Sie sind auf Seite 1von 10

Aplinkos tyrimai, ininerija ir vadyba, 2009. Nr. 1(47), P. 13-23 Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 2009. No.

1(47), P. 13-23

ISSN 1392-1649

Pollution of Bottom Sediments in ventoji Port


Rimut Staknien, Kstutis Jokas, Arnas Galkus and Lina Lagunaviien
Institute of Geology and Geography, Vilnius, Lithuania

(received in December, 2008; accepted in March, 2009) The aim of the work is to research and sum up pollution of surface bottom sediments with hydrocarbons and heavy metals Cr, Pb, V, Ni, Cu, Zn and Hg in ventoji Port, Lithuania. It is determined that concentration of pollutants depends mainly on the granular and material composition of bottom sediments, the distance from the sources of pollution and sedimentation patterns in the barrier zone freshsaline water. The greatest area (33.2%) of bottom sediments in the ventoji Port 7.75 ha basin is polluted with hydrocarbons. The most highly polluted is the sand in the ventoji River sector in front of its mouth (0.047 ha) where the maximal permissible concentration (MPC) value for sand is exceeded by 21.3 times. Certain areas of surface bottom sediments in the ventoji Port basin are polluted with heavy metals Pb (0.054 ha), Ni (0.19 ha), Cu (0.19 ha) and Zn. (0.36 ha). Key words: bottom sediments, composition, concentration, heavy metals, mud, hydrocarbons, organic carbon, pollutants, port basin, sand.

1.

Introduction The present article introduces the yet unpublished analysis results of organics and bottom sediment pollution with hydrocarbons and heavy metals Cr, Pb, V, Ni, Cu, Zn and Hg. The concentrations of the mentioned pollutants are used as soil pollution criteria in the normative documentation and recommendations of many countries [4, 5, 6 and 7] and in Lithuanian valid normative document LAND 46 -2002 (Rules for dredging soils in sea and sea port waters and dredged soil management). Though in LAND 46-2002 [8] hydrocarbons are referred to as oil products, in practice soil pollution is assessed, as a rule, taking into consideration the measured concentrations of total hydrocarbons. This principle is also followed in the present work. 2. Material and methods

The first individual research into the composition of bottom sediments in the ventoji River and port basins was carried out in 1997 [1]. Geochemical reconnaissance was performed following a preliminary worked out scheme of bottom sediments. In June of 2004, the authors mapped the water area of the port, performed its bathymetric measuring, analysed the water mass and, in a detailed network of stations, collected surface bottom sediment samples for granulometric and chemical analysis. The further research was undertaken to fill the gaps of the first survey. Based on the new data, the authors defined the geographical factors responsible for the character of sedimentation processes in the port waters, determined the influence of the subaqual relief on sedimentation processes, distinguished sedimentogenetic zones, and considered a possibility for recognition of sedimentary environment transformations according to the dynamics of water indices [2]. Chemical analysis of bottom sediment samples helped them track up the dependence of distribution and accumulation of metals Cr, Pb, V, Ni, Cu, Zn and Hg on specific features of the sedimentary environment [3].

Samples of surface bottom sediments (05 cm) were taken from the ventoji Port basin (7.75 ha) in June of 2004. A Van Veen grab sampler was used for collecting sediment samples. The sediment samples were transferred to plastic bags and frozen [2].

R. Staknien, K. Jokas, A. Galkus and L. Lagunaviien

As the sorption potential of soils largely depends on the content of organic material, the concentrations determined were not only of hydrocarbons and heavy metals but also of organic carbon. The content of total organic carbon (OCT) was determined by destruction of carbonates contained in sediments using mineral acid and oxidation of organic material at 900C using a high-temperature catalytic oxidation method (HTCO) [9]. Total concentration of hydrocarbons (HCT) in bottom sediments was determined by an infrared spectrometry method [10]. After combustion of bottom sediments in HNO3HClO4-HF mixture and dry residual dissolution in hydrochloric acid, the metals: zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), vanadium (V), and nickel (Ni) were analysed by an ICP-MS method (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). Concentration of Hg was determined by an ICP-MS method after preliminary combustion of sediments in aqua regia [11, 12]. For assessment of the level of pollution, the samples of bottom sediments were first of all assigned to one of the dominant ventoji Port soil types according to granular composition and consistence: sand or mud [8]. The pollution of each type of soil with every individual pollutant was estimated according to index KX:

