CHM 1025L

Ions in Solution

1 NAME:______________________________________________________

Lab Partners Name:_______________________________________________________ Date:___________________________

LABORATORY: Ions in Solution; Conductivity and pH Objectives: The student should be able to: 1. experimentally determine, using a conductivity apparatus, whether a substance is a good, poor, or nonconductor of electricity and relate this to whether the material is ionic, polar, or nonpolar covalent in nature. given a formula, determine whether substance is an acid, a base, a salt or none of these types of compounds as well as whether or not the substance is an electrolyte. write the formula and charge for each of the ions that are present in a solution. become familiar with the pH scale and determine whether a substance is an acid or base using litmus paper, phenolphthalein, and pH paper.

2.

3. 4.

Text Reference: Hein and Arena, 13e, Ch 15 (see page 2 of this document for the referenced information)

PART A: General Directions and Information 1. In order to conduct electricity, a material must have ions that can move between the electrodes. Substances whose aqueous solutions conduct electricity are called electrolytes. Electrolytes are categorized as either strong or weak. Most ionic substances can be classified as strong electrolytes. Arrhenius acids may be categorized as either strong or weak electrolytes, depending upon their degree of ionization. If the acid ionizes 100 %, it is a strong electrolyte. On the other hand, weak electrolytes ionize to only a slight extent, ~1%. Arrhenius bases (metal or ammonium hydroxides) are also categorized as either weak or strong. In general, Group IA metal hydroxides are very soluble in water and are strong electrolytes.

CHM 1025L

Ions in Solution

Ionic compounds have ions that exist in a 3dimensional crystalline structure. These ions become mobile when the compound is melted or dissolved in water. Polar covalent compounds, such as acids, have no ions unless dissolved in a polar solvent, like water, which will pull the molecules apart into ions. If the substance is only slightly polar, it will not ionize 100% and will be a poor conductor of electricity, therefore, a weak electrolyte. Nonpolar covalent compounds will not be able to conduct electricity because no ions are present even if the material is melted or dissolved. These substances are nonelectrolytes. CHM 1025 Acids and Bases Ch 15 Information to Know

Arrhenius Acid: A substance that produces hydrogen ion (H+) in solution. (More accurately, hydronium ion, H3O+, forms) 1. Characteristic Properties: sour taste causes litmus paper to turn pink or red causes phenolphthalein to stay colorless react with o active metals to produce hydrogen gas o Arrhenius bases to produce a salt and water o carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to produce a salt, carbon dioxide gas and water

2. pH of an acidic solution is <7; [H+] > [OH-] (The lower the pH, the more acidic.) 3. Some examples include HCl, HBr, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, HC2H3O2, etc.

CHM 1025L

Ions in Solution

Arrhenius Base: A substance that produces hydroxide ion (OH-) in solution. 1. Characteristic Properties: bitter taste slippery or soapy feeling causes litmus paper to turn blue causes phenolphthalein to turn pink react with acids to form a salt and water

2. pH of a basic solution is >7; [H+] < [OH-] (The higher the pH, the more basic.) 3. Some examples include Group 1A and 2A metal hydroxides such as LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, as well as NH4OH (a.k.a. NH3 aqueous). Note: the pH of a neutral solution = 7 [H+] = [OH-] 4. Electrolytes substances whose aqueous solution (or melted solid) are conductors of electricity. Acids, bases, and salts (another name for any ionic compound) are electrolytes. Electrolytes produce ions in solution. Strong electrolytes are essentially 100% ionized in solution; weak electrolytes are ionized only to about 1% extent, leaving the majority of the substance in its molecular form.

Safety Concern: Do not touch the electrodes of the conductivity outfits.

In addition, please do not move beakers around.

