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At the surface of the cylinder :
The maximum velocity occurs at the top and bottom of the cylinder,
magnitude of 2U.
Lift and Drag for a Cylinder without Circulation Lift and Drag for a Cylinder without Circulation
Lift and drag are defined as forces per unit length on the cylinder in directions
normal and parallel respectively to the uniform flow.
Pressure for the combined flows becomes uniform at large distances from the
cylinder, where the effects of the doublet become diminishingly small.
If this pressure is known,p
0
as well as the velocity V
0
, Bernoullis equation may
be used between infinity and points on the boundary of the cylinder in order to
determine the pressure at the boundary. Potential energy changes are
regarded neglible.
Subscript b refers to the cylindrical boundary.
2 2
0 0
far away from cylinder boundary of cylinder
2 2
b b
V p V p
g g g g
+ = +

Proof:
Show that the Drag for a
cylinder without circulation is
equal to zero
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Fluid Fluid cannot cannot penetrate penetrate the the boundary, boundary, therefore therefore VV
bb
must must be be in in the the transverse transverse
direction, direction, therefore therefore it it is is equal equal to to VV

..
From From the the equation equation for for VV

(previously (previously defined) defined) at at the the boundary boundary

Substituting Substituting into into equation equation KK and and solving solving for for pp
bb
Proof Proof::
0
r
V

sin 2
sin
sin
sin
sin
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
V
V
V
V
V
r
V V
b
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c
= =
2 2 2
0 0 0
4 sin
2 2
b
V p V
p g
g g g

(
= +
(

To compute the DRAG, the force components in the x To compute the DRAG, the force components in the x--direction are integrated direction are integrated
which stems from the pressure on the boundary: which stems from the pressure on the boundary:
Drag = pressure (in Drag = pressure (in x x direction) direction) circumference: circumference:
2
0
cos
b
D p rd

=
}
2 2 2
2
0 0 0
0
0
4 sin
cos
2 2
V p V
D g d
g g g V

| | (
= + | (
\ .
}
2 2 2
2 2 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
sin
cos cos cos
2 2
V p V
D g d d d
V g g g

= + `
)
} } }
2 2 3
0
0 0
sin
0 0
6
V
D g
V g

= + `
)
D = 0
Similarly, the lift L will also compute to zero. Similarly, the lift L will also compute to zero.
(Lift = pressure (in (Lift = pressure (in y y direction) direction) circumference) circumference)
Theoretical and experimental agree well
on the front of the cylinder.
Flow separation on the back-half in the
real flow due to viscous effects causes
differences between the theory and
experiment.
Proof: (Self)
Show that the Lift for a
cylinder without circulation is
equal to zero
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Real experience Drag and lift do exist, called DAlembert
paradox. Zero drag and lift was found because viscous effects
were disregarded. There are viscous effects close to the
boundary. This region is called the boundary layer.
Dependant on
Reyno0lds Number:
Jean le Rond
dAlembert
(1717-1783)
Example 2 Example 2
A potential flow with a free stream velocity of 5m/s
flows over a long semicircular bump. If the free
stream pressure is 101.325kPa and the
temperature is 60C, what is the force from the
flow on the bump per unit length of the bump? The
radius of the bump is 2m.
Case of the Rotating Cylinder Case of the Rotating Cylinder
Experiment: Experiment:
Use a light cardboard cylinder, set it in motion in such that (see below): Use a light cardboard cylinder, set it in motion in such that (see below):
The axis of the cylinder is perpendicular to the direction of motion. The axis of the cylinder is perpendicular to the direction of motion.
The cylinder is set spinning rapidly about its own axis as the axis moves. The cylinder is set spinning rapidly about its own axis as the axis moves.
Trajectory is illustrated to the
left. Clearly lift is also present,
associated with the rotation of
the cylinder.
This experiment involves an
actual fluid with viscous action
in regions of high velocity
gradients, called the boundary
layer. As a result of the cylinder rotating, a certain
amount of rotary motion is developed of the air
about the cylinder. This aspect of the fluid motion
causes the lift.
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This rotary effect may be simulated in This rotary effect may be simulated in irrotational irrotational analysis by superposing a analysis by superposing a
vortex onto a doublet vortex onto a doublet from the previous analysis. from the previous analysis.
Stream Function and Velocity Potential for the combination of Stream Function and Velocity Potential for the combination of doublet, vortex doublet, vortex
and uniform flow and uniform flow are: are:
Need to find a streamline which encloses the region of physical interest. Need to find a streamline which encloses the region of physical interest.
To locate the stagnation points, set velocity components equal to zero. To locate the stagnation points, set velocity components equal to zero.
is the strength of
the vortex
Setting V
r
equal to zero:
A zero radial component may occur at or along a circle with radius
Setting the transverse velocity component to zero:
For zero transverse velocity:
0 cos
2 0
= |
.
|