KX = CX/MPCX Where: CX concentration of pollutant X in a sample; MPCX maximal permissible concentration pollutant X for each type of soil. 3. Results

of

Concentrations of chemical elements in the natural environment determined by analytical methods are major indicators of the level of pollution of a territory. The hazards of pollution can be judged about from the total pollution index or from the total of different pollution indices [13]. The geographical peculiarities and socialeconomic aspects of a country or a region predetermine some differences of practical assessment of pollution indices. The criteria and norms applied for assessment of bottom sediment pollution are rather variable. They inter alias set the limits of industrial utilization or storage of soils. Concentration of pollutants in the ventoji Port bottom sediments depends on the composition of sediments (Fig. 1).

Fig.1.

Surface bottom sediments (05 cm) of ventoji Port [2]: 1 gravel; 2 sand with gravel; 3 coarse-grained sand; 4 medium-grained sand; 5 muddy medium-grained sand; 6 fine-grained sand; 7 silty sand; 8 muddy fine-grained sand; 9 muddy sandy silt; 10 silty-clayey mud; 11 overgrowths of bulrush and reed;12 boundary of the study area.

14

Pollution of Bottom Sediments in ventoji Port

The composition of sediments is predetermined by the ventoji drift, sand migration in the near-shore and on the shore, and biomaterial produced by plankton and water macrophytes. In a basin of sophisticated configuration, these factors often act jointly causing high heterogeneity and granular variability of sediments. Especially heterogeneous are the bottom sediments in that part of the port basin which is extending farthest into the river channel. They are composed of river drift and coarse-grained sedimentary material washed out of the channel slopes. The granular composition of alluvial sediments ranges from gravel and sand with gravel in the fairway to muddy sandy silt. In the branch to the Eastern Basin, the coarse-grained alluvial sediments are covered by a layer of siltyclayey mud. Bottom sediments of comparable structure are also widespread in the littoral zone and southern part of the Eastern Basin. The bottom of the central part of the Eastern Basin is composed of medium-grained sand. Only finest sedimentary material is able to reach the Western Basin of ventoji Port where together with degraded plankton it composes mud sediments [2] (Fig. 1).

A belt of sand with pebbles in the fairway of the ventoji River extends to the mouth of the Western Basin. A large shoal, covered by muddy fine-grained sand in the central part and by silty sand in its peripheral parts, is situated north of it. Coastal sand of the Baltic Sea plays a decisive role in the formation of bottom sediments in the sector between the alluvial shoal and the ventoji mouth [2]. In many places, the bottom of port waters is overgrown by water plants. Even in 22 % of basin water, macrophytes are represented by bulrush-reed overgrowths towering high above the water surface. They extend along the littoral zone and somewhere even aggregate plant islands in the shoals [2] (Fig. 1). Concentrations of examined heavy metals Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Hg are in closest direct relationship with the content of silty-clayey mud fraction (< 0.063 mm). Concentration of cadmium alone depends slightly on both the finest mineral particles and the content of organic material. The dependence of all other examined heavy metals on the content of organic material in bottom sediments is rather pronounced [3].

Fig 2.

Total organic carbon (OCT) concentration (% ) in surface bottom sediments (0-5) 0f Sventoji Port