CHM 1025L Procedure:

Ions in Solution

Part A: Testing Various Solutions for Electrical Conductivity. Aqueous solutions are set up in on the counter in the back of the lab along with conductivity outfits. Do not move the beakers of solutions as this will affect conductivity readings. For each solution, lift the beaker so that the electrodes are fully immersed into the solution. For now, just record your observation of the light bulb; bright, dim, or none. Later, based on your observations, determine whether each substance is a strong electrolyte, weak electrolyte, or nonelectrolyte. State whether each substance is an acid, base, salt, or other (none of these three types.)

PART B: Determining the pH of a Solution. In this part, you will test various solutions to determine a) the pH of the substance and b) whether the substance is an acid or a base. You should have both red and blue litmus paper in your drawer. You should find the well trays, solutions, pH paper, and phenolphthalein on a set-up table. Steps: 1. Into a well-tray, place a few drops of each solution, making sure to note which solution is in each well. 2. Dip a clean glass stirring rod into one solution at a time (rinse with deionized water after each dip) and place a drop onto both red and blue litmus. Note the color (if blue stays blue, write blue; if pink stays pink, write pink.) Then apply another drop of the same solution to the pH paper. Match the color on the paper with the corresponding pH value and record it. If it appears to be between 2 colors, then make the value _.5. 3. After testing with all 3 papers from step 2, put 1 drop of phenolphthalein indicator into the well and note the color. (Reminder; clear describes transparency, not lack of color. Colorless describes lack of color.) DO NOT PUT THIS INDICATOR INTO ANY WELL UNTIL YOU HAVE COMPLETED STEP 2 FOR THAT SOLUTION. 4. All solutions should be disposed of into the appropriately labeled container located at the main sink. Rinse the well-tray thoroughly with deionized water, then return to the set-up table.

PART C:

Fill out the required information.

CHM 1025L

Ions in Solution

Ions in Solution Report Page

Name:

___________________________________ __________________________________
Date:________________________

Partners Name:

Part A

Substance

Light Bulb

Type of Electrolyte
_________________

Type of Substance
__________________

H2SO4

_________________

De-ionized water _________________

_________________

__________________

NaCl

_________________

_________________

__________________

CuSO4

_________________

_________________

__________________

CHM 1025L

Ions in Solution

Substance

Light Bulb

Type of Electrolyte

Type of Substance

C12H22O11

_________________

_________________

__________________

HC2H3O2

_________________

_________________

__________________

NH4OH

_________________

_________________

__________________

HCl

_________________

_________________

__________________

NaOH

_________________

_________________

__________________

NH4Cl

_________________

_________________

__________________

C2H5OH

_________________

_________________

__________________

CHM 1025L

Ions in Solution

Part B Substance Pink Litmus

________________

Blue Litmus
________________

pH

Phenolphthalein

3 M HCl

________________

________________

3 M H2SO4

________________

________________

________________

________________

3 M HC2H3O2

________________

________________

________________

________________

3 M KOH

________________

________________

________________

________________

3 M NaOH

________________

________________

________________

________________

3 M NH4OH

________________

________________

________________

________________

CHM 1025L

Ions in Solution

Part C

Fill in the blanks with the correct information, following the example provided.

Formula

Cation

Anion

Name

Type

Elec. or Non-Elec.
salt E

CaCl2

Ca2+

Cl

calcium chloride

HBr

______

______

______________________________

______

______

Ba(NO3)2

______

______

______________________________

______

______

CCl4

N/A ______

N/A ______

______________________________ ______________________________

______ ______

______ ______

Ba(OH)2

Fe(ClO3)3

______

______

______________________________

______

______

C3H7OH

N/A

N/A

ethanol

______

______

CHM 1025L

Ions in Solution

Formula

Cation

Anion

Name

Type

Elec. or Non-Elec.

H3PO4

______ ______

______ ______

______________________________ ______________________________

______ ______

______ ______

LiOH

HC2H3O2

______ ______ ______

______ ______ ______

______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________

______ ______ ______

______ ______ ______

NH4Cl

NH4OH