488 0.8633 0.8916 0.8516 0.9088 0.9461 0.879 0.8618

ta 309.2941 293.3725 292.7451 292.2745 295.5686 298.2353 292.2745 301.2157 297.6078 296.1176

t0 ti 11.35 7.8267 5.9713 4.7422 3.9458 3.4344 3.0221 2.6706 2.4098 2.2047

gth
41.7897 55.1325 61.852 66.1788 68.8946 71.0254 72.5723 73.8123 74.8367 75.6454

Table 8 Set of optimized result different Reynolds number (N = 1 and I = 1000 W/m2). S. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Re 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 V 2.2471 2.3176 2.6941 1.2667 1.8471 1.3765 2.7725 2.1451 1.7529 2.4039 b 35.6863 10.4314 4.3922 1.9216 26.3529 22.2353 17.8431 5.2157 27.1765 55.7255

ep
0.8665 0.8539 0.85 0.932 0.8633 0.9484 0.9288 0.9371 0.9127 0.9182

ta 298.9412 291.4118 298.3137 303.4902 295.2549 304.7451 309.2941 293.3725 291.2549 292.1961

t0 ti 11.444 8.9379 7.1593 6.0706 5.3605 4.6377 4.0572 3.7709 3.4971 3.2241

gth
27.4864 40.1084 48.1196 53.5817 57.657 60.5783 63.0055 65.0191 66.6081 67.7749

Table 5 Set of optimized result at different Reynolds number (N = 1 and I = 800 W/m2). S. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Re 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 V 2.7725 1.2588 2.098 2.7176 1.7294 1.9176 1.7765 3.0 2.5922 2.0353 b 24.4314 53.5294 6.8627 59.0196 57.098 48.0392 57.6471 66.1569 61.7647 14.2745

ep
0.9229 0.9237 0.9135 0.9331 0.881 0.9069 0.8947 0.9473 0.9214 0.8606

ta 292.0392 296.0392 294.2353 290.7059 301.451 300.3529 297.451 291.6471 291.4118 309.2941

t0 ti 9.2733 7.5112 5.8441 4.9948 4.3663 3.8012 3.4416 3.0741 2.8268 2.5614

gth
28.2512 41.1115 48.9045 54.1312 58.2862 61.0959 63.5274 65.3202 66.943 68.2924

Table 9 Set of optimized result different Reynolds number (N = 2 and I = 1000 W/m2). S. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Re 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 V 2.9294 2.0196 2.6706 1.5333 2.2627 2.5765 1.4549 2.1686 1.7294 2.0196 b 27.1765 11.5294 67.2549 9.6078 52.7059 67.2549 5.2157 56 65.0588 4.6667

ep
0.9249 0.8696 0.941 0.9245 0.8755 0.9429 0.9029 0.8692 0.9375 0.9492

ta 308.8235 296.5098 295.8824 292.3529 303.4118 303.1961 303.6471 307.8824 304.1961 302.4706

t0 ti 14.3719 11.0482 8.7547 7.1766 6.0997 5.2672 4.6683 4.2096 3.8271 3.4616

gth
34.5239 48.311 56.0124 61.0463 64.3693 67.0317 69.0025 70.5238 71.7789 72.8854

Table 6 Set of optimized result at different Reynolds number (N = 2 and I = 800 W/m2). S. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Re 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 V 1.1098 2.2392 2.8039 2.5529 2.6 1.5255 1.1412 1.0314 1.7686 1.0941 b 26.0784 34.3137 26.6275 1.098 17.5686 48.3137 11.2549 25.8039 5.4902 21.1373

ep
0.9186 0.9229 0.9229 0.8673 0.8884 0.852 0.9488 0.8869 0.8912 0.9382

ta 308.7451 294.7843 297.7647 292.1176 290.4706 303.4902 290.0784 294.7059 309.451 301.2157

t0 ti 12.4267 9.0186 6.9579 5.7996 4.9222 4.2986 3.7964 3.4103 3.0433 2.8031

gth
35.6044 49.2273 56.7569 61.6262 65.0241 67.4832 69.3503 70.8033 72.1471 73.1107