15

R. Staknien, K. Jokas, A. Galkus and L. Lagunaviien

Concentration of total organic carbon (OCT) in surface bottom sediments of the ventoji Port basin ranges from 0.03% to 8.68 % with diminishing grainsize composition of sediments. The highest OCT concentrations were found in the silty-clayey mud of the Eastern Basin. Concentration of OCT in the Western Basin amounted to 56 %. The values of OCT concentration are markedly lower in the zone of marine sand sedimentation [3]. They remain low also in sand and gravel sediments of the Central Basin right in front of the Western Basin and in mediumgrained sand of the central part of the Eastern Basin (Fig. 2). Average concentration (0.96 %) of organic carbon in sands of ventoji Port is on the average 2.4 times as high as in silty soils and 7 times as high as in mud soils. The dependence of OCT concentration on the composition of bottom sediments is also confirmed by the calculated correlation coefficients (r) between OCT and concentrations of different granulometric fractions in soils. OCT is in the best correlation (r = 0.91) with the concentration of silty-clayey mud fraction (< 0.063 mm). There is a close reverse correlation (r = - 0.79) between OCT and concentration of fraction >0.1 mm. Organic material both autochthonous and terrestrial is the main source of natural

hydrocarbons in the ventoji Port basin. Natural hydrocarbons (HCN) accumulate together with oil products resulting from human economic activities (industrial and municipal waste water discharges, navigation, breakdowns, etc.) which are called technogenic, anthropogenic or simply petroleum (HCP) hydrocarbons emphasizing their origin. Natural and petroleum hydrocarbons become a constituent part of the newly formed specific organic material and are analysed as total sum HCT=HCN+HCP. Distinguishing between anthropogenic and natural hydrocarbons in the total concentration of hydrocarbons requires a complicated qualitative analysis. Concentrations of HCT in ventoji Port bottom sediments range from 7.5 mg/kg to 3050 mg/kg. The lowest average HCT concentration occurs in sand: 44.3 mg/kg. In mud, it is 10 times as high making 530 mg/kg on the average. Average HCT concentration in the sand soils of ventoji Port basin is even twice as high as the background value for silty sand soils of the Klaipda Port basin [14]. Meanwhile, average HCT concentration in the mud soils of ventoji Port is 1.2 times as low as the concentration of HCT in the most highly petroleum hydrocarbons-polluted Klaipda Port silty-clayey mud (653 mg/kg).

Fig.3.

Total hydrocarbons (HCT) concentration (mg/kg) in surface bottom sediments (05 cm) of ventoji Port

16

Pollution of Bottom Sediments in ventoji Port

Concentrations of HCT in heterogeneous alluvial bottom sediments of the ventoji River are rather uneven (Figs 1 and 3). In the ventoji River sector before its sharp turn to the west, concentrations of HCT vary within wide limits of 50100 mg/kg. In the mud of the western bank, the concentration increases reaching 125 mg/kg and in the coarser sediments it falls down to 15 mg/kg. Concentration of hydrocarbons slightly increases in front of the Western Basin (50100 mg/kg); especially in the river fairway next to the mouth (up to 425 mg/kg) (Fig. 3). Concentrations of hydrocarbons in the siltyclayey mud covering the coarse-grained alluvial soils in the ventoji branch to the Eastern Basin range within the limits of 100500 mg/kg. An especially marked elevation of HC concentrations is characteristic of the southern part of the Eastern Basin where maximal OCT (8.68 %) and HCT (3050 mg/kg) values were recorded (Figs 2 and 3). In the coarse-grained sediments accumulating in the northern part of the basin, the concentration reduction (<50 mg/kg) is dramatic. In the silty-clayey mud covering almost the entire bottom of the Western Basin, concentration of HCT does not fall below 500 mg/kg and in the eastern litoral zone it even reaches 525 mg/kg. Only

in the sandy soils of the southern part of the basin, concentration of HCT does not exceed 50 mg/kg. A strong direct relationship exists between OCT and HCT concentrations in bottom sediments of basins not polluted with oil products [15]. In the oil-polluted areas, this relationship is weaker. The determined small value of correlation coefficient (0.54) between the concentrations of organic carbon and hydrocarbons in ventoji Port sediments demonstrates a hardly mediocre relationship what allows assuming that the ventoji Port basin is polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons. This assumption is supported by a high relative concentration of total hydrocarbons in comparison with the concentration of total organic carbon what implies an elevated concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the total. In the sand of ventoji Port, HCT account for 1 % of OCT. Meanwhile, relative concentration of HCT in the cleaner sand of the Lithuanian near-shore of the Baltic Sea reaches only 0.05 % and in the Klaipda Port basin 0.08 % [14]. In ventoji Port, the sands most highly saturated with petroleum hydrocarbons accumulate in the sector next to the mouth of the ventoji River where relative concentration of HCT in the organic material reaches 2.8 %.