\
|

r
V

=
0
V

0
2
sin
2 0
=
A
|
.
|

\
|
+
r r
V

( ) 2
1
0
1
2 0
1
4
sin
2
sin
V
r
V
r

A
=
+
A

=

Thus, Thus, for a stagnation point both radial and transverse components must for a stagnation point both radial and transverse components must
be zero be zero, therefore the stagnation points occur at: , therefore the stagnation points occur at:
and and
There will be two stagnation points, since there are two angles for a given sine. There will be two stagnation points, since there are two angles for a given sine.
To determine the streamline through these points, evaluate at these points. To determine the streamline through these points, evaluate at these points.
Substitute the above coordinates into the stream function: Substitute the above coordinates into the stream function:
To obtain the streamlines, set the streamline equation equal to the above To obtain the streamlines, set the streamline equation equal to the above
constant and rearrange: constant and rearrange:
0
r
V

=
1
0
sin
4 V

A
=
2
1
0
ln
2
|
|
.
|

\
| A
=
V
stag

0 ln ln
2
sin
2
1
0
0 =
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

A
+ |
.
|

\
|

V
r
r
r V

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If we choose the interior of the circlet to represent the solid cylinder, the outer If we choose the interior of the circlet to represent the solid cylinder, the outer
streamline pattern is shown below. streamline pattern is shown below.
The effects of the vortex and doublet becomes neglibly small when one
goes to large distances from the cylinder, where the flow becomes uniform
at infinity.
The vortex has one singular point, and the circulation about this point equals , The vortex has one singular point, and the circulation about this point equals ,
the strength of the vortex. the strength of the vortex. Therefore the circulation about the cylinder must Therefore the circulation about the cylinder must
also be equal to . also be equal to .
Lift and Drag for a Cylinder with Circulation Lift and Drag for a Cylinder with Circulation
Presence of a vortex results in a definite lift for the cylinder
ABOVE the cylinder, the vortex motion adds to the velocity of flow from the
uniform flow and doublet
BELOW the cylinder, the vortex takes away from the velocity from the
uniform flow and doublet.
From Bernoullis equation, the pressure on the upper half of the
cylinder is lower than the pressure on the lower half resulting in the lift
upward.
The strength of the circulation determines the flow patterns, but does
not have any influence on the radius of the cylinder.
Pressure at large distances from cylinder becomes uniform, at infinity p
0
Using Bernoulli between points on boundary and infinity (disregard potential Using Bernoulli between points on boundary and infinity (disregard potential
energy change): energy change):
Velocity at boundary must be in the transverse direction (cannot penetrate Velocity at boundary must be in the transverse direction (cannot penetrate
boundary) boundary)
Inserting the velocity into Bernoulli yields the pressure at the boundary. Inserting the velocity into Bernoulli yields the pressure at the boundary.
Lift: Lift:
Proof (self): Proof (self): (lift per unit length)
2 2
0 0
2 2
b
b
V p V
p g
g g g

(
= +
(

0
0
0
1
2 sin
2
b
r
V
V
V V
r

=
c A
= =
c
2
0
0
sin
b
L p d
V

=
}
The cylinder in this case is rotating clockwise (vortex is rotating clockwise with
< 0), and the uniform velocity is in the positive x-direction. Therefore the lift is
upward. If the cylinder was rotating counter clockwise (vortex is rotating
clockwise with > 0), the lift is downward.
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Thus, for a cylinder with circulation, lift is equal to the product of the fluid Thus, for a cylinder with circulation, lift is equal to the product of the fluid
density, the upstream velocity and the circulation. density, the upstream velocity and the circulation.
This force, which acts perpendicular to the direction of the approach velocity This force, which acts perpendicular to the direction of the approach velocity
causes causes golf golf balls to curve when they spin as they are propelled through the balls to curve when they spin as they are propelled through the
air. air.
The development of lift on rotating bodies is called the The development of lift on rotating bodies is called the Magnus Magnus--effect. effect.
The above equation gives the lift per unit length for a right cylinder of any The above equation gives the lift per unit length for a right cylinder of any
cross cross--sectional shape placed in a uniform, sectional shape placed in a uniform, inviscid inviscid stream stream..
The The general general equation equation that that gives gives the the lift lift as as aa function function of of fluid fluid density, density, velocity velocity
and and circulation circulation is is called called the the Kutta Kutta--Joukowski Joukowski law law (This (This is is the the same same law law that that is is
so so widely widely used used to to determine determine lift lift on on airfoils airfoils for for aerospace aerospace applications applications..))
The above equation is valid for two-dimensional, incompressible, steady flow
about a boundary of ANY cross-sectional shape
Major Major Disadvantages Disadvantages::
1. 1. Assumption Assumption of of inviscid inviscid flow flow makes makes the the model model unrealistic unrealistic
2. 2. Using Using simple simple solutions solutions for for constructing constructing solutions solutions for for more more complex complex flow flow
fields fields is is limiting limiting
3. 3. It It cannot cannot model model flow flow separation separation which which is is the the major major cause cause of of drag drag and and lift lift
Major Major Advantages Advantages
1. 1. For For low low viscosity viscosity fluids, fluids, quick quick and and reasonable reasonable approximate approximate solutions solutions can can be be
determined determined
2. 2. Even Even for for viscous viscous f low, f low, effect effect of of friction friction is is limited limited to to the the boundary boundary layer layer and and
hence hence potential potential flow flow analysis analysis can can be be used used for for quick quick approximations approximations
3. 3. Can Can be be used used to to determine determine pressure pressure distributions distributions which which can can then then be be used used in in
more more accurate accurate models models