Table 10 Set of optimized result different Reynolds number (N = 3 and I = 1000 W/m2). S. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Re 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 V 2.2314 1.5725 2.1451 1.9333 2.4431 2.1294 1.0627 1.8 1.4941 1 b 69.451 47.7647 29.098 48.3137 24.9804 33.4902 3.0196 7.1373 58.1961 21.6863

ep
0.9073 0.8614 0.888 0.8739 0.9175 0.8904 0.9014 0.8782 0.8594 0.9433

ta 296.8235 303.098 304.5882 301.1373 294.3922 301.7647 303.4118 295.2549 290.7059 291.3333

t0 ti 18.1867 12.4564 9.4275 7.7438 6.4845 5.5936 4.9224 4.4093 4.0209 3.6408

gth
39.2811 53.1766 60.5002 64.9469 68.0499 70.27 71.9223 73.2418 74.2811 75.2149

same. In this study total three sets of glass plates (1, 2 and 3) has been considered and it has been found out that for same irradiance the thermal efciency is maximum for the three glass cover plate at plate solar air heater. The range for thermal performance for single glass cover varies from 26.70% (I = 1200 W/m2 and

Re = 2000) to 68.74% (I = 600 W/m2 and Re = 20000). Similarly for two glass covers 33.63% (I = 1200 W/m2 and Re = 2000) to 73.48% (I = 600 W/m2 and Re = 20000) and for three glass covers 38.16% (I = 1200 W/m2 and Re = 2000) to 75.65% (I = 600 W/m2 and Re = 20000).

Varun, Siddhartha / Applied Energy 87 (2010) 17931799 Table 11 Set of optimized result different Reynolds number (N = 1 and I = 1200 W/m2). S. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Re 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 V 1.1098 2.6784 2.0431 1.7765 1.4941 1.9333 2.3333 1.3608 2.7255 1.1961 b 12.0784 30.7451 68.3529 58.7451 64.7843 53.2549 23.6078 21.9608 24.1569 55.1765

1799

intensity of solar radiation and Reynolds number has been given in Tables 213. 6. Conclusions

ep
0.8524 0.8669 0.9022 0.8947 0.8947 0.8653 0.8739 0.8598 0.8951 0.9006

ta 298 301.8431 304.4314 294.7843 297.2941 309.6863 300.2745 302.4706 300.5098 301.451

t0 ti 13.7712 10.178 8.6299 7.4196 6.4737 5.5802 4.9692 4.5627 4.0956 3.8724

gth
26.6961 39.3842 47.2705 52.8345 57.0424 60.1529 62.4509 64.4455 66.2157 67.5588