Fig.4.

Pollution index KHC values in surface bottom sediments (05 cm) of ventoji Port

17

R. Staknien, K. Jokas, A. Galkus and L. Lagunaviien

Average relative concentration of HCT in organic material of mud in the ventoji Port basin accounts for 1.2 %. This value is 1.2 times as high as the one determined in silty-clayey mud of Klaipda Port. The mud of the Eastern Basin has accumulated the highest concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons. In the western near-shore the per cent of total hydrocarbons in the organic material reaches its maximum: 7 %. For evaluation of the level of sediment pollution with hydrocarbons in the ventoji Port basin, pollution index KHC calculated using the values of HCT was employed. Maximal permissible concentrations of HCT taken for counting KHC were for sand 20 mg/kg and mud 500 mg/kg [8]. Distribution analysis of KHC values showed high variation of pollution status: the values range within very wide limits: from 0.04 to 21.3 (Fig. 4). Local pollution of the ventoji River basin with oil products in the sector in front of the western bend was detected only near its eastern bank. In the sector between the bend and the mouth, two pronounced areas of oil-pollution are observed (Fig. 4). In one of them situated in the mouth-front fairway the highest values of sand saturation with hydrocarbons and KHC have been recorded. There the maximal permissible value for sand soils is exceeded even by 21 times! The values of HCT concentration markedly exceeding the MPC (5<KHC<10) have been observed in the soils at the western shore of the Eastern Basin where most highly oil-saturated fine-grained sediments accumulate (Figs 1, 3 and 4). Cu 0.58 Pb 0.60 Zn 0.61

A sophisticated artificially shaped configuration of the port, rapidly accreting shoals and abundance of macrophytes affect the hydrodynamic processes taking place in the port basin which, in their turn, influence the dispersion of hydrocarbons in the water mass and intensity of their settling down on the bottom. The salty marine water invasions into the port basin also in a certain way affect sedimentation of hydrocarbons. The marine water recharges the finegrained particles that absorb hydrocarbons, entails their coagulation and accelerates the settling on the bottom [16]. Together with the finest organics-rich sedimentary material, hydrocarbons tend to accumulate in the quiet backwaters of the ventoji Port basin and in bottom depressions. The best conditions for HCT accumulation exist in the southern part of the Eastern Basin and in the Western Basin. The marked elevation of the KHC values in some nearshore zones of the Eastern Basin indicate the presence of high HCP inputs from the anthropogenic sources of the land area. Concentrations of heavy metals and hydrocarbons in bottom sediments depend on the lithological composition of soils and concentrations of organic material. Moreover, it is determined that the relationship between HCT and Zn, Pb and Cu in bottom sediments of the ventoji Port basin is mediocre whereas the relationship between Hg and HCT is strong (Table 1). This is presumably related with the common sources of these pollutants and with their distribution patterns.

Table 1. Values of correlation coefficients between the concentrations of metals and the total concentration of hydrocarbons

HCT

Ni 0.37

Cd 0.04

Cr 0.32

Hg 0.72

V 0.30

The highest concentrations of chromium (Cr) have accumulated in the silty-clayey mud of the Eastern and Western Basins where the maximal Cr values reach up to 47 mg/kg and 54 mg/kg, respectively. In the remaining part of the basin where bottom sediments are composed of coarser fractions, Cr concentration does not exceed 20 mg/kg. Distribution of cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the bottom sediments of the ventoji River and the port basin follows a rather monotonous pattern. Almost everywhere in the basin, its concentration does not exceed 0.5 mg/kg. Only in the southern part of the Western Basin and at the right embankment of the Eastern Basin, concentration of Cd more than doubles, yet it still does not exceed the MPC for finegrained soils. Concentration of mercury (Hg) in the ventoji River fairway up to the mouth of the Eastern Basin ranges from <20 g/kg to 50 g/kg. In the mud of the Western Basin, its concentration doubles. It increases even more in the mud of the Eastern Basin reaching its maximum of 201 g/kg at the western near-shore [3]. Concentrations of these heavy metals nowhere exceed the MPC values [8]. Concentration of Pb in sands of different granular composition and silt of the ventoji River 18