The present work was undertaken with the objective of detailed investigation of a simple solar air heater. The thermal performance of solar air heater is very poor due to its low heat transfer capability and depends upon various system and operating parameters. As the performance is poor and it is simple in construction, there is a need for the determination of the domain of optimum system and operating parameters so that the system can be operated with its highest capabilities. In view of this for Reynolds number ranging from 2000 to 20000, different optimized parameters have been evaluated. References
[1] Bhagoria JL, Saini JS, Solanki SC. Heat transfer coefcient and friction factor correlations for rectangular solar air heater duct having transverse wedge shaped rib roughness on the absorber plate. Renew Energy 2002;25:34169. [2] Varun, Saini RP, Singal SK. A review on roughness geometry used in solar air heaters. Sol Energy 2007;81:134050. [3] Sukhatme SP, Nayak JK. Solar energy principles of thermal collection and storage. third ed. New Delhi: TMH Publishing Company Limited; 2008. [4] Soteris A, Kalogirou. Optimization of solar systems using articial neuralnetworks and genetic algorithms. Appl Energy 2004;77(4):383405. [5] Gholap AK, Khan JA. Design and multi-objective optimization of heat exchangers for refrigerators. Appl Energy 2007;84:122639. [6] Njomo D, Daguenet M. Sensitivity analysis of thermal performances of at plate solar air heaters. Heat Mass Transfer 2006;42:106581. [7] Doodman AR, Fesanghary M, Hosseini R. A robust stochastic approach for design optimization of air cooled heat exchangers. Appl Energy 2009;86:12405. [8] Mohanraj M, Jayaraj S, Muraleedharan C. Performance prediction of a direct expansion solar assisted heat pump using articial neural networks. Appl Energy 2009;86:14429. [9] Cheng YH, Lin WK. Geometric optimization of thermoelectric coolers in a conned volume using genetic algorithms. Appl Therm Eng 2005;25:298397. [10] Senjyu T, Hayashi D, Yona A, Urasaki N, Funabashi T. Optimal conguration of power generating systems in isolated island with renewable energy. Renew Energy 2007;32:191733. [11] Koroneos C, Michailidis M, Moussiopoulos N. Multi-objective optimization in energy systems: the case study of Lesvos Island Greece. Renew Sust Energy Rev 2004;8:91100. [12] ASHRAE Standards 93-77, Methods of testing to determine the thermal performance of solar collectors, New York, 1977. [13] Biondi P, Cicala L, Farina G. Performance analysis of solar air heaters of conventional design. Sol Energy 1988;41:1017. [14] Varun, Saini RP, Singal SK. Investigation of thermal performance of solar air heater having roughness elements as a combination of inclined and transverse ribs on the absorber plate. Renew Energy 2008;33:1398405. [15] Klien SA. Calculation of at plate loss coefcients. Sol Energy 1975;17:79. [16] Kays WH, Perkin H. Forced convection internal ow in ducts. In: Rohsenow WM, Harnett IV, editors. Handbook of heat transfer. New York: McGraw Hill; 1990. [17] Goldberg DE. Genetic algorithms in search, optimization & machine learning, ninth indian reprint. Delhi, India: Pearson Education; 2005. [18] Vose MD. Simple genetic algorithm: foundation and theory. Ann Arbor, MI: MIT Press; 1999. [19] Whitley D. An executable model of a simple genetic algorithm. In foundation of genetic algorithms 1992;2(FOGA 2):4562. [20] Deb K. Multi-objective optimization using evolutionary algorithms. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd.; 2002. [21] Varun, Study of thermohydraulic performance of solar air heaters provided with articially roughened duct, M. Tech. Thesis, AHEC IIT-Roorkee June 2004.

Table 12 Set of optimized result different Reynolds number (N = 2 and I = 1200 W/m2). S. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Re 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 V 1.0471 2.1451 1.8392 2.0431 1.6431 1.0863 2.8745 1.6118 1.2353 1.5961 b 33.4902 24.9804 40.0784 61.2157 4.6667 56.549 59.8431 34.0392 23.6078 21.9608

ep
0.8873 0.9339 0.8947 0.9233 0.9139 0.8567 0.8547 0.879 0.8684 0.8547

ta 301.7647 299.2549 293.8431 306.2353 302.3137 303.9608 296.9804 295.9608 301.6078 292.8235

t0 ti 17.796 12.7697 10.3696 8.4761 7.1846 6.3845 5.6448 5.0491 4.5681 4.1981

gth
33.6309 47.4312 55.2555 60.3607 64.0505 66.5759 68.6168 70.2132 71.4894 72.5851

Table 13 Set of optimized result different Reynolds number (N = 3 and I = 1200 W/m2). S. no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Re 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 V 1.2431 1.8784 1.3216 2.7725 2.5608 2.9686 1.2118 2.6314 2.7647 2.8353 b 61.4902 12.6275 64.2353 32.6667 58.1961 43.9216 57.098 16.4706 44.1961 7.9608

ep
0.8602 0.8645 0.8594 0.9473 0.8825 0.8908 0.8986 0.8535 0.9025 0.9406

ta 297.0588 301.6078 294.4706 294.6275 302.4706 290.7059 293.7647 309.2157 299.098 306.7843

t0 ti 21.3196 14.505 11.5417 9.1277 7.7548 6.7211 5.9539 5.225 4.7531 4.2964

gth
38.1579 52.4193 59.8554 64.5362 67.592 69.9637 71.6421 72.9702 74.0904 74.969

5.3. Effect of irradiance on thermal performance As the irradiance increases in the case of at plate solar air heater, the mean plate temperature increases. With the increase in mean plate temperature of solar air heater the top loss coefcient of at plate solar air heater increases. This results in decrease of thermal performance. The maximum thermal performance of solar air heater is 75.65% having I of 600 W/m2. The detailed set of parameters for various number of glass plates,

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