does not reach 10 mg/kg except a few areas where its concentration increases almost up to 20 mg/kg [3]. In the muddy fine-grained sand at the southern shore of the Western Basin, concentration of Pb 1.5 times exceeds the MPC for sands: Pb <20 mg/kg [8]. Maximal concentrations of nickel (Ni) are detected in mud soils of the Eastern (25.0 mg/kg) and Western (24.0 mg/kg) Basins and maximal concentrations of copper (Cu) - in the mud at the eastern embankment of the ventoji branch into the Eastern Basin (49 mg/kg). In sand and silt sediments, concentrations of Ni and Cu do not exceed 10 mg/kg [3]. Only the silty sand bottom sediments in a small belt of macrophyte overgrowth at the northern bank of the Sventoji River are saturated with Ni and Cu: concentrations range within 1020 mg/kg 1.31.8 times exceeding the MPC for sand soils: Ni and Cu <10 mg/kg [8]. Zinc (Zn) among other heavy metals occurs in the highest concentrations. In the coarse-grained alluvium of the ventoji River, they range from 20 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg. Only somewhere in the muddy medium-grained and muddy fine-grained sand along the litoral zone, concentration of Zn exceeds the MPC for sand soils (Zn <60 mg/kg) about 1.5 times [8].

Pollution of Bottom Sediments in ventoji Port

Concentration of Zn in the mud of the Western Basin increases up to 232 mg/kg (the MPC for clean mud is Zn <300 mg/kg) reaching its maximum (276 mg/kg) in the mud soils of the south-western part of the Eastern Basin [3]. For assessment of pollution of bottom sediments in the ventoji Port basin with heavy metals Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn (whose concentrations episodically exceed MPC), pollution indices KPb, KNi, KCu, and KZn have been calculated and schemes of their distribution in the ventoji Port basin have been compiled. It is determined that >1 KPb values occur only in the southern slope of the Western Basin and comparable KCu and KNi values occur only in a small sector of the northern slope of ventoji River. There are more

zones where KZn exceed the unit (Fig. 5): one of them coincides with the zone of KCu and KNi >1 value in the northern slope of the ventoji River. Another one is located at the branch to the Eastern Basin and the third one coincides with the mud area at the river bend next to the mouth. Mud soils of the southwestern part of the Eastern Basin, where KZn exceeds 0.8, approach the limit of zinc-polluted soils. The values of pollution coefficient in the eastern part of the Western Basin range within the limits of 0.50.8 and in the western part they decrease up to 0.30.4. Rather variable and sometimes elevated KZn values were determined in the ventoji River alluvial sediments. (Fig. 5).

Fig.5.

Pollution index KZn values in the surface bottom sediments (0-5 cm) of ventoji Port

On the basis of analysed concentrations of hydrocarbons and heavy metals determined in surface bottom sediments of the ventoji Port basin and the Lithuanian valid normative documentation [8], the authors of the present paper have outlined the areas of polluted sediments in the ventoji Port basin (Fig. 6). Analysis of pollution has shown that the largest areas (33.2 %) of ventoji Port bottom sediments are polluted with hydrocarbons. Maximally polluted is the 19

sand of the ventoji River fairway in front of the mouth (0.047 ha) where MPC for sand is exceeded 21 times. Pollution with heavy metals Pb (0.054 ha), Ni (0.19 ha), Cu (0.19 ha), and Zn (0.36 ha) bears a local character. The location of the polluted areas indicates that pollution with heavy metals and hydrocarbons has its source in the land or in the moored ships (Western Basin). The area of polluted soil in front of the ventoji River mouth might have been generated

R. Staknien, K. Jokas, A. Galkus and L. Lagunaviien

by the inflow of pollutants from the port and ventoji River basins and rapid settling on the bottom as a result of sea water set-up and physical chemical

impact on the polydispersed system fresh water planktondrift.

Fig 6.

Polluted areas of the surface bottom sediments (05 cm) of ventoji Port (according to [8]): 1 Non-polluted bottom sediments; 2 Bottom sediments polluted with heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb); 3 Bottom sediments polluted with hydrocarbons (HCT); 4 Sand strongly polluted with hydrocarbons (HCT/MPCHC>20)

4. 1.

Conclusions Concentration of pollutants in the surface bottom sediments of the ventoji Port basin depends mainly on the granular and material composition of sediments, the distance from the sources of pollution and sedimentation patterns in the barrier zone freshsaline water. Concentrations of heavy metals Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Hg and total organic carbon in bottom sediments are in a strong direct relationship and concentration of total hydrocarbons - in a mediocre relationship with the content of silty-clayey mud fraction (< 0.063 mm). Concentration of heavy metals Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Hg in bottom sediments is closely related to the content of total organic carbon. 20

4.

2.

3.

5.

Concentration of total hydrocarbons is in a mediocre relation with the content of total organics in the sediments. This is an indication that the major part of total hydrocarbons is represented by petroleum hydrocarbons. Total concentration of hydrocarbons in the bottom sediments of the ventoji Port basin ranges from 7.5 mg/kg to 3050 mg/kg. The lowest average concentration has been observed in sand soils (44.3 mg/kg), in mud it is more than 10 times as large (530 mg/kg). The maximal amounts of hydrocarbons are accumulated in the mud sediments of the Western Basin and in the south-western part of the Eastern Basin. Elevated concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in the total hydrocarbons are indicated by the rise of the relative

Pollution of Bottom Sediments in ventoji Port

6.

7.

8.

concentration of the latter in comparison with the content of total carbon in bottom sediments. Determined relationship between concentration of total hydrocarbons and Zn, Pb and Cu values in bottom sediments of ventoji Port is mediocre, whereas between total hydrocarbons and Hg it is strong. This is associated with the common sources of pollutants and their distribution patterns. The greatest areas (33.2%) of bottom sediments in the ventoji Port 7.75 ha basin are polluted with hydrocarbons. The most highly polluted is the sand in the ventoji River sector in front of the mouth (0.047 ha) where MPC value for sand is 21 times exceeded. Certain areas of surface bottom sediments in the ventoji Port basin are polluted with heavy metals Pb (0.054 ha), Ni (0.19 ha), Cu (0.19 ha) and Zn. (0.36 ha).

12.

13. 14.

15.

16.

Loring D.H. and R.T.T Rantala. 1992. Manual for the geochemical analysis of marine sediments and suspended particulate matter. Earth Sci. Rev. 32, pp. 235283. Kadnas V. 1998. Technogenin geochemija. Vilnius. 145 p. Jokas K., A. Galkus, R. Staknien. 2003. The Only Lithuanian Seaport and its Environment. Monograph, Institute of Geology and Geography. Vilnius. 314 p. Esteves J.L., M.G. Commendatore, M.L.Nievas, V. Massara Paletto, O. Amin. 2006. Hydrocarbon pollution incoastal sediments of Tierra del Fuego islands, Patagonia Argentina. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52, pp. 572597. - . 1977. . . 302 .

References
1. 2. Galkus A., R. Staknien, K. Jokas. 1997. ventosios uosto dugno nuosd sudtis, Geografijos metratis 30, pp. 5261. Galkus A., K. Jokas., R. Staknien. 2006. Specific features of sedimentation environment in waters of the ventoji Port, Lithuania. Geologija 56, pp. 4352. Jokas K., R. Staknien, A. Galkus., L. Lagunaviien. 2008. Metals in bottom sediments of ventoji Port area (Lithuania). Geologija 50. (3), pp.143155. CEFAS. 2001. The impact of disposal of marine dredged material on the Thanet Coast and Sandwich Bay Candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs). 20 p. OSPAR Guidelines for the Management of Dredged Material. 1998. Revised OSPAR Guidelines for the Management of Dredged Material. OSPAR convention for the protection of the marine environment of the NorthEast Atlantic. 2004 .20 p. VLAREBO. 1996. Besluit van de Vlaamse regering houdende vaststelling van het Vlaams reglement betreffende de bodemsanering. Belgisch Staatsblad, 27 maart 1996. . . 1996.. 20 . LAND 462002. Grunto kasimo jr ir jr uost akvatorijoje bei ikast grunt tvarkymo taisykls. Valstybs inios, 2002, Nr. 27976, 2002, 40-1516. Tiessen H. and J.O. Moir 1993. Total and organic carbon in soil sampling and methods of analysis, M.E. Carter, Ed. Lewis Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI. pp.187211. Vandens ir ems terimo naftos produktais laboratorinio tyrimo metodiniai nurodymai. 1993. Aplinkos apsaugos departamentas. Vilnius. 43 p. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. 1998. Akbar Montaser (Editor). JOHN-WILEY & SONS. 1000 p.

Dr. Rimut Staknien, Research Associate of the Department of Marine research at the Institute of Geology & Geography. Main research areas: environmental research; petroleum hydrocarbons in the different sedimentary environments. Address: T. evenkos str.13, LT-03223 Vilnius, Lithuania Tel. +370 2104712 Fax +370 2104712 E-mail stakeniene@geo.lt Dr. Kstutis Jokas, Head of the Department of Marine research at the Institute of Geology & Geography. Main research areas: geochemistry, sedimentology, pollution, environmental impact assessment. Address: T. evenkos str.13, LT-03223 Vilnius, Lithuania Tel. +370 2104712 Fax +370 2104712 E-mail joksas@geo.lt Dr. Arnas Galkus, Senior Research Associate of the Department of Marine research at the Institute of Geology & Geography. Main research areas: marine geography, marine geology and sedimentology, environmental research, problems of sustainable development. Address: T. evenkos str.13, LT-03223 Vilnius, Lithuania Tel. +370 2104712 Fax +370 2104712 E-mail galkus@geo.lt Lina Lagunaviien, Research Assistant of the Department of Marine research at the Institute of Geology & Geography. Main research areas: organic and inorganic carbon in water systems. Address: T. evenkos str.13, LT-03223 Vilnius, Lithuania Tel. +370 2104712 Fax +370 2104712 E-mail lina@geo.lt 21

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

10. 11.

R. Staknien, K. Jokas, A. Galkus and L. Lagunaviien

ventosios uosto dugno nuosd utertumas


Rimut Staknien, Kstutis Jokas, Arnas Galkus, Lina Lagunaviien
Geologijos ir geografijos institutas

(gauta 2008 m. gruodio mn.; atiduota spaudai 2009 m. kovo mn.)

Straipsnyje pateikiama ventosios uosto dugno nuosd utertumo angliavandeniliais ir sunkiaisiais metalais Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn ir Hg analiz. Btent i teral koncentracijos yra naudojamos kaip grunto utertumo kriterijai daugelio valstybi, taip pat ir Lietuvos, norminiuose dokumentuose. Nustatyta, kad ventosios uosto akvatorijos pavirinse dugno nuosdose susikaupusi teral koncentracija labiausiai priklauso nuo i nuosd granulins ir mediagins sudties, atstumo nuo taros altini ir sedimentacijos ypatum barjerinje glo ir druskingo vandens zonoje. Didiausi ventosios uosto akvatorijos (7,75 ha) pavirini dugno nuosd plotai (33,2 %) yra uterti angliavandeniliais. Labiausiai jais utertas ventosios ups prieiotins 0,047 ha atkarpos (0,6 % uosto akvatorijos ploto) farvaterio dugnas, kur leistinos koncentracijos smlyje ribin vert virijama net 21,3 kartus. ventosios uosto akvatorijos pavirini dugno nuosd tam tikri arealai yra uterti iais sunkiaisiais metalais: Pb (0,054 ha), Ni (0,19 ha), Cu (0,19 ha) ir Zn (0,36 ha).

22

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen