2012

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2012
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A.1.

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10

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x = , < 0 ,
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x2 +x + > 0 >0 <0 x
IR .
10

(x + 1) 4
(x 2) 4
f (x) =

x +1
x2
.1.

f.

8
: 1 3

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

.2.

x f(x) = 3.

.3.

IR : 18 3x f ( 2012 )

9
8

.1.

x + 1 = 2 | | x , IR
1.

2.

2.

IR ,

x

.
8
IR :

x = 1 , ,
, 3 2.

1:
y = (2 4) x + + 1, IR

2:

y = (2 + 4 3) x +2, IR

IR , 1,2
xx, .
10

(), * ,
= 2 : 7 = 11
f(x) = 1x2 + 4x + 1, 1 4,
.
.1.

1 4.

: 2 3

 (....)

2012
.2.

1 = 1 4 = 5 x1, x2 f(x) = 0,
:
)

= x12 x 2 + x 22 x1

B=

)
.3.

_3.1()

x1 x 2
+
x 2 x1

= 3 400 (x1 + x 2 ) 2012 x1 x 2 + 12

4
4

: | x 2 B 2 | + | x A |= , , ,
.2.
5
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 (....)

2012
:
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: 1 2012

A.1.

34.

A.2.

125.

.3.

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.1.

(x + 1) 4 0 , x IR .

(x 2) 4 0 x IR

x + 1 0 x 2 0 , x 1 x 2

f A = IR {1, 2}
.2.

x A = IR { 1, 2} f

f (x) =

(x + 1)
(x 2)

=
x +1
x 2
4

(x + 1) 2

x +1

(x 2) 2

x 2

: 1 4

 (....)

2012

(x + 1) 2

x +1

(x 2) 2

x2

(x + 1) 2

x +1

(x 2) 2

x 2

_3.1()

= x +1 (x 2) = x +1 x + 2 = 3

x A = IR { 1, 2} : f(x) = 3.
f(2012) = 3.
.3.

18 3x f (2012) :

18 3x f (2012) 3(6 x) 3 3 (6 x) 3

6 x 1 x 6 1 1 x 6 1 1 + 6 x 1 + 6

x [5, 7] .

.1.1.

x + 1 = 2 || . x || . x + x = 2 1

(|| + 1) . x = ||2 1

x = || + 1
= ||2 1 = (|| 1) (|| + 1).
IR 0 + 1 1 > 0 .
IR = || + 1 0,
IR , x,
( + 1) x ( 1)( + 1)
( + 1) x = 2 1 + 1 = + 1 x = 1
( )
( )
: x = 1 , IR .

.1.2.

3,
2, :

d(x,3) 2 x 3 2 1 3 2 4 2
2 4 2 2 + 4 4 + 2 2 6

6
6 6

[6, 2] [2, 6]
2

2 2

: 2 4

 (....)

2012
2.

_3.1()

1 : y = ( 2 4)x + + 1 , IR
2 : y = ( 2 + 4 3)x + 2 , IR

1 1 = 1 = 2 4,
1 1 xx,
2 2 = 2 = 2 + 4 3 2
2 xx.
1 xx :
90 < 1 < 180 1 ,
1 = 1 < 0, 1 < 0 2 4 < 0 ( 2, 2)

-2

2- 4

2 xx :
0 < 2 < 90, 2
2 = 2 > 0,
2 > 0 2 + 4 3 > 0 (1, 3)

- 2 + 4 - 3

-1
-

1 xx 2
xx
:
1 < 0
(2, 2)

(1,2)
> 0
(1,3)

: 3 4

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

.1.

A ( ) , * :
= 1 + ( 1) , * , = 7 :
7 = 1 + (7 1) = 1 + 6 7 = 11,
1 + 6 = 11 1 + 6 . (2) = 11 1 = 12 11 = 1,
4 = 1 + 3 = 1 + 3(2) = 5, f(x) = 1x2 + 4x + 1, ,
f(x) = x2 5x + 1.

.2.

K f(x) = 0 x2 5x + 1 = 0
x1, x2 x2 5x + 1 = 0 Vieta:

5
S = x1 + x 2 = = = 5

P = x1x 2 = = 1 .

= x12 x 2 + x 22 x1 = x1x 2 (x1 + x 2 ) = 5

x x
x2
x2
x 2 + x 22 x12 + x 22 + 2x1x 2 2x1x 2
B= 1 + 2 = 1 + 2 = 1
=
x 2 x1 x1x 2 x1x 2
x1x 2
x1x 2
(x + x ) 2 2x1x 2 52 1
B= 1 2
=
= 23
x1x 2
1

= 3 400(x1 + x 2 ) 2012x1x 2 + 12 = 3 400 4 2012 1 + 12

= 3 2000 2012 + 12 = 0
.3.

: x 2 B 2 + x A = :

x 2 23 2 + x 5 = 0 x 2 25 + x 5 = 0

|| + || = 0 = 0 = 0.
x 2 25 + x 5 = 0 x 2 25 = 0 x 5 = 0

x = 5.

: 4 4

 (....)

2012
:
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: 22 2012

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2012

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: 3 6

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

3.

m 2m
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2m
2
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3

i1

() R1

() R2 :
) 1 = 2

) 1 = 2 2

) 2 1 = 2
3

R1
R

i2
+

: 4 6

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

3
m = 2kg, .

F.
4m 6m/s.
.

= 0,5, :
1)

2)

F.

8
8

t1
1 = 3m/s, :
1)

.
6

t1.
3
2
g=10m/s .
2)

4
m = 2Kg ()
0 = 5m/s, F1
15, .
()
1 = 10m/s. F1
F2 15, F1, .
, ()
, ( = 0,8 = 0,6)
().

: 5 6

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

F2

F1

= 0,5, :
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1)

2)

1)

7
7

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6
g = 10 m/s2.
2)

: 6 6

 (....)

2012
:
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_3.1()

: 22 2012

1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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2
1.

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2.

2
2
Bx

, 1 1.

.
1 = 1 (1)

: 1 10

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

, :
F= 0

1 = 0

1 =

1 = mg (2)

(1) (2) : 1 = mg (3)

, 2 2.

.
x B
.
= x =
2 = 2 (4)
, :
F= 0

2 = 0

2 = mg (5)

(4) (5) : 2 = mg (6)

(3) (6)
1 , 2
:

T1
mg
1
1
=
=
= =2
T2 m g 1
2
3.

,
,
g.
g
.

1.

m
1

2m

2
H

UB=0

: 2 10

 (....)

2012
)

_3.1()

.


,

.
....
:
(1) + U(1) = (1) + U(1)
U(1) = (1) (1) = m g 2H (1)
(2) + U(2) = (2) + U(2)
U(2) = K(2) (2) = 2m g H (2)
(1) (2) :

K1 m g 2 H
=
=1
K2 2 m g H
2

.
:

= g t (1)

1
gt 2 (2)
2

(2) 1
2,
.

1 =

1
1
= 2
gt 12

2 = gt 12 t 1 =
2
2
1

4H
g

: 3 10

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

(1),
.

1 = g

4H
=
g

g 2 4H
= g4H
g

K1 =

1
1
m12 = mg4H = mg2H
2
2

, (2) 2
,
.

2 =

1
1
=
gt 22

= gt 22 t 2 =
2
2
2

2H
g

(1),
.

2H
2 = g
=
g

g 2 2H
= g2H
g

K2 =

1
1
2m 22 = 2mg2H = mg2H
2
2

,
1.
4.

i1

R1

R
i2
+

,
()
.
Ohm
:
V
i1 = (1)
R1
V
i 2 = (2)
R2

: 4 10

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

VAB
i1
R
R
R
1
= 1 = 2 = 2 =
i 2 VAB
R 1 2R 2 2
R2

i2 = 2 i1
)

.

( )
2
VAB
(3)
R1
V2
P2 = AB (4)
R2

P1 =

(3) (4) :
2
VAB
P1
R
R
R
1
= 21 = 2 = 2 =
P2 VAB
R 1 2R 2 2
R2

P2 = 2 P1

3
,
, F .

.

N
F

: 5 10

 (....)

2012
1)

= (1)
, :
F= 0

=0

= mg = 210 = 20

(1) : = 0,520
2)

_3.1()

= 10

1

. F.

.
= W F + W T
1 2
m = F 00 + 1800
2
1
236 = F 4 104
2
36 = 4 F 40 4 F = 76 F = 19N
2

:
F = m

F T = m (2)

:
6
= t 6 = t t =

:
=

1
t2
2

4=

1 36

2 2

(2) F 10 = 24,5
1)

36

= 4,5 m/s2

F = 19N

t1
Q = |WT| = |T 1| (3)

: 6 10

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

1

. F.

.
= WF + W T
1
m12 = F 1 00 + 1 1800
2
1
29 = 19 1 10 1
2
9 = 9 1 1 = 1m

2

:
= t1

3 = 4,5 t1

t1 =

:
1 =

1
t 12
2

1 =

1
2
4,5 ( ) 2
3
2

(3) :
Q = |WT| = |T 1| = |101|

2)

3
4,5

t1 =

2
s
3

1 = 1m
Q = 10 J

F (
F)
WF
J
=
= F 1 = 19 3 = 57
t
t
s

= 57

J
s

: 7 10

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

F2

N1

T1

1)

F2

F1

F2x

N2

T2

, 1 1.

.
1 = 1 (1)
, :
F=0

1 = 0 1 = mg = 210 = 20

(1) : 1 = 0,520 = 10

:
5
F = m 1 F1 T1= m 1 15 10 = 2 1 5 = 2 1 1=
2
1 = 2,5 m/s2

:
5
5
1 = 0 + 1 t1 10 = 5+ t1
t1 = 5 t1 = 2s
2
2
2)

1
:
1
1
1 = 0 t1 + 1 t 12 1 = 52 + 2,522 1 = 15m
2
2
2

. 1 F1.

: 8 10

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

1
.
= WF1 + WT1
1
1
m 12 m 20 = WF1 + WT1
2
2
1
1
m 12 m 20 = F1 () 00 +1 () 1800
2
2
1
1
2100 225 = 15 () 10 ()
2
2
100 25 = 5 () 75 = 5 () () = 15m
1)

, 2, 2 F2.

.
F2
.
= mg = 2100,8 = 16 = mg = 2100,6 = 12
F2 = F2 = 150,6 = 9 F2 = F2 = 150,8 = 12

F = 0

F2 + 2 = 0

12 + 2 12 = 0 2 = 0

2 =2

2 = 0

.
2)

1

. F2.
F2
, 2 2 (
).
= WBx + WF2x

1
0 m 12 = () 1800 + F2 () 1800
2
1
2100 = 16 () 9 ()
2
100 = 25 () () = 4m

: 9 10

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

2 :

:
25
F= m2 F2 = m2 16 9 = 22 2 =

2
2 = 12,5 m/s2

.
= 1 + 2 t2 0 = 10

25
t2
2

:
2 = 1 t2 +

1
2 t 22
2

t2 =

4
5

t2 = 0,8s

1
2 = 100,8 12,50,82 = 8 4 = 4
2
2 = 4m

: 10 10

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.X1()

: 8 2012

1 4
.
.1.

o
:
)
)
)
)

.2.

.4.

NaCl C
. :
)
)
)
)

.3.

NaCl
Cl2
HCl
CaCl2

C/10
10C
C/9
9C

K2Cr2O7 :
)
)
)
)

0
+6
+3
+5

(r) 32
(Mr) 256. :
)
)
)
)

2
4
6
8

5
: 1 4

 (....)

2012
.5.

_3.X1()

, ,
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)
)
)
)
)

11,2L 11,2L HCl

.
(=12) ,
(=10).
+4.


, .

50%

.
5

.1.

)
)

.2.

H3PO4, KOH, Al2S3, MgSO4, H2S, NH4Cl, BaO, CaCO3.

, , , ;

(
) :

)
)
)
)
)
)
)
.3.

IUPAC :

Zn +HCl
Na + H2O
Cl2 + NaBr
CaCO3 + HCl
MgCl2 + NaOH
H3PO4 + Mg(OH)2
HCl + NH3

: 2 4

 (....)

2012
)

)
)
)
)

_3.X1()

,
.
2

;
1

;
1+2

;
2

:
1. +
2. +.

CO2 0,1 mol V.
1. :
)
CO2 g.

3
CO2 STP
.
3
)
CO2 .
3
)
mol CO2.
3

CO2 0,1 Atm,
27oC.
6
( 27o C)
CO2 0,44g/L.
7
)

2.

3.

: 3 4

 (....)

2012

_3.X1()

:
R = 0,082 Atm.L/mol.K
: Ar(C)=12, Ar(O)=16
Avogadro NA = 6.1023mol1.

2 53g Na2CO3 1
500mL.
)

%w/v 1.

100mL 1 2
2 0,4. 2 ;

2+2

200mL 1, 100mL
Na2CO3 4. 2
2L 3. 3;
7
1 (200mL) 100mL HCl
2M. STP.
8

: Ar(Na)=23, Ar(C)=12, Ar(O)=16.

: 4 4

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.X1()

: 8 2012

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5

.1

B.2

H3PO4

Al2S3
MgSO4
H2S
NH4Cl
BaO
CaCO3

:
:
:
:

H3PO4 , H2S

Al2S3, NH4Cl, MgSO4, CaCO3

BaO

Zn+2HCl ZnCl2+H2
1
2

Na+H2O NaOH+ H2

)
)
)
)

Cl2+2NaBr 2NaCl+Br2
CaCO3+2HCl CaCl2+CO2+H2O
2H3PO4+3Mg(OH)2 Mg3(PO4)2+6H2O
HCl+NH3 NH4Cl

: 1 3

 (....)

2012
B3.

_3.X1()

: 3 ( 3 ) 6
( VIA )
: 2L8M6 E=16.
: 4 ( 4 ) 7
( VIIA )
: 2L8M18N7 Z=35

: ,

:
, (4) ,

.

: ,,,

+: 2

..
:
:
..

+: 2

2+

..
2 : :
..

: :
..

..

.1

M r = 112 + 2 16 = 44
m = n M r = 0,1 44 = 4, 4 g CO2

V = n 22, 4 = 0,1 22,4 = 2,24 L

N = n N = 0,1 6 1023 = 6 1022 CO2

1
CO2: 1 mol CO2
2mol
0,1 mol
;=0,2 mol
2
CO2: 1 CO2
6 1022

2
;= 12 1022

N 12 1022
=
= 0, 2 mol
N = n N n =
N 6 1023

: 2 3

 (....)

2012
.2
.3

P V = n R T V =

_3.X1()

n R T 0,1 0,082 300

=
= 24,6 L
P
0,1

P V = n R T
m R T
m R T

P V =
P=

n=

M
V
M
r
r

Mr

m R T
V Mr
d R T 0, 44 0, 082 300

=
= 0, 246 Atm
P =
44
M
m
r

d=

P=

500mL
100mL

53gNa2CO3
x=10,6g

10,6%w/v
Mr=223+112+316=106
n=

m
53
=
= 0,5mol
Mr 106

C=

n 0,5
=
= 1M
V 0,5

n1=n2C1V1=C2(0,1+V)10,1=0,4(0,1+V)0,1+V=0,25
V=0,15L H2O

n1+n2=n3C1V1+C2V2=C3V310,2+40,1=C32C3=0,3M

a2CO3: n=CV=10.2=0.2mol
HCl: n=20,1=0.2mol
HCl.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
2mol
1mol
0,2 mol
;=0,1mol
V=n22,4=0,1.22,4=2,24L (STP) CO2

: 3 3

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

: 1 3

 (....)

2012

_3.1()

: 2 3

 (....)

2012

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:
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: 1 2012

A
.1.

.2.

, ,
2 = + .
6

.3.

,
, ,
, .
) 5
2x 3 x 2 + 6x 5 = 0 , .
) x , e x < 0 .
)
, .
) x = , > 1 , .
) ( ) =1

A.4.

1 S = (1 ) , N* .
5x2=10

, :

8
..

log 3 (34 )
log(.............)

82log8 (.......)

log 7 (.............)

3(.................)

eln 2012

6x1=6

: 1 3

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

f (x) = 2x 3 3x 2 + 1 .
.1.

f (x) = 0 .

.2.

x = , x =
.

.3.

x , f,
xx.
8

.4.

f ( x) : (x 2 + 1) .

f (x) = x 2 + x + g(x) = 2 x + + + , , ,
ln , ln , ln
.
.1.

h(x) = ln(f (x)) , .

.2.

( ) 1 = = ln e , 2 = eln 3 = 10log
5 = 256

) , .

.3.

) =1, =4 =16 f (x) = g(x) ,

(0,4 ] .
8

( ) 1, 2
f (x) = g(x) , (0,4 ] .
( ) 2550 ,
.
6

: 2 3

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

.1.

ln x
1
f (x) =
.
ln 2
ln(2 x 3)
g g(3), 2 .

.2.

f.

.3.

> 4 f (log 2 ) <

g(x) =

.4.

1
.
2

6
6

( x 3 7x 2 + 6) : (x + 1)
210
(x) = (f () 1) x + g( ) + g( 2 ) + g( 3 ) + .... + g( 20 )
ln 2
ln 2
, g
+ 3 = e
f.
7

: 3 3

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.2()

/
: 1 2012

A
.1.

( 2011) 94.

.2.

( 2011) 95 .

.3.

)
)
)
)
)

A.4.

8
4

log 3 (34 )

82log8 2

log 7 7

2012

3log 3 8

log102012

eln 2012

.1.

f (x) = 0 2x 3 3x 2 + 1 = 0 (1).
,
f (x) = 0 , -1 1.
-1 , f ( 1) = 2(1)3 3(1) 2 + 1 = 4 .
1 , f (1) = 2(1)3 3(1) 2 + 1 = 0.
Horner :
2


2

-3
2
-1

0
-1
-1

1
-1
0

=1

: 1 5

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

(1) (x 1)(2x 2 x 1) = 0 .
, x 1 = 0 x = 1
1
2x 2 x 1 = 0 x = 1 x= - =9.
2
1
(1) x = x=1 ().
2
.2.

= 1 :

x = 1 x = x = 2 + ( )
2
2

1
x = 2 + = 2 + ( ) . , = :
2
2
2

1
2
2
x = 2
( ) .
x = x = ( ) x = 2 +
2
3
3
3

.3.

f xx :
f (x) 0 (x 1)(2x 2 x 1) 0 . f (x)
:
x
x-1
2x2-x-1
f(x)

+
-

-1/2
0
0

1
0
0
0

+
+
+
+

, x f
1
xx : x x=1 .
2
.4.

f ( x) = 2( x)3 3( x) 2 + 1 = 2x 3 3x 2 + 1 .
, :
-2x3 - 3x2 +0x+1
x2+1
2x3
+2x
-2x-3
2
- 3x +2x + 1
+ 3x2
+3
2x+4
: (x) = 2x 3 : (x) = 2x + 4 .
, f ( x) = (x 2 + 1)(2x 3) + (2x + 4) .

: 2 5

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

.1.

ln ,ln ,ln :
2ln = ln + ln ln 2 = ln ( ) 2 = (1) .
f f (x) = x 2 + x + , x :
(1)

= 4 = 2 42 = 32 < 0 , > 0 .
> 0 < 0 f (x) > 0 , x.
h .
2

.2

1 = = ln e = 1, 2 = eln = , 3 = 10log = .
= 1 1 , , = 5
5 = 1 4 . 5 = 256 1 = 1 ,
256 = 1 4 4 = 44 = 4 = 4 .

= 2 = > 0 = 4 .
1 1
= 4 = 1 = 4 = = 4 4 = 16 .
, = 1, = 4 = 16 .

= 1, = 4, = 16 f (x) = x 2 + 4x + 16 g(x) = 2 x + 21 .
f (x) = g(x)
2 x + 4x + 16 = 2 x + 21 2 x + 4x 2 x 5 = 0 (2) .
2 x = 1 2 x (2) :
2 x + 4x 1 + 2 x 5 = 0
2 2 x + 4x 6 = 0 2 x + 2x 3 = 0 (3).

x = y 1 y 1 (3) y 2 + 2y 3 = 0
y = 1 y = 3 . y = 3 .
y = 1 : x = 1 x = 0 x = 2 , .
, x ( 0, 4 ] 0 < x 4 0 < 2 4 0 < 2 .
, = 1 =2 .
= 1: x = 2 = 2 : x = 4 .
.3.

> 0 1 = 2 2 = 4 . : = 2 1 = 2 .
( ) :
= 1 + ( 1) = 2 + ( 1)2 = 2 .

S = (1 + ) .
2

: 3 5

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

Sv = 2550 :

2550 = (2 + 2) 2550 = ( + 1)
2
( + 1) = 2550 2 + 2550 = 0 .

= 12 4 (2550) = 10201 = 1012 .

1 + 101
1 101
= 50 =
= 51 .
, =
2
2
, = 50 .

.1.

g x > 0 .
, g = ( 0, + ) ( ln 2 0 2 1 )

g ( 3) 2 g ( 3) 2 .
3
ln
2
ln 3
ln 3 2ln 2 ln 3 ln 2
ln 3 ln 4
g ( 3 ) 2 =
2=
=
=
= 4.
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2

3
3
< 1 ln < 0 2 > 1 , ln 2 > 0 .
4
4
g ( 3) 2 < 0 g ( 3) < 2 .

ln 2> 0

ln 3
g (3) < 2
<2
ln 2
, 3 < 4 .

.2.

ln 3 < 2ln 2 ln 3 < ln 22 ln 3 < ln 4

f 2x 3 > 0 ln(2 x 3) 0 .

ln 2 > 0

2x 3 > 0 2x > 3 ln 2 x > ln 3 x ln 2 > ln 3 x >

ln 3
ln 2

ln ( 2 x 3) 0 ln ( 2 x 3) ln1 2 x 3 1 2 x 4 2 x 2 2 x 2 .
1
.3.

f ( log 2 ) =

ln 3
ln 3
< 2 , f = (
,2) ( 2, + ) .
ln 2
ln 2

ln 2

log 2

1
, 2log 2 = .
ln ( 3)

: 4 5

 (....)

2012
f ( log 2 ) <

_3.2()

1
1
1

< .
2
ln ( 3) 2

3 > 1 ln ( 3) > 0 .

ln ( 3) > 2 ln ( 3) > ln e 2 3 > e 2 > 3 + e 2 .

(3 + e 2 , +) .

.4.

( x 3 7x 2 + 6 ) :( x + 1)
(x) = ( 1) 7 ( 1) + 6 = 1 7 + 6 = 0 .
3

(x) = (f () 1) x + g( ) + g( 2 ) + g( 3 ) + .... + g( 20 )
:

f () 1 = 0 g( ) + g( 2 ) + g( 3 ) + .... + g( 20 )

f ( ) 1 = 0 f ( ) = 1

210
.
ln 2

210
= 0.
ln 2

1
=1
ln ( 2 3)

ln ( 2 3) = ln e 2 3 = e 2 = e + 3 (1)

210
=0
ln 2
ln ln 2 ln 3
ln 20 210

+
+
+ ...... +
=

ln 2 ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2

g( ) + g( 2 ) + g( 3 ) + .... + g( 20 )

l
210

( ln + 2ln + 3ln + .... + 20ln ) =

ln 2
ln 2
ln
210
(2) .

(1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 20 ) =
ln 2
ln 2

S = 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 20 20
20
1 = 1 , = 1 ., S20 = ( 1 + 20 ) = 10 (1 + 20 ) = 210 .
2
210 ln 210
=
ln = 1 = e (3)
(2)
ln 2
ln 2
(1)

(3)

, eln 2 = (e ln 2 ) = 2 = e + 3 = + 3.

: 5 5

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

:

: / &
: 8 2012

A1.

A2.
A3.

A4.

, , yy

, .


1 2
: 1 2 = 1 .
9
,
yy.
3

Oxy C
(0,0) , x 2 +y 2 = 2 .
A(x1 ,y1 ) C,
C, .
3

,
,
, , .









.
=
.

(xo,yo)
Ax +By +
x+y+= 0 d( , ) =
.
2 +2

x 2 +y 2 +Ax+By+ = 0 A 2 +B2 - 4 > 0

=

2 +2 -4
.
2

: 1 3

 (....)

2012
.
.

_3.2()

' , ' , .

C y 2 =2px , p
o p
.
10

 

 
+ 2 3 .

 
,




= 2 , =1

) (

1.

 
: = 1 .

2.

 
, .

3.

 

 
: + = 2 3 .

4.

 


2 3 .

5
5
7
8

A(5, 1) , B(4,4) (2,1) .

1.

2.

2 .

3.

i)

ii)

C
, (0,0)
yy .
5

C,
.
6

: 2 3

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

C1 C1 : 3x 2 + 4y 2 = 12 , C2
7
C2 : x 2 + y 2 = .
2
1.

2.

3.

4.

,
.
5

3
P 2,

2

C1, C2 .
4
M ( x 0 , y 0 ) : 2 ( OM ) = 7
2

( ME ) + ( ME ' ) = 4 , .

' P ,

3
P 2,
.
2

: 3 3

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

:

: / &
: 8 2012

A1.

. 43 .

A3.

. 83 .

2.
A4.

58 .
.
.
.
.
.

1.

(
+ ) ( 2
3 ) (
+ ) ( 2
3 ) = 0

2
2

=

2

2



2





2
2 3 + 2 3 = 0 2 3 = 0
2
2






2 2 3 1 = 0 = 1 .

( )

( )

2.

= , , :



(B1)
1
2
, = 45 .
=

=
=
2
2 1

3.

2


2


2








+ = + = 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 1 + 12 = 5 + = 5

2
2


2


2

2



2 3 = 2 3 = ( 2 ) 2 2 3 + 3 = 4 2 12 1 + 9 12 = 5



2 3 = 5






+ = 2 3 .

( )

( )

( )

: 1 6

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

.
:








2


2












+ = 2 3 + = 2 3 2 + 2 + 2 = 4 2 12 + 9 2






3 2 14 + 8 2 = 0 3 2 14 1 + 8 1 = 0 , .

4.

) (

=
2 3 , / /




= (1).









2 3 =
2 3 :






(1)







2 3 = 2 3 = ( )






2

3


2 3





2
=

2 3 = =

2

2

2 2 3 1
1
= .
2
2

1

(1) : = .
2

1.

,
y y 1 4 3 3
: B =
=
=
= .
x x 2 4 2 2
:
3
3
3
y y = B ( x x ) y 1 = ( x 2) y 1 = x 2
2
2
2
3
3
y = x 3 + 1 y = x 2 2y = 3x 4 3x 2y 4 = 0 .
2
2
To :
= 1 (1)

y y 4 ( 1) 4 + 1
=
=
= 5
x x
45
1
1
(1) ( 5 ) = 1 = .
5
=

: 2 6

 (....)

2012

1
1
2
y y = ( x x ) y 1 = ( x 2 ) y = x + 1
5
5
5
1
3
y = x + 5y = x + 3 x 5y + 3 = 0 .
5
5

2.

_3.2()

:
1 : 1 : x = 2 x 2 = 0
, d ( O, 1 ) = 2 .

: d ( O, 1 ) =

x o + By o +

1 0 + 0 0 2

2 + 2
12 + 02
1 : x = 2 .

2
= 2.
1

2 : :
: y y = ( x x ) y 1 = ( x 2 ) y 1 = x 2 x y + 1 2 = 0
.
:
x o + Byo +
0 1 0 + 1 2
=2
=2
d ( O, ) = 2
2
2 + 2
2 + ( 1)

1 2

2 + 1

= 2 1 2 = 2 + 1
2

1 2 0, 2 2 +1 > 0

1 2 = 2 + 1
2

(1 2 ) = 4 ( 2 + 1) 1 4 + 42 = 42 + 4 4 = 3 =
2

3
4

,
3
3
3
3
: x y + 1 2 = 0 x y + 1 + = 0 3x 4y + 10 = 0
4
4
2
4
.
3.

i)

C O(0,0)
yy, C : x 2 = 2py .
( 2,1) C x 2 = 2py 2 2 = 2p 1 2p = 4 p = 2 .
C : x 2 = 2 2y x 2 = 4y .

: 3 6

 (....)

2012
ii)

_3.2()

C .
M ( x1 , y1 ) C :

: xx1 = p ( y + y1 ) xx1 = 2 ( y + y1 )
p=2

xx1 = 2y + 2y1 2y = x1x 2y1 y =

// =

x1
x y1 ( 2 )
2

x1 3
= x1 = 3 .
2 2

M ( x1 , y1 ) C x12 = 4y1 32 = 4y1 4y1 = 9 y1 =

( 2) y =

9
.
4

3
9
3
9
x 4y = 4 x 4 4y = 6x 9 6x 4y 9 = 0 .
2
4
2
4

1.

x 2 y2
+
=1,
4
3
: 2 = 4, 2 = 3 4 > 3 C1 xx.

C1 : 3x 2 + 4y 2 = 12

2 = 2 2 2 = 2 2 2 = 4 3 2 = 1 = 1 .

(-1,0), (1,0) B(0, 3) B(0, 3) .

(BE ') = (x E ' x B ) 2 + (y E ' y B ) 2 = (1 0) 2 + (0 3) 2 = 1 + 3 = 2

(BE) = (1 0) 2 + (0 3) 2 = 1 + 3 = 2

(E 'E) = (1 + 1) 2 + (0 0) 2 = 22 = 2
.

( ) ( ) , = .
=2

(BE) + (BE ') = 2 (BE) = (BE ') = 2 .

BE = BE '

() = 2, 2.

2.

(x, y) = ( 2,

3
) ,
2

.
3
3 7
3
3
: 3( 2) 2 + 4( ) 2 = 3 2 + 4 = 12 ( 2) 2 + ( ) 2 = 2 + = ,
2
2 2
2
2

: 4 6

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

3
) C1,C2.
2
C1,C2
3
x2,y2 . (x, y) = ( 2,
)
2
3
3
3
) ( 2, ) ,
: ( 2, ) ( 2,
2
2
2
.

P( 2,

.
3x 2 + 4y 2 = 12
x2 = 2
3x 2 + 4y 2 = 12
3x 2 + 4y 2 = 12

2 3
2
7 2
2
2
2
4x
+
4y
=
14
x
=
2
x
+
y
=

y =

2
x = 2
x= 2 x= 2 x= 2

3
3
3
3
=
=

=
y
y
y
y=

2
2
2
2

3
) C1,C2
2
xx, yy
, :
3
3
3
) ( 2, ) .
( 2, ) ( 2,
2
2
2
P( 2,

3.

2 ( OM ) = 7 (OM) =
2

=2

7
, C2.
2

( ME ) + ( ME ') = 4 ( ME ) + ( ME ' ) = 2 ,
C1 . To M C1, C2, 2,
3
3
3
3
) M( 2, ) .
M( 2,
) M( 2, ) M( 2,
2
2
2
2

: 5 6

 (....)

2012
4.

_3.2()

3
C1, P , P 2,
:
2

xx yy
3
P : 1 + 1 = 1 3xx1 + 4yy1 = 12 3x 2 + 4y
= 12 .
4
3
2
3 2
3
3
P =
.
=
=
2
4 3
2 3
2



' P , , P
, , :
2
.
' = 1 ' =
3

3
P 2,

2

2
3
2
, , : y
(x 2) .
' =
=
2
3
3

: 6 6

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

:

: / &
: 22 2012

1-4
.
1.

, .
.
: >>.
:
.
.
.
.

2.

< KB
> KB
= KB
= KB

< K
> K
< K
= K

.

, :
.
.
.
.

3.

KA
KA
KA
KA

.
.
.
.

Carnot:
.
.
.
.

, .
, .
.
, .
5

: 1 6

 (....)

2012
4.

.
to = 0s .

:

I0

I0

I0

5.

_3.2()

I0

, , ,
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
Lenz
.
Lorenz

.


.
Carnot 2
.
5

: 2 6

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

1.

m=2m
m=m q=+q q=+2q ,

(...) ,
...
u1 = u2 = u.
1.

:
.

R1 1
=
R2 4

R1
4
=
R2 1

R1
2
=
R2 1

.
2.

:
. t =

m
2 Bq

. t =

2 m
Bq

. t =

.
B2.

3 m
2Bq

2
3

.
R. H
v=200 2 (100t) (S.I.).
, :

.
.
.

v = 200 2 (200t) ( S.I.)

v = 400 2 (200t) (S.I.)
v = 400 2 (100t) (S.I.)

.
.

3
5

: 3 6

 (....)

2012
3.

_3.2()

m1=2m q1=+Q
.
m2=m q2=+q
d
. .
, :
. u =

2k Q q
dm

. u =

k Qq
dm

. u=

2k Q q
d 3m

k Coulomb.
.
.

2
5

,
B
K
x y x
A

R1=8.
=0,5m, m=100g


R1
F
R=R2=2,

R2
x y.

=2
. .
F=0,4N.

1.

( + ,),
,
.
5

: 4 6

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

2. ()
.
5
=
3. V , ,

4. ,

5
5

5.
( ).
5

p T.

VB = V = 2L.

1.
.
6

: 5 6

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

2.
.
(p-V).
6
3.
.
6

4.
.
7
: CV =

3
J
R , R = 8,314
, ln2= 0,7 , 1atm = 105N/m2 , 1m3 = 103L
2
mol K

: 6 6

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

:

: / &
: 22 2012

A
A1.
A2.
A3.
A4.
A5.

, , , ,

EMA B
B1.

1.

.

... Lorentz,
FLOR ,
2m
mu
T =
.
Bq
Bq
2mu
mu
: R1 =
: R2 =

Bq
B2q
2mu
R1
R
R
R1 4
2 muB 2q
2 muB 2q
Bq
=
1 =
1 =

=
mu
R2
R2
muBq
R2
muBq
R2 1
B 2q

R =

2.

.
,
t =

T
.
2

1
1 22m
2m
T1 =
=
Bq
Bq
2
2
1
1 2m
m
: t2 = T2 =
=
2Bq
2
2 B2q
( ):

: t1 =

: 1 6

 (....)

2012
t =

_3.2()

3m
2Bq

2.

.
= 2f
V = N.

() (V).
v = 400 2 (200t) (S.I.)

B3.

.
Coulomb ( Fc )
:
kQq 1
= U. =
= mu2 u = 2kQq
d
dm
2

1.

,
, ,
Lorentz .
,
.
:
K

B

R2
y

R1

FL

F

.

Laplace, ( )
F.

: 2 6

 (....)

2012
2.

_3.2()

:
E =

E
=

R o R

FL = BI =

2 2
R

() , 1
Newton :
F = 0
o =

3.

FR

m
=4
s

2 2

=
E

F=

F = FL
o =

F (R1 + R 2 )

2 2

2 o 2
R

o =

m
2
s
= E = 2 2 0,5

2 o 2 = FR

0,4 (8 + 2) 0,4 10
=

4 0,25
2 2 0,5 2

=2

E
2
=

R o 10

VK = VA = R 1

E = 2V

= 0,2A
VK = 1,6V

VK = 0,2 8

,
E = 2V R2=2, :
VK = E R 2

4.

VK = 2 0,2 2

=2

m
,
s

VK = 1,6V

Laplace

:
FL = BI

FL = 2 0,2 0,5

FL = 0,2N

2 Newton , :
F = m
=

5.

F FL = m

0,4 0,2

0,1

=2

F FL

s2

P = 2 R

P = 2 (R1 + R 2 ) P = 0,2 2 10

=2

m
s

P = 0,4W

: 3 6

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

1.

A : ( ), ,
.
: , ,
,
.
: ( ), ,
.
: , ,
,
.

2.

p-T,
.
A ( Gay- Lussac):

VA VB
V
2
=
A =
VA = 1L (1)
TA TB
273 546

( Boyle):
pV = pAVA p2 = 81 p = 4atm (2)
():
p = p p = 4tm (3)
B ( Boyle):
pV = pV 82 = 4 V V = 4L (4)
( V
Gay-Lussac ).

: 4 6

 (....)

2012

3.

_3.2()

p (atm)

4 (3)

4 (2)

V (L)

1 (1)

4 (4)

T (K)

273

546

546

273

A :

WAB = pAV WAB = 8105(2 1)103 WAB = 800J

V
V
W = pBVB n
VB
VB
4
W = 81052103 n W = 1600 n2
2

B :

W = nR n

W = 1120J
W = pV W = 4105(2 4)103 W = 800J

VA
V
W = pV n A
V
V
1
= 81051103 n W = 800 n2
2

W = nR n
W

W = 560J

()
:

: 5 6

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

W = WAB + W + W + W
W = 800 + 1120 800 560
W = 560J
4.

:
: WAB > 0, UAB > 0
QAB > 0.
QAB =

5
5
5
nRTAB QAB = WAB QAB = 800
2
2
2

QAB = 2000J
B :

W > 0, UAB = 0
Q > 0.
Q = W + U Q = 1120J

:
Qh = QAB + Q Qh = 2000 + 1120 Qh = 3120J

:
e=

W
Qh

e=

560
7
e=
3120
39

Carnot
:
ec = 1

273
273
TC
ec =
ec = 0,5
ec = 1
546
546
Th

Carnot
Carnot.
: e < ec

7
< 0,5 7 < 19,5 , .
39

: 6 6

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.2()

: 18 2012

1 4
.
.1.

.2.

+2:
.
2
.
Cu2
.
H 2O2
.
F2
5
:
3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4 H2(g), <0

.
.
.
.
.
.3.

Kc=Kp.RT:
.

2 NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)

C(s) + CO2(g) 2CO(g)

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

2 NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)

: 1 6

 (....)

2012
.4.

.5.

_3.2()

.
.
.
.
5

, ,
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

SO2 + 2Mg 2MgO + S SO2

.

.
(g) + 2(g) 2(g)
1mol
1mol ( V, T ).

, Zn
.
mol 2(s)

mol (2(g)).
5

.1.

() -10kJ
(a) 40 kJ.
.

a 1

: 2 6

 (....)

2012

1
.

15kJ.
i.

ii.

.
3
,
:
. 25 kJ

. 55 kJ

.
.2.

_3.2()

. 35 kJ

V C
x mol N2O4 y mol NO2 :
o

N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)

x mol N2O4 y mol NO2.
1
.
4
.3.
.4.

:
) N2O5
) Fe(3)3 ) +4
6
:
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g), <0

: 3 6

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

)
)

(He) V, T .
.

(
).
:
=

[ ]
1 [B] 1 [ ] [ ]
=
=
=
t
3 t
2 t
t

.1.

.2.

C
:

1
2
3

[] (mol.L-1)
0,1
0,1
0,4

[] (mol.L-1)
0,1
0,05
0,1

(mol.L-1.min-1)
2.10-2
5.10-3
8.10-2

,
:
.
;
.
;
.
;
5+1+3

: 4 6

 (....)

2012
.3.

_3.2()

V C
.

i.

B .
C

B
t

ii.

A,
.
6

, ,
:
. = 2

. =

. =

. =

.
.

1
4

1mol CO 2mol Cl2 C
:
COCl2(g) CO(g) + Cl2(g)

5 Atm
COCl2 0,5 mol.

: 5 6

 (....)

2012
.1.
.2.
.3.

_3.2()

(p).
4+5

.
7

1,25 mol
Cl2.

.
.

( ).
.

:
Hf(COCl2)=220 kJ/mol
Hf(CO)=110 kJ/mol

3+6

: 6 6

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.2()

: 18 2012

.1.
.2.
.3.
.4.
.5.

1.

(i)

(ii)

: 1 5

 (....)

2012
.2.

y
2

NO
[
y2
V
2]

=
Kc =
Kc =
x
x V
[ N 2O4 ]
V

_3.2()

(1)

2y

2y 2 (1)
V
24 2: Qc = =
Q c = 2K c
2x
xV
V
2

Kc<Qc .. .

B.3.

)
)
)

.4.

25: 2x + 5(2) = 0 x = +5
Fe(3)3: +3 + 3 [(x + 3(2)] = 0 x = +5
+4 : x + 4(+1) = +1 x = 3

: ,
He: ,
: ,

.1.

+3 2+

.2.

: = k [ A ] [ B]
x

(1): 2 102 = k 0,1x 0,1y

(2): 5 103 = k 0,1x 0, 05y
(3): 8 102 = k 0, 4x 0,1y

(1)
2 102
k 0,1x 0,1y

=
y=2
(2)
5 103 k 0,1x 0, 05y
(1)
2 102 k 0,1x 0,1y

=
x =1
(3)
8 102 k 0, 4x 0,1y

= k [ A ][ B]

x + y = 3 ( )

(1) 2 102 = k 0,1 0,12 k = 20M 2 min 1

: 2 5

 (....)

2012
3.

i)

(mol)

n
n
/

3
n
n

3
2n
3

2n
3
2n
3

_3.2()

n
3
n
3

ii)

.
:

= 0

2
8
n n
n3
: = k

=
k

2V 2V
8 V3

: 0 = k

n n
n3
= k 3
V V
V
2

.1.

(mol)

/
..

COCl2

x
x

CO
1
x
1x

Cl2
2
x
2x

: 3 5

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

: x = 0,5mol COCl2 ,
n COCl = x = 0,5mol , n CO = 1 x = 0,5mol , n Cl = 2 x = 1,5mol , n = 2,5mol
x 0,5
a= =
= 0,5 50%
1
1
0,5
PCOCl2 = PCO = X COCl2 P =
5 = 1Atm
2,5
2

PCO + PCl2 + PCOCl2 = 5 PCl2 = 3Atm

K p =
.2.

PCO PCl2 1 3
=
= 3Atm
PCOCl2
1

CO + Cl 2 COCl 2 , =;

1 : = f, f, = 220 (110) = 110kj

1
2

2 : f ( COCl 2 ) : C + O 2 + Cl 2 COCl 2 , = 220kj (1)

1
f ( CO ) : C + O 2 CO, = 110kj (2)
2
1
C + O 2 + Cl 2 COCl 2 , = 220kj
H (1) :
2
1
CO C + O 2 , = +110kj
(2):
2

CO + Cl 2 COCl 2 , = 110kj

1mol
110kj
0,5mol
;=55kj
55kj .
.3.

)
)

Le Chatelier, mol Cl2

..
mol .

(mol)

/
..

COCl2
0,5
y
0,5+y

CO
0,5
y
0,5y

Cl2
1,5
y
1,5y

: 4 5

 (....)

2012
: 1,5y=1,25 y=0,25mol
:
n CO = 0,5 y = 0, 25mol
n Cl2 = 1, 25mol

_3.2()

n COCl2 = 0,5 + y = 0,75mol

n = 2, 25mol

= 3Atm
P

0, 25 '
P'
P' 5P'
'

PCO =
P =

2, 25
9
9
9 = 3 P ' = 16,2Atm

'
3P
1, 25 '
5P'
'
PCl2 =
P =
9
2, 25
9

3P'
0,75 '
'
PCOCl
=

P
=

2
2, 25
9
Kp =

'
PCO
PCl' 2
'
COCl 2

: 5 5

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

: 1 5

 (....)

2012


_3.2()

: 2 5

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

+ .

...

+ :
,
, ...
:

: 3 5

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

: 4 5

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

: 5 5

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

: 1 4

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

: 2 4

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

: 3 4

 (....)

2012

_3.2()

: 4 4

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.2K()

: 8 2012

Tarquinius Superbus, septimus atque ultimus regum, hoc modo imperium perdit.
Filius eius Sextus Tarquinius pudicitiam Lucretiae, uxoris Collatini, laedit. Maritus et

pater et Iunius Brutus eam maestam inveniunt. Illis femina cum lacrimis iniuriam
aperit et cultro se ipsam interficit. Brutus ex vulnere dolore magno cultrum extrahit et
delictum punire parat.

Ibi vix animum sollicitum somno dederat, cum repente apparuit ei species horrenda.

Existimavit ad se venire hominem ingentis magnitudinis et facie squalida, similem

effigiei mortui. Quem simul aspexit Cassius, timorem concepit nomenque eius audire
cupivit. Respondit ille se esse Orcum. Tum terror Cassium concussit et e somno eum
excitavit.

: 1 4

 (....)

2012

_3.2K()

1.

,
:
imperium
pater
cultro
vulnere
animum
facie

dolore magno:
species horrenda:
ingentis magnitudinis:

( 6)

illis
ipsam
eius
.

:
eam maestam:

( 40)

( 4)

( 3)

se ( ):
.
( 2)

: 2 4

 (....)

2012
2.

):
perdit:
inveniunt:
interficit:
extrahit:
parat:
dederat:
aspexit:
audire:

aperit:
cupivit:

3.

_3.2K()
(

( 9)

.

.
( 3)

concepit:

:
regum:
pudicitiam:
maestam:
cultro:
punire:
repente:
eius:
se:
Orcum:
e somno:

(
).
( 3)
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________

( 10)

: 3 4

 (....)

2012
.

.
.

.
.

_3.2K()

: Tarquinius Superbus, septimus atque ultimus regum, hoc
modo imperium perdit. Filius eius Sextus Tarquinius pudicitiam
Lucretiae, uxoris Collatini, laedit. Maritus et pater et Iunius Brutus eam
maestam inveniunt.
( 5)

laedit:
.
( 3)

: Ibi vix
animum sollicitum somno dederat, cum repente apparuit ei species
horrenda.
( 2)
Vergilius scribit
: Terror Cassium concussit.

( 2)

Maritus et pater et Iunius Brutus eam maestam inveniunt.

Quem simul aspexit Cassius.
( 5)

cultro se ipsam interficit:

,
(
).
( 3)

: 4 4

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.2K()

: 8 2012

. :

,
.
, .
.
.
.

() ,
.
, .
,
. .
.
1.

.
imperium
pater
cultro
vulnere
animum
facie
.

eam maestam:
dolore magno:
species horrenda:
ingentis magnitudinis:

imperia
patres
cultros
vulnera
animos
facies

eius maesti, eo maesto

doloris magni, dolorum magnorum
speciei horrendae, species horrendae
ingentem magnitudinem, ingenti
magnitudine

: 1 4

 (....)

2012
.

illis
ipsam
eius
.

_3.2K()

illi
ipsas
eorum

ego
mei
mihi
me
(a) me
tu
tui
tibi
te
(a) te

2.

perdit:
inveniunt:
interficit:
extrahit:
parat:
dederat:
aspexit:
audire:

perdetis
invenerunt (-re)
interficeris (-re), interficieris (-re)
extraxerat
parati sumus
dabant
aspicitur
audiverint

aperit:
cupivit:

apertum, aperuisse
cupientium

concepit:

concipere (), concepturum esse (),

concepisse ()

: 2 4

 (....)

2012
3.

regum:

septimus:

_3.2K()

,
septimus ultimus
pudicitiam: laedit
maestam:
eam
cultro:
,
interficit
punire:
, parat
repente:
apparuit
eius:
,
nomen
se:
esse (,
)
Orcum:

se
e somno:

excitavit

ultimus:

hoc:
Sextus Tarquinius:
uxoris:

,
Tarquinius Superbus (
,
rex,
regum)

,
Tarquinius Superbus (
,
rex,
regum)

modo

,
filius

,
Lucretiae

inter nos laedebamus

inter vos laedebatis
inter se laedebant

,
dederat,
cum (cum inversum),
( repente),

: 3 4

 (....)

2012

_3.2K()

(
vix ).
.

Vergilius scribit terrorem Cassium concussisse.

Ea maesta a marito et a patre et ab Iunio Bruto invenitur.

Cultro me ipsam interficio ( ).

Qui simul aspectus est a Cassio.

Cultro te ipsam interficis ( ).

: 4 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

:

: /
: 18 2012

.

.

.
(10 2009),
.
, ,
.

.
, , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
.

, ,
.

. , 98%
.
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.
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,
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.

: 1 3

 (....)

2012

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.
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(25 )

: 2 3

 (....)

2012
1.

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.
.

.
.
.
2.
3.

.
.

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,
,

.

.
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:
80 .
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.
.
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: 3 3

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

:

: /
: 18 2012

1.

.

.

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.
,

, .
.
,

.

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), (
:
), .

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).
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: 1 6

 (....)

2012

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, .
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) .

.
.

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i.
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./ .
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.).

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.
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).

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(
).
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).
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(9 ): , (
).

: 2 6

 (....)

2012
.

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: 3 6

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2012

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: 4 6

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2012

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2012

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: 6 6

 (....)

2012
:
:

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: 1 2012

N :
)
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12

2.1

, .
.
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
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)
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)
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: 1 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

2.2

:

.

.
. 1947
.
.
.
. 1900
,
.
. 1992 .
. 1908
, .
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.
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2

1974 .
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, :
) -
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25

: 2 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

19 , , ( ), ( ),
, ,
.
,
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.
,
.
Serge Berstein Pierre Milza, 2,
1815 1919, . 72-79.

,
,
( )
....
, ,
.
.[...]
.J. Hobsbawm, 1789 1848. (
) 2002, . 64-65.

1


.
25

: 3 4

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2012

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O
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(1941-1944), . . ,
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: 4 4

 (....)

2012
:
:

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: 1 2012

) . , . 38-39.
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.)
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2.
3.
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: 1 4

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2012

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, . 60: ...
.

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, . 164-165, :
,
: 15 1974... . (. 164)

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,
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.
Serge Berstein Pierre Milza

,
.
Hobsbawm
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.
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, Serge Berstein Pierre Milza

,

: 2 4

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2012

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Milza, 19
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.

.
,
. ,
.

.

, ,
, , , . , .

: 3 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

, , ,
, , , .

,
, .
,
, , ,
.
,
,
.
,
. : ,
, . .

,

.

, . ,

.

: 4 4

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

&
/
: 1 2012

1.

:
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

2.
3.
4.

( 9 )

f
x1 A ;
( 3 )

;
( 3 )
,
,
, .
)
)
)
)
)

Ni xi
xi.
f ( x) < 0 x f(x)
.
0,3%
( x 3s, x + 3s) .

.
,


.
(25 )

: 1 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.
5 :

vi 250.


fi%, 2 (10,).

20.

f1% f2% f4%, f2%
f3% f5%.
1.
2.
3.

4.

=20
.
(8 )

, .
;
(6 )
1300
,

2.850.000.
(5 )
( 12
) 8.640 :

i. ,
.
(3 )
ii. ,
100 3 , 200
4 400 5
,
.
(3 )

: 2 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

3 x 6
1
g ( x) = 2P() ln x + x + x 2 ,
x4
16
.

f ( x) =
1.

f(x) g(x).

2.

(A) A
lim f ( x ) g(x) x0=4

(4 )

x4

xx
() .

3.

, (A)
4

3
1
2 2 1
P()= ( ) , , :
4
2
3 5 6
2
( ) = .
5

P(A) =
)
)
)

(8 )

(5 )

.
(4 )

.
(4 )

f ( x ) = x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1, x
1. f .
2.

(6 )

,
, :
f ( P() ) = () , f(x) .

i.
.
(7 )

: 3 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

ii. i
, ,
.
xi
1
2
3
4

i
2P()
4()
4()+4()
()

1=1 2=3 .

:
( ),

( ).

(6 )
(3 )

(3 )

: 4 4

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

&
/
: 1 2012

1.

. 151.

3.

. 84 (T

,
.

2.

4.

. 14.

, , , , .

B1.

250 =250
.
c 5

R 20
=
= 4.
5
5

10 x2=10
[,+c) [+c, +2c) :
x2 =

+ c + + 2c
+ 4+ +8
10 =
2 + 12 = 20 = 4.
2
2

f2 % = a

a
a
3a
, f4 % = , f5 % = .
2
10
5
a 3a a
f1 % + f2 % + f3 % + f4 % + f5 % = 100 3a + a + + + = 100 a = 20.
2 10 5
f1 % = 3a, f3 % =

: 1 6

 (....)

2012

[4-8)
[8-12)
[12-16)
[16-20)
[20-24)

xi
6
10
14
18
22

fi%
60
20
10
6
4
100

fi
i
0,60 150
0,20 50
0,10 25
0,06 15
0,04 10
1
250

N i Fi %
150 60
200 80
225 90
240 96
250 100

_3.3()

Fi x i i
0,60 900
0,80 500
0,90 350
0,96 270
1
220
2240

i i = fi .

x
5

2.

x=

i =1

2240
= 8,96
250

, 896 .

Fi%.

Fi%

100 96 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 -

12

16

20

24

x i .

4 50 0
4 5
=
4 =
4 + 3,33 7,33 .
8 4 60 0
6

x > .

: 2 6

 (....)

2012
3.

_3.3()

1300 13

16 13
3
16 12

4 5 ,
17,5
3

2850000 = 498750 .
10 + 6 + 4 % = 17,5%
100
4

4.

8640

8640
= 720 , 7,2 .
12
7,2 4 3, 2
4-7,2
=
= 0,80 =80%
84
4
, 0,80 60 = 48%

i.
ii.

. 48%.

100 25 + 200 15 + 400 10 = 2500 + 3000 + 4000 = 9500

80

150 = 120 1 .
100
9500

= 79,16 .
120

1.

f(x) : ( x 0 x - 4 0). f=[0,4) (4,+ ).

g(x) : ( x > 0 x 0) x>0.
g=(0, + ).

2.

lim f ( x) = lim
x4

3 x 6
= lim
x4
x 4
x4

x 2

x 2

)(

x +2

= lim
x4

x +2

3
= P(A) .
4

x
2P(B)
1
1
2P(B)
1
+
+ 2x =
+
+
x
x
2 x 16
2 x 8
2P(B) 1 4
+ + .
g (4) =
4
4 8

=
4

2 P ( B) 1 1
2P(B) 1
1
= = 1 = g (4)
+ + =1
= P ( B) = .
4
4
4 2
4
4
2

: g ( x ) =

: 3 6

 (....)

2012
3.

_3.3()

2 1
> = P ( B) ( ) .
3 2
1
P ( A B) = P ( A B) = ( ) + () ( ) =
6
3 1 1 9 6 2 13
= + = + =
> 1 .
4 2 6 12 12 12 12
2
P ( A B) = .
5

P ( A B) =

P ( A B) = P ( ) + P ( B) P ( A B) = P ( A) + 1 P ( B) P ( A B) =
1 2 1 2 9
= P ( ) + 1 P ( B) P ( A) + P ( A B) = 1 + = + = .
2 5 2 5 10

P [ ( A B) ( B A)] =

= P ( B) + P ( B A) = P ( A) P ( A B) + P ( B) P ( A B) =
3 2 1 2 3 1 4 15 10 16 9
= + = + =
+

=
.
4 5 2 5 4 2 5 20 20 20 20

1.

f ( x ) = 4 x 3 + 4 x = 4 x ( x 2 1)

-1

-4x

x2-1

f(x)

f(x)

f (, 1], f [1, 0], f [0,1], f [1, +).

x1=-1

x2=0 f(0)=1.

f (1) = 2 x3=1 f (1) = 2

: 4 6

 (....)

2012

2.

i)

_3.3()

: 0 () 1 f [0,1].
:
f (0) f ( () ) f (1) 1 (A) 2 0 (A) 1

()=1 =.
:

f ( P(B) ) = P(A) P 4 (B) + 2P 2 (B) + 1 = 1 P 2 ( B) ( 2 P 2 ( B) ) = 0

P ( B ) = 0 P(B)= 2 . 0 P ( B) 1
()=0 B = .

2.

ii.

= =

0 < ( ) < 1 0 < 2() < 2 0 < 1 < 2 1 1 = 1,

1
()=
2
, ,

() < () < 1 4() < 4() < 4 2 < 2 < 4 2 2 = 3,

3
()= .
4

xi
1
2
3
4

i
1
3
5
1
=10

t5 + t 6 3 + 3
=
= 3.
2
2

: 5 6

 (....)

2012
)

( ) = () =

_3.3()

1
2

= ( ) = () =

3
4

: 6 6

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

/
: 1 2012

1-4
.
1.

12,08eV
1=-13,6eV.
:

. 2.
. 3.
. 4.
. .
2.

3.

- ( )
.
.
.
.

.
Coulomb.
quarks.
.

7,59eV
8,59eV.
:
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

: 1 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

4.

Planck:

5.

, , ,
.

.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
5

.
.
. 1000eV.
.
.
.
.
. .
5

1.

,
.
;
. -75%

. +75%

. +25%

.
2.

. -25%

2
4

n=1,5.
300nm. :
. .
. .

: 2 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.
3.

n1=1,2 n2=1,8, t1 t2
.
, .
3d 2d .
:
3d

2d

n1
.

t1 3
=
t2 2

n2

t1
=1
t2

.
4.

AZ X
:

t1 2
=
t2 3

5
Y . -

A 8
Z 1

. 2 4 -.
. 8 1 -.
. 2 3 -.

2
5

: 3 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

V

.
0,91eV.

Un=-3,02eV.

1.

)
)

2.

.
3

.
)

)
3.

;
7

.
6
min .
4

V
.
5

E =13,6eV, h=4,03.10-15eV.s c0=3.108 m/s.

: 4 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

235
92

U + 01 n 141x Ba + 36 Kr + 3 01 n

1.

x, .

2.

3.

;
.
2

4.

4
9

10W
.
. (24 );
. ;

5
5

141

m ( 235
92 U ) = 235,04u, m ( x Ba ) = 140,91u, m ( 36 Kr ) = 91,91u, mn =1,01u,

1u=1,6.10-27Kg, c0=3.108m/s.
-235 Mr(U)=235g/mol
Avogadro =6.1023/mol.

: 5 5

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

/
: 1 2012

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

.
.
.
.
.

1.

.
2=41 V2=4 V1I V2=4V1
hc
eV1 1 V2
1
= = 4 2 =
hc 2 V1
4
2 =
eV2
1
1

2 1
31
100% =
100%= 4
100%=
100% =75%
1
1
1
41
1 =

2.

.
1=

0
0=1n1 0=300nm1,5 0=450nm.
n1

: 1 4

 (....)

2012
3.

. : =
3d 3d
3dn1
= t1 =
c1 c0
c0
n1

2 t1
t1 3n1 t1 31,
=
=1
=
2d 2d
2dn 2 t 2 2n 2 t 2 21,8 t 2
t 2 = = t2 =
c2 c0
c0

n2

t1 =

4.

_3.3()

x
x
t = . :
t

.
x -.
(4)
(2).
-
(1).
-x4=-8 4x=8 x=2 x
-2x+1=-1 =-1+2x =-1+22 =3 -.

e2
U n = k
rn U n
Un
2
E

=
E n = 1,51eV

n
2
E
2
e
n
E n = k
2rn

E = 1 1 = E 1 = 13,6eV
I :

En =

E1
E1
13,6eV
2
2

n
=

n
=
n2 = 9 n = 3
2
n
En
1,51eV

3.
2 3.

: 2 4

 (....)

2012
)

_3.3()

L 3 = 3L1
L3 3
=

L 2 = 2L1 L 2 2

(1)

(2)
(3)

3
2
1

: 3
)

( )
,
3 1:

E max = h.f max E 31 = h.

min =
.

min

E 3 E1 =

h.c
h.c
min =

E 3 E1
min

4,03 1015 eV s 3 108 m / s

min = 1.107 m
1,51eV (13, 6eV)

max = 3 1 = 12,09 eV
... :
= ,max + K K = 12,09eV + 0,91eV K = 13eV

= W K = WF K 0 = q V 13eV = e V V = 13Vot

1.

:
92= x+36 x=56.
: 235+1=141++3 =236-144 =92.

: 3 4

 (....)

2012
2.

_3.3()

141
92
m = ( 235
92 U ) + m n ( 56 a ) ( 36 r ) 3m n

141
92

m = m ( 235
92 U ) 92m e m ( 56 a ) 56m e m ( 36 r ) 36m e 2m n

141
92
m = m ( 235
92 U ) m ( 56 a ) m ( 36 r ) 2m n

m = 235,04u 140,91u 91,91u 2 1,1u m = 0, 2u

kg
m = 0, 2u 1,6 1027
m = 3, 2 1028 kg
u
Q1 :

-12
8 Q1 = 28,810 J
Q1 = m c Q1 = 3,210 kg 310
s

2
0

-28

3.

Q1 > 0 .
.

4.

t=24h=243600s=86400s
P=

Q
3
8
Q=Pt Q=1010 W86400 Q=8,6410 J.
t

. :
Q
8,64 108 J
Q = Q1 N = N =
N = 3 1019
12
Q1
28,8 10 J
.

mol -235

: n =

m
N
n=
Mr
NA

m N
N
310
19
=
m =
M r m =
235g/mol
M r NA
NA
61023 /mol

m =117,510
4 g m =1,17510
2 g

: 4 4

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

/
: 1 2012

A

1 5 ,
.
1.

2.

3.

4.

:
.
.
.
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5
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.

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.
.
.

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, .
.
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,
:

5
: 1 5

 (....)

2012
5.

_3.3()

:
.
.
.
.

.
, .
.
.

:
1.

2.
3.

4.

36,6 ;
8
HIV
;
6
;

;
7

;
4

,
.
.

: 2 5

 (....)

2012

1.

2.
3.
4.

_3.3()

, ,

.
6

;
7

;
5

.
.
7 (3+4)

: 3 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

2.

3.

1.

.
8

1 8108KJ,
,
.
6 (2+4)

. ,
.

. ,


.

: 4 5

 (....)

2012

4.

_3.3()

.
. ;

.
, . ,
, ;
8 (2+6)

!!!

: 5 5

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

/
: 1 2012

A
1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-

B
1.

B2.

.
,


.
,

, .

:

, .


.

O V , RNA.
HIV ,
.
HIV
.

-.

. RNA DNA,

: 1 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

DNA.
DNA DNA
( ).
.
3.

4.

,
, ,
.


. ,

. ,
,

.

. , ,
200%.
, , ,
.

1.

,

,
,
.

,
.

, ,

.

: 2 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

2.

.
,
, .
.

.
,

. , ,
, .

3.

-, ,
( ,
),
-, -,
.
, -
, .

4.

-
- .
- .

( ) .
,

.
.

1.

,

.
, 1 .
, , , 2
.

: 3 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

, 3
.
4 ,
4 .
2.

,
10% ,
90% . :

, ,
,
,

.

, 1
10% , :
. 1 = 10% .

. = 10 . 1

. = 108108 KJ = 8109KJ
3.
.

: 4 5

 (....)

2012
4.

_3.3()

. (

,
.)

. .
,
.


/

.

.
.

.


.

,
,
.

,
.

: 5 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

:

: /
: 8 2012

.1
.2
.3

.4
.5

.6

.
(3 )

.
(3 )

,
,
.
(3 )

.
(3 )

,
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.
(3 )
,
,
d= 1. :
)
)
)
)

, .

.

.
() () .
(5 )

: 1 4

 (....)

2012
.7

_3.3()

(=40, =200) :
)
)
)
)

=200 30.
=40 180.
=200 50.
=40 100.

(5 )

.1

.2

;
(6 )

.3

.4
.5

(3 )

;
.
(5 )
;
(5 )
.
;
(6 )

, ,
50 . Qs = - 4000 + 100P
Q
0
10
30
40

VC
900
1250
1850

MC
50
40
65
70
: 2 4

 (....)

2012

1.

_3.3()

(5) .
(2) .

2.

(6 )
(8 )

4
Q = 50, 59 ..
.
(5 )

1550 625 .
.
(6 )
:
1.
.
2.
.
3.

QD1 = 200 5P,
:
A
B
.1

)
.2

P
15
30

Qs
175
X

(P)
0,6

.
(6 )

;
.
(2 )

10%
QD2 = 240 6P.
.
(4 )

: 3 4

 (....)

2012
.3
.4

_3.3()

.
(3 )
(QD1) (Qs).
P,
.
2000 .. P.
(6 )

P.
(4 )
:
.5

1. .
2. .

: 4 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

:

: /
: 8 2012

A.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7

B.1

. 20:
[]

.2

18:
[]

.3

. 20:
[]

.4

. 20:
[]

.5

. 21:
[]

: 1 3

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

1.

Q = 0: VC = 0, MC = , AVC =

Q = 10: MC10 =

AVC10 = 50 ..

(VC)
(VC10)
50 =
10 0
Q

VC10 = 500 .

(VC)
900 500
40 =
x = 20 .
x 10
Q
(VC)
Q = 30, MC30 =
1250 900/30 20 = 35 ..
Q

Q = x, MCx =

AVC30 = 41.6.
Q = 40, MC40 =

(VC)
1850 1250/40 30 = 60 ..
Q

AVC40 = 46.25 ..
MC40 >AVC40.
: Q = 40
, :
QS =

QS M
= 80 + 2P
50

P = MC, P = 65: Qs = 80+2*65 = 50 .

P = 70: Qs = -80+2*70 = 60 .

(VC)
VC50 1850
65 =
VC50 = 2500..
50 40
Q

MC50 =

AVC50= 2500/50 = 50
MC60 =
2.

(VC)
VC60 2500
70 =
VC60 = 3200 ..
60 50
Q

VC50 = 2500

ATC50 =

TC50
TC50 = 59*50 = 2950 .
Q

TC50 = FC + VC50 FC = 2950 2500 = 450 .

Q
450/4 = 112,5.
3.

MC40 =

(VC)
1850 1550
=> 60=
Q1 =35 .
Q
40 Q1

VCx = 1550 + 625 = 2175.

MC50 =

(VC)
2500 2175
=> 65 =
Q2 = 45 .
Q
50 Q 2

Q = 45 35 = 10 .

: 2 3

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.1

Es =

Q PB
175 x30
0.6 =
x=250
15 30x
P QB

Qs = + *
175 = = * 15
250 = + * 30
= 100, = 5
Qs = 100 + 5P
QD1 = Qs => 200 5p = 100 + 5p =>P = 10, Q = 150
)

()
:
P = 0 , QD1 = 200 .
Q = 0 , P = 40 .
Q' P'
, = (100 , 20)
2 2

: M

( ) :
max= 100 * 20 = 2000 .
.2

P = 10:
QD1 = 200 5 * 10 = 150
QD2 = 240 6 * 10 = 180

Q
180 150
100%
Q 100
20%

Ey =
= 150
=
=2
10%
10%
Y

100
Y

> 0
.3

P = 10
QD2 = 180 ,Qs = 150
QD2 Qs = 180 150 = 30

.4

PK(QSK QDK) = 2000 (1)

QSK QDK = 100 + 5PK 200 + 5PK= -100 +10PK (2)
(1) + (2) =>PK (-100 + 10PK) = 2000 =>P2K- 10PK 2000 = 0
= 9000 , = 30 , Pk = 20 Pk = -10 ()

.5

PE * QE = 10 * 150 = 1500
Pk * Qsk = 20 * 200 = 4000
Pk * Qsk PE * QE = 4000 1500 = 2500 .

Qsk = 100 + 5 * 20 = 200

: 3 3

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

&

: . 11 2012

A1.
A2.

A3.
A4.

, f x0,
.
5

f
x0;
4

N f (x) = x, > 0 R.
f (x) = x ln
6

:
i.

ii.
iii.
iv.

v.

11,
.
2
4 + 3
i
= i, .
2
lim f ( x ) > 0 , f (x ) > 0 x0.
x x 0

x, y y = f (x),
f x0, o
y x x0 y = f (x0).
2

f ,
x0 , f (x0) 0,
f.
2

: 1 3

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

f(x) = ex2 g(x) = lnx+2.
B1.

fog gof .

B2.

f f 1.

B3.

ex2 = lnx + 2 , ,
(e2, 2).
6
:

B4.

6
6

f (x )
g(x )
= lim
=0
x (gof )( x )
x + (fog )( x )
lim

f: IR IR x IR
2t f (t) dt
(1+ 3 ) f (x) = e x
,
2

IR {0}.
1.

i.

ii.
2.

f f ' (x) = 2 x f 2 (x) , x IR.

4
1
f (x) = 2
, xIR.
x + 3 2
4

t f (t) dt

3.

f.

4.

,
f x = , :
1
1
<E<
4| |
3| |

5
: 2 3

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

f IR f (0) = 2,

f (x) 2e x+2
lim
= 1 f (x) < 0, xIR.
x 2
x+2

:
1.

f (2) =1 f (x) x + 4, xIR.

2.

f x0(2, 0).

3.

2(x 5)

z
.

f (t x)dt = f (0)

IR x = 5.
4.

f(|z + i|) f(|z| + 1)

: 3 3

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

&

: . 11 2012

1.
2.
3.
4.

, 217 .

, 150 .

, 234 (x)= x ln.

. , 152 .
. , 90 i = 3.
. , 165 1.
. , 241
.
. , 261
Fermat.

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

1.

f, g f = IR Ag = (0, +)

H fog
{xAg g(x) f} ={x > 0 g(x) IR } = (0, +)
x, :

( fog )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) = eg (x ) 2 = eln x = x
( fog )( x ) = x x ( 0, + )

gof
{xAf f(x) g} = {xIR ex 2 > 0 } = IR
x, :

( gof )( x ) = ln f ( x ) + 2 = ln e x 2 + 2 = ( x 2 ) + 2 = x

( gof )( x ) =x x IR.

: 1 8

 (....)

2012

2.

fg gof
, .
x1, x2IR

x1 x 2 x1 2 x 2 2 e x1 2 e x 2 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )
f 1 1 .
y = f ( x ) y = e x 2

f 1(x) = lnx + 2, x > 0

3

_3.3()

x 2 = ln y, y > 0
x = ln y + 2, y > 0

h ( x ) = e x 2 ln x 2, x e 2 , 2 .
h . ex 2 ,
x 2 ex , .
h ,
ex 2 , lnx () 2 ().

( )

h e 2 = e e

ln e 2 2 = e e

+ 2 2 = ee

>0

h (2 ) = e 2 2 ln 2 2 = 1 ln 2 < 0

h ( e 2 ) h ( 2 ) = e e

( 1 ln 2 ) < 0

, Bolzano h
[ e2 , 2], x0( e2 , 2) h(x0) = 0. T

h ( x 0 ) = 0 e x 0 2 ln x 0 2 = 0 e x 0 2 = ln x 0 + 2
, ex 2 = ln x + 2
x0 ( e2 ,2) .
4.

f (x)
ex2
=
lim
= 0 ,
x
(gof )(x) x x

lim

ex
1
1
= 2 lim e x = 2 0 = 0
lim x =
2
x
x e
x
e x
e
g(x)
ln x + 2
, lim
= lim
. lim (ln x + 2) = + lim x = +
x + (fog)(x)
x +
x +
x +
x

(ln x + 2) '
l
= lim = 0 ,
. lim
x +
x + x

(x) '

lim e x 2 = lim

De L Hospital :

: 2 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

g(x)
ln x + 2
(ln x + 2) '
= lim
= lim
=0
x + (fog)(x)
x +
x +
x
(x) '
f (x)
g(x)
lim
= lim
=0
x (gof )(x)
x + (fog)(x)
lim

1.

1+32 0, :

f (x) =

x
2 tf ( t ) dt
1
1
e
1 + 3 2

(1)

2tf(t) ,
2t f (t),

2 tf ( t )dt , 1 2tf (t )dt

x

2 tf (t )dt
e 1
x

2f (t)dt e .
x

f (x) =

2 tf ( t ) dt
1
.
e 1
2
1 + 3

1
f ' (x) =
1 + 3 2

1
,
1 + 3 2

x
'
1x 2 tf ( t )dt
2 tf ( t ) dt
1
x 2tf ( t ) dt
1
e
=
e

1 + 3 2
1

'

= f ( x )( 2xf ( x ) ) = 2xf 2 ( x )

ii.

2 tf (t )dt
x IR f (x) > 0, 1+3 > 0 e 1
>0.

1
f ' (x )
f ' ( x ) = 2xf ( x ) 2
= 2 x
= x2

f (x )
f (x )
2

c IR,

2.

1
= x2 + c
f (x)
1
H (1) x = 1 f (1) =
.
1 + 3 2
1
= 1 + c 1 + 3 2 = 1 + c c = 3 2
H (2)
f (1)
1
(2) f (x) = 2
, x IR.
x + 3 2

'

( )

'

(2)

: 3 8

 (....)

2012

t f(t)dt =

t
1 (t 2 + 3 2 )'
1

dt
dt = ln | t 2 + 3 2 |
=
2
2
2
2

t + 3
2 0
t + 3
2
0

1
2

1
2

1
2

= ln 4 2 ln 3 2 = ln

.
3.

_3.3()

4
3

f, , IR
1
( x 2 + 3 2 ) '
2x

f ' (x ) = 2
=

= 2

2
2
2 2
( x + 3 )
( x + 3 2 ) 2
x + 3
'

f f
:
x

1
3 2

f (, 0],
[0, +) f (0) =
f :

1
3 2

(x 2 + 3 2 ) 2 x (x 2 + 3 2 ) 2

x
= 2
=
f(x) = 2 2
2 2
(x 2 + 3 2 ) 4
(x + 3 )
(x 2 + 3 2 ) 2 4x 2 ( x 2 + 3 2 )
x 2 + 3 2 4 x 2
x 2 2
= 2
=

2
=
6
( x 2 + 3 2 ) 4
( x 2 + 3 2 ) 3
( x 2 + 3 2 ) 3

f f
:
x

f
f

||

||
0

1
4 2
.

1
4 2
.

f (, ||], [||, +)
[||, ||]. (||, 1/42) (||, 1/42)

: 4 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

f, R , . +
:
1
1
lim f ( x ) = lim 2
= lim 2 = 0
2
x +
x +
x +
x
x + 3
1
1
= lim
=0
2
x x + 3
x x 2

lim f ( x ) = lim

+ x.
:
x

f
0

||
+
0
1
4 2
.

1
3 2
max

||

0
1
4 2
.

f :

. f x IR xIR
f ( x ) =

1
1
= 2
= f (x )
2
( x ) + 3
x + 3 2
2

[0, +)
IR.
4.

( f )

E1 = | |

1
1
=

2
4||
4

: 5 8

 (....)

2012

x = , y =

1
,
4 2

_3.3()

1
1
=

2
3| |
3
1
1
1
<<
x = , y = 2 .
4| |
3| |
3
2 = | |

: > 0, f ( x ) > 0 E =

| f (x ) | dx =

f ( x ) dx . f

[0, ], x[0, ]
f ( ) f (x ) f (0)

1
1
1
1
f ( x ) 2 f ( x ) 2 0
f (x ) 0
2
4
3
4
3 2

[0, ],

f ( x ) 4 2 dx > 0

x
f ( x )dx 2 > 0
4 0

3 2 f ( x ) dx > 0

x
3 2

f ( x )dx > 0

1
1
1
1
1
1
<<
> 0
E >0
<<

4
3
4
3
4| |
3| |

< 0 .

1.

g(x) =

lim g(x) = 1

(1)

x 2

f (x) 2e x + 2
, x 2
x+2

f (x) = (x + 2)g(x) + 2e x + 2 , x-2

(2)

lim [g(x)(x + 2) + 2e x + 2 ] = lim [g(x)(x + 2)] + lim 2e x + 2 = 0 + 2 = 2

x 2

x 2

x 2

lim f (x) = 2

x 2

f, IR , IR , x 0 = 2 ,
(3)
lim f (x) = f (2) f (2) = 2
, x 2

x 2

: 6 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

f (x) f ( 2) (1),(3) (x + 2)g(x) + 2e x +2 2 (x + 2)g(x)

e x +2 1
e x +2 1
=
=
+2
= g(x) + 2
x+2
x+2
x+2
x+2
x+2
x +2
0
e 1
lim
.
x 2 x + 2
0
x +2
( e 1) ' = lim (ex + 2 ) = e0 = 1
lim
x 2 ( x + 2 ) '
x 2
, De L Hospital

e x +2 1
(e x + 2 1)'
= lim
lim
=1
x 2 ( x + 2 )'
x 2 x + 2

f (x) f (2)

e x +2 1
ex + 2 1
f '(2) = lim
= lim g(x) + 2
=1
= lim g(x) + 2 xlim
x 2
2 x + 2
x 2
x+2
x + 2 x 2

Cf , f (x) < 0 IR.

Cf
(2, f (2)),
. :
y f (2) = f '(2)(x + 2) y 2 = x + 2 y = x + 4
f (x) x + 4 x IR.

.
T(x) = f (x) x 4, T(2) = 0.
2.

f (2) = f (0) = 2 . f [2, 0]

(2, 0), IR . , ,
Rolle f [2, 0], x 0 (2, 0) ,
f '(x 0 ) = 0 . f (x) < 0 f IR ,
x0
x ( , x 0 ) x < x0 f (x) > f (x0) f (x) > 0
x (x 0 , + ) x > x0 f (x) < f (x0) f (x) < 0
f () f (x 0 ) x 0 (2, 0).

3.

f IR , 11,

f'

2(x 5)

f (t x)dt = f '(0)

2( x 5)

f (t x)dt = 0

, (4) IR x = 5.

(4)

: 7 8

 (....)

2012

, x = 5 (4) ,

_3.3()
f (t x)dt = 0 .

h(x) =

2( x 5)

f (t x)dt , x IR.

t x = u, dt = du. t = 0 u = x t = 2 (x 5)
u = x 10,
h(x) =

x 10

f (u)du =

x 10

f (u)du f (u)du
x

(x) =

f (u)du

, x 10 x

x 10

4.

f (u)du ' = (x 10) ' f (x 10) = f (x 10),

f (u)du ' = ( x)f ( x) =' f ( x)

h ,
,
h'(x) = f (x 10) + f (x)
, 1 f (x) x + 4 x IR ,
h'(x) = f (x 10) + f (x) (x 10) + 4 + (x) + 4 = 2 < 0
h , 11,
. .
1 f '(x) < 0 (x 0 , +) x0(2, 0).
f [0, +) . z + i 0

z + 1 1 > 0, . ,

z = x + iy,x, y IR :
f ( z + i ) f ( z + 1) z + i z + 1

| x + ( y + 1)i | | x + iy | +1

x 2 + ( y + 1) 2 x 2 + y 2 + 1

(x

+ ( y + 1) 2

) ( x
2

+ y2 +1

x 2 + y 2 + 2y + 1 x 2 + y 2 + 2 x 2 + y 2 + 1
y x2 + y2

y 0 y 2

y 0 x 0
2

x2 + y2

y 0 x = 0, z = iy, y IR+ , .

: 8 8

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

&

: 18 2012

1 4
.
1.

.

, :
.
.
.
.

2.

.
,
:
.
.
.
.

3.

.
:
.
.
.
.

: 1 6

 (....)

2012
4.

RLC
.
, :
.
.
.
.

5.

_3.3()

,
.
,
.

.

.
5

, , ,
.
.
.
.
.
.

(spin)
.


.
, .

.
.
5

1.

,

.
.


:
.
.
.

>
=
<

: 2 6

 (....)

2012
. ( 2)
. ( 5)
2.

S
d = 50m . t = 0
m
S = 20

s
fs = 400Hz.

t = 0 :
.
.
.

500
1000
2000

. ( 2)
. ( 4)
3.

_3.3()

,
.
:
x1 =

1
1
t x 2 = t (

) :
.
.
.

1 1
+

2 + 2

. ( 2)
. ( 4)

4.

,
.

: 3 6

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.

.
:
.
.
.

20%
5%
80%

. ( 2)
. ( 4)

6 1014Hz
m
xx 3 108 . t = 0,
s
(x = 0) ,
.
V
6 .
m
1.
2.

xx.
5

x
t2 = 3,75 10-15 s.
7

.


15
.

: 4 6

 (....)

2012
3.
4.

_3.3()

.
6
.
7

: 30
=

1
2
45
=
2
2

r = 0,1m R = 0,2m m = 2kg
= 4kg .
, ,
.

: 5 6

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

(4), m1 = 1kg.

(3) (2). (3)
N

k1 = 200
m
.
(2) m2 = 0,5kg
(1) . T F
(1)
F = 100 (SI).

(1) = 0,2m.

1.

(2). :
2.
3.
4.
5.

(2).
5

(
m1).
5

m1
(2).
5

m2
(2).
5

1
1
I1 =
mr2, I2 =
MR2,
2
2
m
g = 10 2 , .
s

: 6 6

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

&

: 18 2012

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

.
.
.
.
.

B1.

W = =

1 2

= t = t t =

1 2
W 2 I

P= =
P=

t
2

P = P
B2.

d
t = =2,5 s
s

: 1 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

S
t = 0
, :
= s= fs t = 1000
B3.

1
t

1
1

x 2 = t = t +

x1 =

= + =
2
1

B4.

2
2

1
1
+ 2 =
2

2 + 2

. . :

= m = 2m 1 1 =

= 2m1 = 3m2 2 =

3 =

4 =

:
1
1
4m32 5m24
Q
2
2
% =
100% =
100% = 5%
1
K
2
m
2

1.

0 = c T = 5 10 7 m

:
E max
= c Bmax = 2 108 T
Bmax
:
B = 2 10 8 2 (6 1014 t 2 106 x) (SI)

: 2 8

 (....)

2012

2)

_3.3()

t2 9
9T
= t2 =
T 4
4

t2
x2 =

9 0
= 11, 25 10 7 m
4

3)

Snell :

1 45
= n 30

2
1
=n n = 2
2
2

4.

0 5 2 7
10 m
=
n
2

:
crit =

1
2
=
crit = 45

n
2

= 15.
< crit
.

: 3 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

1.

1: F = 0 T4 = m1g = 10N
2: F = 0 2 = F W2 = 15N
: F = T3.
T: = 0 4R 2r - Fr = 0 xo = 0, 025m

: 4 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

2.

1
1
I = mr 2 + MR 2 = 0,09 kgm 2
2
2

= 4R k1xor = (1)
1
F = m1 m1 g 4 = m1 (2)
1

= R (3)
(1), (2), (3) =

3.

150
rad/s2
13

2,
1 = 0 F = 0
.

: 5 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

: = 0 4 R k1xr = 0
m1gR
= 0,1 m

x =
k
r
=

:F
0
m
g
T
0
1
1

1
4
1
x1 = 2(x xo) = 0, 15m
...
1
1
K + U = K + U m1gx1 + U + k1x 20 = K + U + k1x 2
2
2
K = 0,5625J = K max

: 6 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

4.

x2 m1
(2)
x2 = 2(x xo) x = x o +

x2
2

... :
1
1
K + U = K + U m1gx 2 + U + k1x 2o = U + k1x 2
2
2
2
x = 0
x
1
1
m1gx 2 + k1x 2o = k1 x o + 2 2
2
2
2
x 2 = 0,3m
5.

2 2


.. D = 100N/m.

F = 0 F = m2g 100d = m2g
d = 0,05 m

: 7 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

2 ()

A = d = 0, 15 m
1
=+U

1
1
1
DA 2 = m 22 + Dd 2 = 2m / s
2
2
2

2
( 1
)

1
K K = Ww m 2 2 = m 2gh h = 0,2 m
2

x3 = + h = 0,4 m

....
= W1 Ww x3 = 0,4 m
F

20

0,2

W1
x

: 8 8

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

: 20 2012

1 4
.
1.

2.

3.

)
)
)
)

24

Cr , , :

1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 3d 5 4s 1
1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 3d 4 4s 2
1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 4s 2 3d 4
1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 3d 6

NH 4 A pH = 8 25 C , :
)
)
)
)

HA
HA
HA
HA

Ka( HA ) > Kb( NH 3 )
Ka( HA ) = Kb( NH 3 )
Ka( HA ) < Kb( NH 3 )

,
:
)
)
)
)

: 1 5

 (....)

2012
4.

_3.3()

CH 2 = C = CH 2 ,
:
) () p
) () p ()

sp 3 sp 2
) () p ( )
sp 2 sp 2
) () p ( )
sp sp 2 .

5.

,
,
, , .

) 2 He +
1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d .
) .
) HA 0,4 ,
, 0,6 . ,
.
) M N . K b( M ) < K b( N )

M + NH +
MH + + N .
) CH 3OH 30 C pH > 7 .

1.

: 6 C ,

12

Mg ,

15

P .

) ()
s p
spin

1
2

+ . ( 2)
) :
i1 = 286 kJ / mol ,
Ei 2 = 491 kJ / mol ,
Ei3 = 3208 kJ / mol ,
Ei4 = 3604 kJ / mol .
. ( 2)

: 2 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

) Lewis CO2 , PCl5 , CH 3 MgBr .

( 4,5)
)
2 . (
1,5)
: 8 O ,
2.

17

Cl ,

35

Br , 1 H .

10

1, 2 3 ,
. :

i) pH ,
ii) 10 mL HCl .

pH
i
ii
/ HCl ( mL )

11
5

10
5

11
50

) .

) , pH
10 mL
.
:

pH
i
pH
iii

11
9

10
9

11
10
2

)
;
1)
2)
3)

2,4 ( k a = 10 3 ).
( k a = 10 7 ).
( k a = 10 9 ).

2
: 3 5

 (....)

2012
3.

_3.3()

() () .

) ; ( 2)

) 1,4
. ( 2)

; ( 1)

)
. (
1)
. ( 2)

1.

() 88,
, ,
:
(

()

+ ()
+ ()
(B)

()

+ SOCl2
()

R OH
(A)

K2Cr2O7
H2SO4

+ 2

(
)

+ Cv2v

()

+ Mg
(
)

(Z)

()
+

()

CuSO4
NaOH
() +

15
: 4 5

 (....)

2012
2.

_3.3()

K 2Cr2O7 / H 2 SO4 0,1

52,8 g ()
().
4
7 ,8 g

Ck H 2k + 2O (Na)
1,12 L stp .
KMnO4
H 2 SO4 , CO2 2,24 L
stp .
, .
6
: Ar ( H ) = 1, Ar ( C ) = 12, Ar ( O ) = 16 .

.
3.

1 C1 = 0,1M
[ H 3O + ] = 10 8 [ OH ] .

1.

2.

1 2
NaA pH = 9 , pH = 5 .
6

3.

mol HCl 200 ml 3

NaA C3 = 0,2 M
200 ml pH = 2 .
8

200 ml 1 ( Ca )
4 200 ml , 224 ml
stp . pH 4.
6
:
25 C , Kw = 10 14 .
.

4.

: 5 5

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

: 20 2012

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

()
()
()
()
, , , , .

1.

:
6 C : 1s

2s 2 2p 2

12 Mg

: 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2

i)

X spin

15 P : 1s

2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p 3

1
.
2

X : 1s 2 2s 2 2p x2 2p 2y 2p1z .

ii)

( ) = 9 .
Ei3
Ei 2 ,
,
(
).

: 1 12

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

12 Mg 2
.
iii)

CO2 , PCl5 :

Cl Cl
Cl P Cl
Cl

O C O

PCl5 ,
10 .
CH 3 MgBr :

H C H
H
iv)

Mg

2+

Cl

2
,
.

:

: 1s 2 2s1
( ) = 3 .
2.

C HCl , C A , CB C
,
.

HCl ,
HCl ,
mol 1: 1 .
HCl
:

n A = nHCl 10 10 3 C A = 5 10 3 C C A = 0,5 C
nB = nHCl 10 10 3 CB = 5 10 3 C C B = 0,5 C

: 2 12

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

n = nHCl 10 10 3 C = 50 10 3 C C = 5 C

, ,

,
OH .

pH ,
,
OH .

, , .
)

n A = n A ' 10 10 3 C A = 1000 10 3 C A ' C A ' = 10 2 C A

CB ' = 10 2 CB C ' = 10 2 C .

pH = 11

3
pOH = 3 [ OH ] = 10 M
pH + pOH = 14

[ OH ] 10 3
=
a A =
CA
CA

[ OH ]
CA

10 3
CA

[ OH ]
CB

10 4
CB

aA
=
=
= 1 a A = aA'
5
a A ' [ OH ]'
10
CA'
10 2 C A
aB
=
=
= 0,1 aB = 0,1 aB '
aB ' [ OH ]'
10 5
CB '
10 2 CB

: 3 12

 (....)

2012
[ OH ]
C

_3.3()

10 3
C

a
=
=
= 0,1 a = 0,1 a '
a ' [ OH ]'
10 4
C '
10 2 C
( Kb )

( a =

Kb
Ostwald).
C

,
.
a = 1 , .
, .
)

pH , :
2,4 ( k a = 10 3 ):
pH < pKa 1 pH < 2
pH > pKa + 1 pH > 4
( k a = 10 7 ):
pH < pKa 1 pH < 6
pH > pKa + 1 pH > 8

( k a = 10 9 ):
pH < pKa 1 pH < 8
pH > pKa + 1 pH > 10

,
HCl ,
pH , 2,4
pH = 2 pH = 4 .
, pH = 7 ,

pH pH = 6 pH = 8 .

: 4 12

 (....)

2012
3.

_3.3()

i)

() ,

. ()
C4 H 6 .

ii)

() 1,4
.
CH 2 = CH CH = CH 2 .

v CH 2 = CH CH = CH 2 ( CH 2 CH = CH CH 2 )v

iii)

Na
.
CH 3 C C CH 3 .
,
sp ,

.

Mr( C H 2 +1OH ) = 88 14 + 18 = 88 = 5
CH3

()

H3C

C
CH3
CH3

()

H3C

CH3
CH2

OH

MgCl

()

H3C

C
CH3
CH3

()

H3C

CH3

CH2

Cl

Cl

CH3

: 5 12

 (....)

2012

CH3

CH3
()

H2C

()

H3C

H3C

C
CH3
H3C

()

H3C

COONa

CH2

CH3

()

CH2

H3C

C
CH3

2.

H3C

CH3

CH3
C

CH
O
CH2

ONa

CH3

CH3

CH3

()

C
CH3
CH3

CH3
CH3
()

_3.3()

CH3

CH2 C

CH3

CH3

3C4 H7 CH 2OH + K 2Cr2O7 + 4 H 2 SO4

3C4 H7 CH = O + Cr2 ( SO4 )3 + K 2 SO4 + 7 H 2O

n =

m 52,8
=
=0,6 mol
Mr 88

0,2 mol
K 2Cr2O7 .
:

C=

3.

n
n 0,2
V = =
= 2L
V
C 0,1

Ck H 2k + 2O
.
KMnO4 H 2 SO4 ,
CO2 , CH 3OH

CO2 .

: 6 12

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

5CH 3OH + 6 KMnO4 + 9H 2 SO4 5CO2 + 3K 2 SO4 + 6 MnSO4 + 19H 2O

nCO2 =

VCO2
Vmol

2,24 L
= 0,1mol
22,4 L / mol

CH 3OH 0,1mol ,
2 0,1mol .
Na , (
CH 3OH + Na CH 3ONa +

1
H 2 ),
2

0,05 mol 1,12 L stp . 2

, ,
1,12 L
stp .

n1 Mr1 + n2 Mr2 = m 0,1 32 + 0,1 Mr2 = 7,8

Mr2 = 46
Mr2 = 14k + 18

k = 2 2
Mr2 = 46

CH 3 O CH 3 .

V1
HA
C1 = 0,1M

1
1.

[ H 3O + ] = 10 8 [ OH ]
10 8 [ OH ] 2 = 10 14 [ OH ] = 10 11 M
+

Kw = [ H 3O ] [ OH ]
[ H 3O + ] = 10 3 M x = 10 3 M
C1 = 0,1 M :

: 7 12

 (....)

2012
a=

_3.3()

[ H 3O + ] 10 3
=
= 10 2
[ HA ]
0,1

HA
:

HA +
C1
x
C1 x

()
()
()

Ka =

H 3O +

+x
x

+x
x

[ H 3O + ][ A ] x 2 10 6
=
=
Ka( HA ) = 10 5
[ HA ]
C1
0,1

2.

V1
HA
C1 = 0,1M
1

V2
NaA
C2 =
pH = 9

V1 + V2
HA C11
NaA C21
pH = 5

2 NaA Na +
H 2O , , A ,
( HA ) H 2O :
()
()
()
()

NaA
A +
C2
y
C2 y

H 2O

Kb( A ) Ka( HA ) = Kw Kb( A ) =

+
Na +
C2

HA

+y
y

A
C2
OH

+y
y

Kw
10 14
=
= 10 9

5
Ka( HA ) 10

: 8 12

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

pH = 9

pOH = 5 [ OH ] = 10 5 M y = 10 5 M
pH + pOH = 14
[ HA ][ OH ]
y2
Kb( A ) =
10 9 =
C2 = 0,1M
[ A ]
C2
HA NaA :
C V
HA : C1 V1 = C11 (V1 + V2 ) C11 = 1 1
V1 + V2
C V
NaA : C2 V2 = C21 (V1 + V2 ) C21 = 2 2
V1 + V2
HA
A , NaA .
,
Henderson Hasselbalch:
pH = pKa + log

C
C

5 = 5 + log

C 21
C 21 = C11
C11

C1 V1 C2 V2
V
=
C1 V1 = C2 V2 0,1 V1 = 0,1 V2 1 = 1
V1 + V2 V1 + V2
V2

.
3.

V3 = 0,2 L
NaA
C3 = 0,2 M

V3 = 0,2 L

n mol HCl

pH = 2

'

NaA HCl HA .
' HA
pH = 2 .
NaA HCl :
mol NaA : n3 = C3 V3 = 0,2 M 0,2 L = 0,04 mol
( mol )

NaA +
0,04

HCl
n

NaCl
+
0,04

HA
0,04

: 9 12

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

n = 0,04 mol , '

:

NaCl : C31 =

0,04mol
0,04mol
= 0,2 M HA : C32 =
= 0,2 M
0,2 L
0,2 L

' NaCl Na + , Cl
H 2O , ,
pH , HA :

HA +
C32
x'
C32 x'

()
()
()

Ka( HA ) =

H 3O +

+ x'
x'

+ x'
x'

[ H 3O + ][ A ]
( x')2
10 5 =
x' = [ H 3O + ] = 2 10 3 M
[ HA ]
C32

, pH = 2 [ H 3O + ] = 10 2 M ,
NaA HCl HCl :
( mol )
( mol )
( mol )

NaA +
0,04
0,04

HCl
n
0,04
n 0,04

NaCl
0,04
0,04

HA

0,04
0,04

' :

0,04mol
= 0,2 M ,
0,2 L
0,04mol
HA : C32 =
= 0,2 M
0,2 L
n 0,04
HCl : C33 =
M
0,2

NaCl : C31 =

HCl pH
H 3O +
HCl :

: 10 12

 (....)

2012

HCl +
C33
C33

()
()
()

H 3O +

_3.3()

Cl

+C33
C33

+C33
C33

pH = 2

n 0,04
= 10 2 n = 4,2 10 2 mol
n 0,04
+
[ H 3O ] = C33 =
M
0,2
0,2

4.

V1 = 0,2 L
HA
C1 = 0,1M

Ca

V4 = 0,2 L
CaA2
C4 = 0,1M

H2
4

mol HA : n1 = C1 V1 = 0,1M 0,2 L = 0,02 mol

Ca HA :

2 HA

( mol )

( mol )
()

0,02
2z
0,02 2z

Ca
n4
z
n4 z

CaA2
+z
z

H2
+z
z

224 m L :

VH 2

0,224 L
z = 0,01 mol 4
Vmol
22,4 L / mol
0,01mol
0,01mol CaA2 C4 =
= 0,05 M
0,2 L

n=

z=

4 CaA2 Ca 2 +
H 2O , ,
A , ( HA ) H 2O :

: 11 12

 (....)

2012

CaA2

()
()
()
()

A +
2 C4
y'
2 C4 y'

H 2O

Ca 2 +
C4
HA

_3.3()

+
+

+ y'
y'

2 A
2 C4
OH

+ y'
y'

Kb( A ) = 10 9

2
[ HA ][ OH ]
9 = ( y') y' = 10 5 M
10

[ A ]
2 C4
y' = [ OH ] = 10 5 M

pOH = log[ OH ] pOH = 5 pH = 9

pH + pOH = 14

Kb( A ) =

: 12 12

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

: 22 2012

1 5 ,
.
A1.

5GGACTCAAGTTTACATGCAACGTACGG...3

:
.
.
.
.
2.

1:
2:
3:
4:

5-TCAACAAATG-3
5-TTTGAACTCA-3
5-UUCAAAUGUA-3
5-CGUACGUUGC-3

K .
:

.
.
.
.

1 DNA
5
3
2 DNA

1 2 .
2 1 .
1 .
2 .

3
5

: 1 5

 (....)

2012
3.

EcoR,
:
.
.
.
.

4.

5.

_3.3()

:
.
.
.
.

.
.
45 C.
.

Klinefelter :
.
.
.
.

44 2
44 3
45 2
45 1

1.
2.
3.

4.

;
4

, ;
6

,
DNA ;
;
8

;
7

: 2 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

1.
2.

3.

;
7 (2+5)
-
;
;
6 (3+3)
met-pro-trp-cys-asp

.

, .
met-ala-trp-cys-asp
met-pro-trp-val-thr...
.

( )


Mendel.
5 (1+4)
.

.

.
7 (4+3)

(A B)
-
.

II

I
2

II

: 3 5

 (....)

2012
1.

2.

3.

4.

_3.3()

.
,
.
8 (4+4)

II2
.
7

ex
vivo
.
5
,
-.
-;
5
!!!

: 4 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

: 5 5

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

: 22 2012

1- , 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-

1.

DNA ()
.
. 8
( ),
DNA 146 .
DNA
.
.

2.

.
, , 1-2
.
.

.

.

.
3.

, DNA,
,
(1-2%).

: 1 7

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

DNA
(
),
DNA .

EcoRI
.
:

.
.
Ti, .
4.

.
.
RNA
, .

/ .
DNA
. RNA

.
.
.

.
, RNA
.

1.

.

(. 96 ..).

2.

: 2 7

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

()
(. 101 ..).
3.

.

, .
( ) .

Mendel,
. A
.

1 Mendel
. ,



.
.

K mRNA

met

pro trp

cys asp

C
U
C
U
5 AUG CC UGG UG GA ... 3
A
U
C
G

G
A
G
A
3 TAC GG ACC AC CT 5
T
A
G
C

C
T
C
T
5 G CC TGG TG GA ... 3
A
T
C
G

: 3 7

 (....)

2012
:

met

ala trp

_3.3()

cys asp

K mRNA

C
U
C
U
5 AUG GC UGG UG GA ... 3
A
U
C
G

G
A
G
A
3 TAC CG ACC AC CT 5
T
A
G
C

C
T
C
T
5 G GC TGG TG GA ... 3
A
T
C
G

, 2
ala pro.
, (C)

(G)
:

met

pro trp

val

thr...

K mRNA

C
C
U
U
U
5 AUG CC UGG G UG AC ... 3
A
A
G
G

: 4 7

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

G
G
A
A
A
3 C GG ACC C AC TG ... 5
T
T
C
C

C
C
T
T
T
5 ATG CC TGG G TG AC ... 3
A
A
G
G

B,
4o
.
DNA ()
.





.

1.

,
.

.
2 ,

, , .

, , .

.

. (
,

: 5 7

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.
.)

s
. , 1 2 s
, .
1 s
. 2 ss.
1 -
, 2 ,
. 1 2
.

:

1: s
2: s
1: s
2: ss ss
2.

1
2:

s s
s

s s

s
s

ss
s

s
s
ss
s
ss

2
.
2/16 1/8.

:

.

,
.
,

: 6 7

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.
3.

,
. ex vivo
,
, ,
,
ex vivo
.

,
DNA. -

.

4.

.
.
.

-
-
.

-
- .


,
...

: 7 7

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

(2 )

: 22 2012

1.

1-5 ,

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

2.

1.
2.

3.

.
.
..
.
LISP .
,
.
10

.
6

.
6

...

: 1 7

 (....)

2012

_
S
0
i 10 1 _ -1

S
S+
_

S/10
M_ <9

4.

_3.3()

, (50)

. , .
1
0
2 1 _ 50
3
_
4

5
_ ( <= 0) ( mod 2 = 0)
6

*
7 _
8 E ^2

1.

2.

,
.
5
.
5

: 2 7

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.1

-0

i -1

i<=3

S -S+
i - i+1

<>-1

S>100

S - S-_(x)

10

: 3 7

 (....)

2012
.2.

_3.3()

: I, P, [3]
:

I
1
P
0
[1]
0
[2]
0
[3]
0
I<=3
[I]
10+I
([I])=


(, P, )

(, P, )
_
[1], [2], [3]
I
I+1
_
I
_

10

(, , )

: , [3]
:

+1

[]
[]*2

[]
[] DIV 2
_
_
(J):

: J

J MOD 2=0

_
_

: 4 7

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

(volley) .
.
volley .
25 - 5
15 -
.
24-24,
26 , 25-25
27 ...

1.

2.

3.

1.
2.
3.

4.

.
.
,

,
[5,2]
5.
7

, ,
,
:

1: 15-25
2: 25-22
3: 20-25
4: 21-25
:

5.

,
[5,2].
, 1
2

: 5 7

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

(1 - 1 , 2 - 2 , ..).
4

15- .
200. 15- 30
, 7 .
.
:
1.

2.

3.

[30] [30]
30 .
,
.
.
1

[200,30]
30
[200,30] -.
2
, +
[200,30] .
:

1
30,

+. , 6
13, + [6,13].
-1,
. .
.
3
7

1
2

: 6 7

 (....)

2012
4.
5.

_3.3()

[30]
.
2
70
:
i)

ii)

. (
)
5

5

1
, , B2
: " "
: " = ".
.31

.

2
, , 5 :
" 70 "
:
" 70 ".

: 7 7

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

(2 )

: 22 2012

1.

1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5.

2.

1.

,
:

2.

,
,
.


.
,

.


,

.

.

,
.

: 1 6

 (....)

2012
3.

4.

i10
S
0
i>=1

SS+
ii-1
_
S/10
>=9
S0
i10
i>=1

SS+
ii-1
_
S/10
_

1.

)
)
)
)
)

2.

_3.3()

1  .

.
<=0
>0  .
,
 .
mod 2 = 0
mod 2 <> 0
mod 2 = 1 .

1
1 50
_

_ ( >0) ( mod 2 = 1)
*
_
E ^2

: 2 6

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.1.

2.

_1
S
0
_

i 1 3

S
S+
_
_ = -1
S>100
x
S
S-A_T(x)
_
S
_1
:
5

24

24

: 5 0 0
5 24 0
5 24 6
4

: 3 6

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

: , 1, 2, , [5,2], 1, 2
: 1, 2, ,

0
1
0
2
0
1,2
_

+1
<=4

25

15
_
1
0
2
0
_

=1
1
1+1

2
2+1
_
_ (1>= 2>=) _(1-2)>=2
1>2
1
+1

2
2+1
_
1( , , 1,2)
_ 1 = 3 2 = 3
1,-,2
1
,,:,[,1],-, [,2]
_

1
2>1

2
_

: 4 6

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

: ,
_
1(, , 1,2)

: A, [5,2], 1, 2

[,1]
1
[,2]
2
_

_
1 30
[],[]
_
1 200
1 30
[,] <-- '-'
_
_
<-- 0
1 200
_
<-- +1
_

_ (>=1 <=30) =-1
>=1
[,] <-- '+'
_
_ =7 =-1
_
1 30
[] <-- 0
1 200
[,]= '+'
[] <-- []+ 1
_
_
_

: 5 6

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

<-- 0
_
<-- +1
_ []=''
<-- []
<--
+1 30
[]> []=''
<-- []
<--
_
_
<-- 0
1 70
[,]='+'
<-- +1
_
_
'
',
<-- 0
1 70
<--
<-- 0
_
<-- +1
[,]='+' []=''
<--
_
_ =30 =
=
<-- +1
_
_
'
',
_

: 6 6

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

(2 )
&

: 20 2012

1.

,
,
, :
)
)

)
)
)

.
(4 )

Lewin ,
,
.
(4 )

,
.
(4 )

.
(4 )

Maslow
.
(4 )

,
.
(4 )

: 1 2

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

2 4
:
2. management
:
)
)
)
)

(6 )

3.

4.

(6 )

():

5.

1.

)
)
)
)

.
.
.
.

)
)
)
)

.
.
.
.

(6 )

;
(2 )
;
(6 )

.
;

2.

3.

(2 )

(8 )

.
)
.
(10 )
)
.
(10 )
.
(20 )

: 2 2

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

(2 )
&

: 20 2012

1.

)
)
)
)
)
)

2.

()

3.

()

4.

()

5.

. 55. [] . []
.

1.

. 38. [] .
[] .

2.

. 133. [...]
.

. 133. []
.

3.

. 142. [] .

: 1 1

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

(1 )

: 22 2012

.1 .4
.
.1.

.2.

n:
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

:
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.3.

.4.

T :

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

: 1 4

 (....)

2012
.5.

,
, ,
, .
.
.
.
.
.

.6.

_3.3()

.

Q = S2 P 2 .
De Morgan x i y = x + y .
(100000)2 (64)10.
p
.
5

: R1 = 4 , R2 = 2 ,
I = 20 A 100W20V.
.

I
R1

.7.

R2

10

: 1 = 20 V, r1 = 1 ,
2, r2 = 3 R = 10 .
2 R .

E1 ,r1

E2 ,r2

: 2 4

 (....)

2012
)

1.

_3.3()

f = x + y + z.
2 .
7

, = 500
S = 0,04 m2,
= 0,02
= 400 rad/s.
L = 0.1H ,
R = 40 . t = 0,
.
.
.

.
6

.
6

B.2.

.
8

1 = 40 V, r1 = 2 , 2 = 30 V, r2 = 1 ,
3 = 25 V, r3 = 1 , 4 = 40 V, r4 = 2 .
25V/125W .
.
.
.
.

;
5

;
10

V , .
5
( ) 1;
5

: 3 4

 (....)

2012

E1 ,r1

E2 ,r2

E1 ,r1

E2 ,r2

E3 ,r3

E4 ,r4

E1 ,r1

E2 ,r2

E3 ,r3

E4 ,r4

E3 ,r3

_3.3()

E4 ,r4

: 4 4

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

(1 )

: 22 2012

.1.
.2.
.3.
.4.

.5.

.
.
.
.
.

.6.

V 2
V 2 400
P =
R =
=
R = 4
R
P 100
V
20
I = =
= 5
R 4
1
1
R
4
I =
=
20 I = 5
1
1
1
1 1 1
+
+
+ +
R1 R 2 R
4 2 4
.

: 1 4

 (....)

2012
A.7.

E1
r1
E
2 ..(): 2 + 2 r2 = 0 I 2 = 2
r2
IR=0 : 1 = 2.
1 2
r
3
=
2 = 1 2 = 20 = 60V
r1 r2
r1
1
2 ..():

_3.3()

1 + 1r1 = 0 I1 =

I=0

I1

I2
E2,r2

E1,r1

x+y

z
x
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0

y
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

z
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

f
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1

: 2 4

 (....)

2012

.1.

_3.3()

B
V0 = NBA = 500 400 0,02 0,04 = 160V

Z = R 2 + (L) 2 = 402 + 402 = 40 2

I0 =
.

V0 160 40 2
=
=
= 20 2A
Z 40 2
2

L L
=
=1
R
R

I = I0 t I = 20 2(400t )
4

.
.

Z ' = R 2 + (2L )2 = 402 + 4 402 = 40 5

V0' = N 2 B A = 320V

V0'
320 8 5
=
=
= 1,6 5A
'
Z 40 5
5
XL L
=2
' =
=

I 0' =

I = 1,6 5(800t )(S.I.)

'

V ' = 320800t(S.I.)
.2.

..

V 2
V 2 625
P =
R =
=
=5
R
P 125

: 3 4

 (....)

2012
.

_3.3()

= 1 + 2 3 + 4 = 40 + 30 25 + 40 = 85V
r +r +r +r 6
r = 1 2 3 4 = = 2
3
3
E
N R + r
V
I = I = = 5
R
85
5=
N=3
N 5 + 2
I=

I =

I
3

V = V 3 = 3 +
.

V = 1
1

I
5
70
r3 = 25 + 1 = V
3
3
3

I
5
110
V
r1 = 40 2 =
3
3
3

: 4 4

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

(1 )
-

: 20 2012

1 2
.
1.

2.

3.

3 :
.
.
.
.

NH4Cl.
.
3.
.

NH4Cl, NaOH, NH3

.
3

= 6,5. :
.
.
.
.

[3+] < []
[3+] [] = 1014
[3+] > []
=

,
,
, , .
.
.
.

.
C2H6O ,
2.
HCOOH .
6

: 1 5

 (....)

2012
4.

.
.

.
5.

_3.3()

CH3CHCH3 + SOCl2

OH

A + B +

CH3COOCH3 + NaOH

,
, ,
.
CvH2v

()

Br2/CCl4

(B)

2KOH

()

+ 2

g, H2SO4
HgSO4

()
+2/Ni
`

:
1: C = 3.
2: Cl C = 1.
1.
2.

C Ka
.
7

200 ml (1) V L 0,1 M,

(3) = 5.
V .
8

V1 L (1) V2 L (2),
(4), = 103.
V1/V2,
.
10
14
25 C, Kw = 10 .
.

3.

: 2 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

1.

2.

.
,
., .

. ..
8

. , ,
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
3.

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.
.
Ala-Gly-Ala .

.
5

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.
.
.
.
4.

,
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.
.
.
.

CTP
mRNA

1.
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8
: 3 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

1.

7
6
9

8
GDP

: 4 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

D+
GTP

DH

- CoA

18

2.

2 4;

3.

.
.
4

: 5 5

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

(1 )
-

: 20 2012

1.
2.
3.

.
.
.

4.

.
.

A5.

: CH3CH(Cl)CH3
B: SO2
: HCl
: CH3COONa
E: CH3OH

A: CH2 = CH2
B: CH2CH2

Br Br
: HCCH

: CH3CH=O

1.

1 HCl
= 1 [3+] = 0,1 .
: C = 0,1 M

HCl + H2O
C

H3O+ + Cl
0,1 M

: 1 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

2 :
+ 2
3++
. : Cx
x
x (M)

: = 3 [3+] = 103
: =

[3 + ][ ]
=
[]
Cx

10 6
2

2
(
.
< 10 ) = =
C
C
0,1

= 105
<102)
(
C

2.

mols .
nHA = CV = 0,10,2 = 0,02 mols
nNaOH = CV= 0,1V = 0,1V mols

M ,

/.
(mol)

0,02

0,1V

0,020,1V

0,1V

0,1V
M.
0, 2 + V

-0,1V

+ 0,1V

/, C =
C =

+ 2

0,1V

0,02 0,1V
M
0,2 + V

, [3+] =

C
C

, C = C
0,02 0,1V
0,1V
=
0,02 0,1V = 0,1V V=0,1 L
0, 2 + V
0, 2 + V

: 2 4

 (....)

2012
B3.

_3.3()

V1 L 1 V2 L
2 . :
Cl + H2O
C2
HA + H2O

. : C1 x

H3O+ + Cl
C2
C2 (M)
H3O+ + A
x

x (M)

C1 C2 HA HCl
.

0,1V1
0,1V2
M (1) C2 =
M (2)
V1 + V2
V1 + V2

C1 =

.
=

[3 + ] [ ] (C 2 + x) x

=
[]
C1 x

/C1 < 102 C1x C1 C2 + x C2

=
C2=

C2 x

. =
(3) K = C2
C1
C1

105
C2 = 0,01 M
103

M (2)

0,01 =

0,1V2

V1 + V2

0,01(V1 + V2) = 0,1V2 0,01V1 + 0,01V2 = 0,1V2

0,01V1 = 0,09V2 V1/V2 = 9/1

( (1) C1=

0,19V2

9V2 + V2

0,9V2

10V2

= 0,09 M

/C1 < 102 )

(3) = C1 = 0,09 103 = 9 105

: 3 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

[3+] = C2 + x [H3O+] = 0,01 + 9 10-5 0,01

= log102 PH=2

1.
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4.

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.
.
.
.
.
.

2
1
4
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2012

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2012

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2012

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2012

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: 2 6

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: 3 6

 (....)

2012

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: 4 6

 (....)

2012

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: 5 6

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2012

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: 6 6

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

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: 18 2012

1
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15

2.1
(
).

1.
240.000.000 .
2. 12.000
.
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4. .
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. 1913
. 1893
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. 1911
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. 26 1905
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2012

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2.2

:
1.
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, ,
.
(1922-1931)
50%.

,
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1919.
1870
.

.
6

1

19 ;
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2
(,
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1930. (
.)
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2012

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1
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2012

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, 3.100.000.000 , 50%,
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1943.[] 1922

.
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1918
1919
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1921
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( )

460
560
720
970
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( )

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1.354
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2.473
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.)
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1909-1922, 1770-2000.
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1

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.
48.000.000
1.000
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2012
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: 18 2012

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()
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,
1.200.000.000 ,
1922 1.910.000.000,
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2012
:
:
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: 20 2012

.
:
Congrediamur, ut singularis proelii eventu cernatur, quanto miles Latinus Romano
virtute antecellat. Tum adulescens, viribus suis confisus et cupiditate pugnandi
permotus, iniussu consulis in certamen ruit; Et fortior hoste, hasta eum transfixit et
armis spoliavit. Statim hostes fuga salutem petiverunt. Sed consul, cum in castra
revertisset, adulescentem, cuius opera hostes fugati erant, morte multavit.
Philosophi mundum censent regi numine deorum; Eum esse putant quasi communem
urbem et civitatem hominum et deorum, et unum quemque nostrum eius mundi esse
partem; Ex quo illud natura consequitur, ut communem utilitatem nostrae
anteponamus.Ut enim leges omnium salutem singulorum saluti anteponunt, sic vir
bonus et sapiens et legibus parens consulit utilitati omnium plus quam unius alicuius
aut suae.
40

.
1.

:
singularis proelii:
eventu:
quanto:
viribus:
fortior:
cuius:
morte:

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

: 1 3

 (....)

2012
numine:
deorum:
unum quemque:
partem:
communem:
nostrae:
bonus:
plus:
2.

_3.3()

.
.
.
. (
).
.
.
,
.
.
15

(
):
congrediamur:
cernatur:
confisus:
permotus:
ruit:
transfixit:
spoliavit:
petiverunt:
revertisset:
fugati erant:
censent:
consequitur:
anteponamus:
parens:
consulit:

.

.
.

.

.

.

.
, , ,
.
.

.

.

.
.
.
15

: 2 3

 (....)

2012
1.

.
.

quanto miles Latinus..antecellat, ut communem utilitate.

anteponamus: ( 2),
( 2)
( 2).
6
:
Viribus, pugnandi, fortior, hasta, regi, numine, ex quo, utilitati.
4

(Adulescens) fortior hoste, hasta eum transfixit.

.

Philosophi mundum censent regi numine deorum.

.

.
.
.
.

_3.3()

sed consul, cum in castra revertisset, adulescentem, cuius opera

hostes fugati erant, morte multavit:
Scriptor narravit (
3).

Unum quemque nostrum eius mundi esse partem.

Quanto miles Latinus Romano virtute antecellat.
( 4)
7

Quasi communem urbem et civitatem hominum et deorum:

.
2

Hoste: .
2

Parens:
.
2

Cum revertisset:
.
2
Cuius opera:
.
1

: 3 3

 (....)

2012
:
:
:

_3.3()

: 20 2012

.
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
. , ,
, .

,
.
,

.

.
1.

singularis proelii:
eventu:
quanto:
viribus:
fortior:
cuius:
morte:
numine:
deorum:
unum quemque:
partem:

singulare proelium.
eventus.
quantum.
vi.
fortiter.
quam.
mors.
numina.
deus dive.
unius cuiusque.
partium ( ).

: 1 3

 (....)

2012
communem:
nostrae:
bonus:
plus:

communi.
vestram.
meliora.
plurimum.

2.

congrediamur:
cernatur:
confisus:
permotus
ruit:
transfixit:
spoliavit:
petiverunt:
revertisset:
fugati erant:
censent:
consequitur:
anteponamus:
parens:
consulit:

congredereris(-re).
conspectum erat.
confidente.
permovendarum.
ruiturum.
transfigite.
spoliemur.
petivit petiit.
revertentur.
fugator.
censuisti.
consecutu.
anteposituri fueritis.
paritum iri.
consulendi.

_3.3()

Quanto miles Latinus antecellat:

. cernatur.
quanto ( ).

.
(antecellat)
(cernatur) .

Ut communem utilitate..anteponamus:
. illud
consequitur. ut
( ).
.
(anteponamus)
(consequitur)
. .
.

.

: 2 3

 (....)

2012
.

Viribus:
Pugnandi:
Fortior:
Hasta:
Regi:
Numine:
Ex quo:
Utilitati:

_3.3()

confisus.
cupiditate.
adulescens
transfixit .
transfixit.

censent.
(
) regi.

consequitur ( ).
consulit.

Is (ab adulescente) fortiore hoste, hasta transfixus est.

Scriptor narravit consulem,cum in castra revertisset,adulescentem,cuius

opera hostes fugati essent, morte multavisse.

Philosophi numen deorum regere mundum censent.

Unusquisque nostrum eius mundi est pars.

Quanto miles Latinus Romano virtute antecellit?

.

Quasi (is) communis civitas et urbs hominum et deorum sit.

Quam hostis.

Parens:
:
Qui legibus paret.

Cum in castra revertisset:

.
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3.

(5 )

CV 10%
.
: (x) = x.
f : (,) f (x) < 0
x (,), f (,).

lim f(x) l lim [ f(x)] = l v , N.

f(x)dx= f(x)dx+ f(x)dx <<.

x x 0

x x 0

(25=10 )

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(e x ) = ....
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xdx=...

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: 1 3

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

8, 12 + , 20, 10 + , 16 a
x2 4
.
x 2 2x 4

= lim

1.

= 2.

2.

x .

3.

4.

(7 )
(5 )
(6 )
(7 )

x 2 7 x + 10
2( x 2 2 x) , x > 2
f ( x) =
.
x
, x2
4

1.

lim f ( x) .

2.

lim f ( x) .

3.

, f x0 = 2.

4.

= 5

x 2 +

(8 )

x 2

( 2) x3 + 2 x 2 7 x + 1
dx .
4
x

(5 )
(5 )

(7 )

: 2 3

 (....)

2012

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f(x) = 2ln x + x, x > 0, .
1.

f(1) = 1.

2.

= 1:

i.

ii.

N .

iii.

: lim
x 2

x f (x)
.
x 2

(5 )
(8 )
(5 )
(7 )

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2012
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1.

. 64

3.

2.

( e ) = e
x

( x) = e x

f
f ( x ) g ( x ) f ( x ) g ( x)
( x) =
g 2 ( x)
g

.
vi
xi.

.
.

xdx = [ x ] = .

x2 4
( x 2)( x + 2) 2 + 2
= lim
=
= 2.
x 2 2 x 4
x 2
2( x 2)
2

B1.

= lim

B2.

8, 14, 20, 12, 16 x =

3.

= 20 8 = 12
: 8,12,14,16,20.
3, 14 =14.

8 + 14 + 20 + 12 + 16 70
=
= 14.
5
5

: 1 3

 (....)

2012
4.

_3.3()

(8 14)2 + (12 14) 2 + (14 14) 2 + (16 14) 2 + (20 14)2

S =
=
5
36 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 36 80
=
=
= 16 S = 16 = 4 .
5
5
s 4
CV = = = 0,142 = 14, 2% > 10% .
x 14
2

1.
2.

lim+ f ( x) = lim+

( x 2)( x 5)
x 2 7 x + 10
x 5 2 5 3
= lim+
= lim+
=
=
.
2
x 2
2( x 2 x) x 2 2 x( x 2)
2x
2 2
4

lim f ( x ) = lim

x 2
=
4
4

x 2

x2

x 2

x2

3.

: lim f ( x) = lim f ( x ) = f (2)

4.

= 5

x 2

x2

3 2
=
3 = 2 = 5.
4
4

3
2
2 3x + 2 x 7 x + 1
2
( 2) x3 + 2 x 2 7 x + 1
1
dx
=
dx = 3 x 2 + 2 x 7 + dx =
4

1
1
x
x
x

= x 3 + x 2 7 x + ln x = ( 8 + 4 14 + ln 2 ) (1 + 1 7 + 0 ) =
1
2

= (2 + ln 2) (5) = 3 + ln 2.

1.

f (1) = 1 2ln 1 + a 1 = 1 0 + a = 1 a = 1 .

2.

f ( x) = 2ln x x f ( x) = 1 =

2
x

2 x
, x>0.
x

: 2 3

 (....)

2012
i.

f ( x) = 0

2 x
= 0 2 x = 0 x = 2.
x

iii.

f ( x )

f ( x)

f ( 0, 2] f [ 2, + ) .
ii.

_3.3()

..

x = 2 f (2) = 2ln 2 2 .
2 x
x

xf ( x)
2 x
x
= lim
= lim
= lim
lim
x2
x

2
x

2
x 2
x 2
x 2 x2

lim
x2

(2 x)(

x+ 2

x2

) = lim
x 2

) (

x+ 2 =

(2 x)(
x 2

)(

x+ 2

x+ 2

2 + 2 = 2 2 .

: 3 3

 (....)

2012

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2012
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1.

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P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

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 (....)

2012

_3.3()

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5 :

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fi%, 2 (10,).

20.

f1% f2% f4%, f2%
f3% f5%.
1.
2.
3.

4.

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 (....)

2012

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3 x 6
1
g ( x) = 2P() ln x + x + x 2 ,
x4
16
.

f ( x) =
1.

f(x) g(x).

2.

(A) A
lim f ( x ) g(x) x0=4

(4 )

x4

xx
() .

3.

, (A)
4

3
1
2 2 1
P()= ( ) , , :
4
2
3 5 6
2
( ) = .
5

P(A) =
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)

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(5 )

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(4 )

.
(4 )

f ( x ) = x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1, x
1. f .
2.

(6 )

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, :
f ( P() ) = () , f(x) .

i.
.
(7 )

: 3 4

 (....)

2012

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xi
1
2
3
4

i
2P()
4()
4()+4()
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1=1 2=3 .

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2012
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1.

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3.

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.

2.

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B1.

250 =250
.
c 5

R 20
=
= 4.
5
5

10 x2=10
[,+c) [+c, +2c) :
x2 =

+ c + + 2c
+ 4+ +8
10 =
2 + 12 = 20 = 4.
2
2

f2 % = a

a
a
3a
, f4 % = , f5 % = .
2
10
5
a 3a a
f1 % + f2 % + f3 % + f4 % + f5 % = 100 3a + a + + + = 100 a = 20.
2 10 5
f1 % = 3a, f3 % =

: 1 6

 (....)

2012

[4-8)
[8-12)
[12-16)
[16-20)
[20-24)

xi
6
10
14
18
22

fi%
60
20
10
6
4
100

fi
i
0,60 150
0,20 50
0,10 25
0,06 15
0,04 10
1
250

N i Fi %
150 60
200 80
225 90
240 96
250 100

_3.3()

Fi x i i
0,60 900
0,80 500
0,90 350
0,96 270
1
220
2240

i i = fi .

x
5

2.

x=

i =1

2240
= 8,96
250

, 896 .

Fi%.

Fi%

100 96 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 -

12

16

20

24

x i .

4 50 0
4 5
=
4 =
4 + 3,33 7,33 .
8 4 60 0
6

x > .

: 2 6

 (....)

2012
3.

_3.3()

1300 13

16 13
3
16 12

4 5 ,
17,5
3

2850000 = 498750 .
10 + 6 + 4 % = 17,5%
100
4

4.

8640

8640
= 720 , 7,2 .
12
7,2 4 3, 2
4-7,2
=
= 0,80 =80%
84
4
, 0,80 60 = 48%

i.
ii.

. 48%.

100 25 + 200 15 + 400 10 = 2500 + 3000 + 4000 = 9500

80

150 = 120 1 .
100
9500

= 79,16 .
120

1.

f(x) : ( x 0 x - 4 0). f=[0,4) (4,+ ).

g(x) : ( x > 0 x 0) x>0.
g=(0, + ).

2.

lim f ( x) = lim
x4

3 x 6
= lim
x4
x 4
x4

x 2

x 2

)(

x +2

= lim
x4

x +2

3
= P(A) .
4

x
2P(B)
1
1
2P(B)
1
+
+ 2x =
+
+
x
x
2 x 16
2 x 8
2P(B) 1 4
+ + .
g (4) =
4
4 8

=
4

2 P ( B) 1 1
2P(B) 1
1
= = 1 = g (4)
+ + =1
= P ( B) = .
4
4
4 2
4
4
2

: g ( x ) =

: 3 6

 (....)

2012
3.

_3.3()

2 1
> = P ( B) ( ) .
3 2
1
P ( A B) = P ( A B) = ( ) + () ( ) =
6
3 1 1 9 6 2 13
= + = + =
> 1 .
4 2 6 12 12 12 12
2
P ( A B) = .
5

P ( A B) =

P ( A B) = P ( ) + P ( B) P ( A B) = P ( A) + 1 P ( B) P ( A B) =
1 2 1 2 9
= P ( ) + 1 P ( B) P ( A) + P ( A B) = 1 + = + = .
2 5 2 5 10

P [ ( A B) ( B A)] =

= P ( B) + P ( B A) = P ( A) P ( A B) + P ( B) P ( A B) =
3 2 1 2 3 1 4 15 10 16 9
= + = + =
+

=
.
4 5 2 5 4 2 5 20 20 20 20

1.

f ( x ) = 4 x 3 + 4 x = 4 x ( x 2 1)

-1

-4x

x2-1

f(x)

f(x)

f (, 1], f [1, 0], f [0,1], f [1, +).

x1=-1

x2=0 f(0)=1.

f (1) = 2 x3=1 f (1) = 2

: 4 6

 (....)

2012

2.

i)

_3.3()

: 0 () 1 f [0,1].
:
f (0) f ( () ) f (1) 1 (A) 2 0 (A) 1

()=1 =.
:

f ( P(B) ) = P(A) P 4 (B) + 2P 2 (B) + 1 = 1 P 2 ( B) ( 2 P 2 ( B) ) = 0

P ( B ) = 0 P(B)= 2 . 0 P ( B) 1
()=0 B = .

2.

ii.

= =

0 < ( ) < 1 0 < 2() < 2 0 < 1 < 2 1 1 = 1,

1
()=
2
, ,

() < () < 1 4() < 4() < 4 2 < 2 < 4 2 2 = 3,

3
()= .
4

xi
1
2
3
4

i
1
3
5
1
=10

t5 + t 6 3 + 3
=
= 3.
2
2

: 5 6

 (....)

2012
)

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_3.3()

1
2

= ( ) = () =

3
4

: 6 6

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2012
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2012

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Serge Berstein Pierre Milza, 2,
1815 1919, . 72-79.

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2012

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2012
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1-4
.
1.

12,08eV
1=-13,6eV.
:

. 2.
. 3.
. 4.
. .
2.

3.

- ( )
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Coulomb.
quarks.
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8,59eV.
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.

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.
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.

: 1 5

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2012

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Planck:

5.

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5

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5

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.
;
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. +25%

.
2.

. -25%

2
4

n=1,5.
300nm. :
. .
. .

: 2 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.
3.

n1=1,2 n2=1,8, t1 t2
.
, .
3d 2d .
:
3d

2d

n1
.

t1 3
=
t2 2

n2

t1
=1
t2

.
4.

AZ X
:

t1 2
=
t2 3

5
Y . -

A 8
Z 1

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. 8 1 -.
. 2 3 -.

2
5

: 3 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

V

.
0,91eV.

Un=-3,02eV.

1.

)
)

2.

.
3

.
)

)
3.

;
7

.
6
min .
4

V
.
5

E =13,6eV, h=4,03.10-15eV.s c0=3.108 m/s.

: 4 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

235
92

U + 01 n 141x Ba + 36 Kr + 3 01 n

1.

x, .

2.

3.

;
.
2

4.

4
9

10W
.
. (24 );
. ;

5
5

141

m ( 235
92 U ) = 235,04u, m ( x Ba ) = 140,91u, m ( 36 Kr ) = 91,91u, mn =1,01u,

1u=1,6.10-27Kg, c0=3.108m/s.
-235 Mr(U)=235g/mol
Avogadro =6.1023/mol.

: 5 5

 (....)

2012
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: 1 2012

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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1.

.
2=41 V2=4 V1I V2=4V1
hc
eV1 1 V2
1
= = 4 2 =
hc 2 V1
4
2 =
eV2
1
1

2 1
31
100% =
100%= 4
100%=
100% =75%
1
1
1
41
1 =

2.

.
1=

0
0=1n1 0=300nm1,5 0=450nm.
n1

: 1 4

 (....)

2012
3.

. : =
3d 3d
3dn1
= t1 =
c1 c0
c0
n1

2 t1
t1 3n1 t1 31,
=
=1
=
2d 2d
2dn 2 t 2 2n 2 t 2 21,8 t 2
t 2 = = t2 =
c2 c0
c0

n2

t1 =

4.

_3.3()

x
x
t = . :
t

.
x -.
(4)
(2).
-
(1).
-x4=-8 4x=8 x=2 x
-2x+1=-1 =-1+2x =-1+22 =3 -.

e2
U n = k
rn U n
Un
2
E

=
E n = 1,51eV

n
2
E
2
e
n
E n = k
2rn

E = 1 1 = E 1 = 13,6eV
I :

En =

E1
E1
13,6eV
2
2

n
=

n
=
n2 = 9 n = 3
2
n
En
1,51eV

3.
2 3.

: 2 4

 (....)

2012
)

_3.3()

L 3 = 3L1
L3 3
=

L 2 = 2L1 L 2 2

(1)

(2)
(3)

3
2
1

: 3
)

( )
,
3 1:

E max = h.f max E 31 = h.

min =
.

min

E 3 E1 =

h.c
h.c
min =

E 3 E1
min

4,03 1015 eV s 3 108 m / s

min = 1.107 m
1,51eV (13, 6eV)

max = 3 1 = 12,09 eV
... :
= ,max + K K = 12,09eV + 0,91eV K = 13eV

= W K = WF K 0 = q V 13eV = e V V = 13Vot

1.

:
92= x+36 x=56.
: 235+1=141++3 =236-144 =92.

: 3 4

 (....)

2012
2.

_3.3()

141
92
m = ( 235
92 U ) + m n ( 56 a ) ( 36 r ) 3m n

141
92

m = m ( 235
92 U ) 92m e m ( 56 a ) 56m e m ( 36 r ) 36m e 2m n

141
92
m = m ( 235
92 U ) m ( 56 a ) m ( 36 r ) 2m n

m = 235,04u 140,91u 91,91u 2 1,1u m = 0, 2u

kg
m = 0, 2u 1,6 1027
m = 3, 2 1028 kg
u
Q1 :

-12
8 Q1 = 28,810 J
Q1 = m c Q1 = 3,210 kg 310
s

2
0

-28

3.

Q1 > 0 .
.

4.

t=24h=243600s=86400s
P=

Q
3
8
Q=Pt Q=1010 W86400 Q=8,6410 J.
t

. :
Q
8,64 108 J
Q = Q1 N = N =
N = 3 1019
12
Q1
28,8 10 J
.

mol -235

: n =

m
N
n=
Mr
NA

m N
N
310
19
=
m =
M r m =
235g/mol
M r NA
NA
61023 /mol

m =117,510
4 g m =1,17510
2 g

: 4 4

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
I /
: 1 2012

A

1 5 ,
.
1.

2.

3.

4.

:
.
.
.
.

-:

.
.
.

.
5
:
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

, .
, .
.
.

5
,
:

5
: 1 5

 (....)

2012
5.

_3.3()

:
.
.
.
.

.
, .
.
.

:
1.

2.
3.

4.

36,6 ;
8
HIV
;
6
;

;
7

;
4

,
.
.

: 2 5

 (....)

2012

1.

2.
3.
4.

_3.3()

, ,

.
6

;
7

;
5

.
.
7 (3+4)

: 3 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

2.

3.

1.

.
8

1 8108KJ,
,
.
6 (2+4)

. ,
.

. ,


.

: 4 5

 (....)

2012

4.

_3.3()

.
. ;

.
, . ,
, ;
8 (2+6)

!!!

: 5 5

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
I /
: 1 2012

A
1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-

B
1.

B2.

.
,


.
,

, .

:

, .


.

O V , RNA.
HIV ,
.
HIV
.

-.

. RNA DNA,

: 1 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

DNA.
DNA DNA
( ).
.
3.

4.

,
, ,
.


. ,

. ,
,

.

. , ,
200%.
, , ,
.

1.

,

,
,
.

,
.

, ,

.

: 2 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

2.

.
,
, .
.

.
,

. , ,
, .

3.

-, ,
( ,
),
-, -,
.
, -
, .

4.

-
- .
- .

( ) .
,

.
.

1.

,

.
, 1 .
, , , 2
.

: 3 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

, 3
.
4 ,
4 .
2.

,
10% ,
90% . :

, ,
,
,

.

, 1
10% , :
. 1 = 10% .

. = 10 . 1

. = 108108 KJ = 8109KJ
3.
.

: 4 5

 (....)

2012
4.

_3.3()

. (

,
.)

. .
,
.


/

.

.
.

.


.

,
,
.

,
.

: 5 5

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
II

: . 11 2012

A1.
A2.

A3.
A4.

, f x0,
.
5

f
x0;
4

N f (x) = x, > 0 R.
f (x) = x ln
6

:
i.

ii.
iii.
iv.

v.

11,
.
2
4 + 3
i
= i, .
2
lim f ( x ) > 0 , f (x ) > 0 x0.
x x 0

x, y y = f (x),
f x0, o
y x x0 y = f (x0).
2

f ,
x0 , f (x0) 0,
f.
2

: 1 3

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

f(x) = ex2 g(x) = lnx+2.
B1.

fog gof .

B2.

f f 1.

B3.

ex2 = lnx + 2 , ,
(e2, 2).
6
:

B4.

6
6

f (x )
g(x )
= lim
=0
x (gof )( x )
x + (fog )( x )
lim

f: IR IR x IR
2t f (t) dt
(1+ 3 ) f (x) = e x
,
2

IR {0}.
1.

i.

ii.
2.

f f ' (x) = 2 x f 2 (x) , x IR.

4
1
f (x) = 2
, xIR.
x + 3 2
4

t f (t) dt

3.

f.

4.

,
f x = , :
1
1
<E<
4| |
3| |

5
: 2 3

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

f IR f (0) = 2,

f (x) 2e x+2
lim
= 1 f (x) < 0, xIR.
x 2
x+2

:
1.

f (2) =1 f (x) x + 4, xIR.

2.

f x0(2, 0).

3.

2(x 5)

z
.

f (t x)dt = f (0)

IR x = 5.
4.

f(|z + i|) f(|z| + 1)

: 3 3

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
II

: . 11 2012

1.
2.
3.
4.

, 217 .

, 150 .

, 234 (x)= x ln.

. , 152 .
. , 90 i = 3.
. , 165 1.
. , 241
.
. , 261
Fermat.

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

1.

f, g f = IR Ag = (0, +)

H fog
{xAg g(x) f} ={x > 0 g(x) IR } = (0, +)
x, :

( fog )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) = eg (x ) 2 = eln x = x
( fog )( x ) = x x ( 0, + )

gof
{xAf f(x) g} = {xIR ex 2 > 0 } = IR
x, :

( gof )( x ) = ln f ( x ) + 2 = ln e x 2 + 2 = ( x 2 ) + 2 = x

( gof )( x ) =x x IR.
fg gof
, .

: 1 8

 (....)

2012
2.

_3.3()

x1, x2IR

x1 x 2 x1 2 x 2 2 e x1 2 e x 2 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )
f 1 1 .
y = f ( x ) y = e x 2

f 1(x) = lnx + 2, x > 0

3

x 2 = ln y, y > 0
x = ln y + 2, y > 0

h ( x ) = e x 2 ln x 2, x e 2 , 2 .
h . ex 2 ,
x 2 ex , .
h ,
ex 2 , lnx () 2 ().

( )

h e 2 = e e

ln e 2 2 = e e

+ 2 2 = ee

>0

h (2 ) = e 2 2 ln 2 2 = 1 ln 2 < 0

h ( e 2 ) h ( 2 ) = e e

( 1 ln 2 ) < 0

, Bolzano h
[ e2 , 2], x0( e2 , 2) h(x0) = 0. T

h ( x 0 ) = 0 e x 0 2 ln x 0 2 = 0 e x 0 2 = ln x 0 + 2
, ex 2 = ln x + 2
x0 ( e2 ,2) .
4.

f (x)
ex2
= lim
= 0 ,
xlim
(gof )(x)
x x

ex
1
1
= 2 lim e x = 2 0 = 0
lim x =
2
x
x e
x
e x
e
g(x)
ln x + 2
, lim
= lim
. lim (ln x + 2) = + lim x = +
x + (fog)(x)
x +
x +
x +
x

(ln x + 2) '
l
= lim = 0 ,
. lim
x
+
x
+

(x) '
x

lim e x 2 = lim

De L Hospital :
lim

x +

g(x)
ln x + 2
(ln x + 2) '
= lim
= lim
=0
x
+
x
+
(fog)(x)
x
(x) '

: 2 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

f (x)
g(x)
= lim
=0
x (gof )(x)
x + (fog)(x)

lim

1.

1+32 0, :

x
2 tf ( t ) dt
1
1
f (x) =
e
1 + 3 2

(1)

2tf(t) ,
2t f (t),

2 tf ( t )dt , 1 2tf (t )dt

x

. e

,
x

2 tf (t )dt

2f (t)dt e .
x

2 tf ( t ) dt
1
f (x) =
.
e 1
2
1 + 3
x

1
f ' (x) =
1 + 3 2

1
,
1 + 3 2

x
'
1x 2 tf ( t )dt
2 tf ( t ) dt
1
x 2tf ( t ) dt
1
e
=
e

1 + 3 2
1

'

= f ( x )( 2xf ( x ) ) = 2xf 2 ( x )

ii.

x IR f (x) > 0, 1+32 > 0 e

f ' ( x ) = 2xf 2 ( x )

c IR,

2.

2 tf (t )dt

1
f ' (x )
2
= 2 x
= x
2
f
(
x
)
f (x )

'

( )

'

1
= x2 + c
f (x)
1
H (1) x = 1 f (1) =
.
1 + 3 2
1
= 1 + c 1 + 3 2 = 1 + c c = 3 2
H (2)
f (1)
1
(2) f (x) = 2
, x IR.
x + 3 2

t f(t)dt =

>0.

(2)

t
1 (t 2 + 3 2 )'
1

dt
dt = ln | t 2 + 3 2 |
=
2
2
2
2

t + 3
2 0
t + 3
2

: 3 8

 (....)

2012
1
2

1
2

1
2

= ln 4 2 ln 3 2 = ln

.
3.

_3.3()

4
3

f, , IR
1
( x 2 + 3 2 ) '
2x

f ' (x ) = 2
=

= 2

2
2
2 2
( x + 3 )
( x + 3 2 ) 2
x + 3
'

f f
:
x

1
3 2

f (, 0],
[0, +) f (0) =
f :

1
3 2

(x 2 + 3 2 ) 2 x (x 2 + 3 2 ) 2

x
= 2
=
f(x) = 2 2
2 2
(x 2 + 3 2 ) 4
(x + 3 )
(x 2 + 3 2 ) 2 4x 2 ( x 2 + 3 2 )
x 2 + 3 2 4 x 2
x 2 2
= 2
=

2
=
6
( x 2 + 3 2 ) 4
( x 2 + 3 2 ) 3
( x 2 + 3 2 ) 3

f f
:
x

f
f

||

||
0

1
4 2
.

1
4 2
.

f (, ||], [||, +)
[||, ||]. (||, 1/42) (||, 1/42)
f, R , . +
:

: 4 8

 (....)

2012
lim f ( x ) = lim

x +

x +

_3.3()

1
1
= lim 2 = 0
2
x +
x
x + 3
2

1
1
= lim
=0
2
x x + 3
x x 2

lim f ( x ) = lim

+ x.
:
x

f
0

||
+
0
1
4 2
.

1
3 2
max

||

0
1
4 2
.

f :

. f x IR xIR
f ( x ) =

1
1
= 2
= f (x )
2
( x ) + 3
x + 3 2
2

[0, +)
IR.
4.

( f )

1
1
=

2
4||
4
1
x = , y = 2 ,
4

E1 = | |

: 5 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

1
1
=

2
3| |
3
1
1
1
<<
x = , y = 2 .
4| |
3| |
3
2 = | |

: > 0, f ( x ) > 0 E =

| f (x ) | dx =

f ( x ) dx . f

[0, ], x[0, ]
f ( ) f (x ) f (0)

1
1
1
1
f ( x ) 2 f ( x ) 2 0
f (x ) 0
2
4
3
4
3 2

[0, ],

f ( x ) 4 2 dx > 0

x
f ( x )dx 2 > 0
4 0

3 2 f ( x ) dx > 0

x
3 2

f ( x )dx > 0

1
1
1
1
1
1
<<
<<
> 0
E >0

4
3
4
3
4| |
3| |

< 0 .

1.

f (x) 2e x + 2
g(x) =
, x 2
x+2
lim g(x) = 1

(1)

x 2

f (x) = (x + 2)g(x) + 2e x + 2 , x-2

(2)

lim [g(x)(x + 2) + 2e x + 2 ] = lim [g(x)(x + 2)] + lim 2e x + 2 = 0 + 2 = 2

x 2

x 2

x 2

lim f (x) = 2

x 2

f, IR , IR , x 0 = 2 ,
(3)
lim f (x) = f (2) f (2) = 2
, x 2

x 2

: 6 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

f (x) f ( 2) (1),(3) (x + 2)g(x) + 2e x +2 2 (x + 2)g(x)

e x +2 1
e x +2 1
=
=
+2
= g(x) + 2
x+2
x+2
x+2
x+2
x+2
x +2
0
e 1
lim
.
x 2 x + 2
0
x +2
( e 1) ' = lim (ex + 2 ) = e0 = 1
lim
x 2 ( x + 2 ) '
x 2
, De L Hospital

e x +2 1
(e x + 2 1)'
= lim
lim
=1
x 2 ( x + 2 )'
x 2 x + 2

f (x) f (2)

e x +2 1
ex + 2 1
f '(2) = lim
= lim g(x) + 2
=1
= lim g(x) + 2 xlim
x 2
2 x + 2
x 2
x+2
x + 2 x 2

Cf , f (x) < 0 IR.

Cf
(2, f (2)),
. :
y f (2) = f '(2)(x + 2) y 2 = x + 2 y = x + 4
f (x) x + 4 x IR.

.
T(x) = f (x) x 4, T(2) = 0.
2.

f (2) = f (0) = 2 . f [2, 0]

(2, 0), IR . , ,
Rolle f [2, 0], x 0 (2, 0) ,
f '(x 0 ) = 0 . f (x) < 0 f IR ,
x0
x ( , x 0 ) x < x0 f (x) > f (x0) f (x) > 0
x (x 0 , + ) x > x0 f (x) < f (x0) f (x) < 0
f () f (x 0 ) x 0 (2, 0).

3.

f IR , 11,

f'

2(x 5)

f (t x)dt = f '(0)

2( x 5)

f (t x)dt = 0

, (4) IR x = 5.

(4)

: 7 8

 (....)

2012

, x = 5 (4) ,

_3.3()
f (t x)dt = 0 .

h(x) =

2( x 5)

f (t x)dt , x IR.

t x = u, dt = du. t = 0 u = x t = 2 (x 5)
u = x 10,
h(x) =

x 10

f (u)du =

x 10

f (u)du f (u)du
x

(x) =

f (u)du

, x 10 x

x 10

4.

f (u)du ' = (x 10) ' f (x 10) = f (x 10),

f (u)du ' = ( x)f ( x) =' f ( x)

h ,
,
h'(x) = f (x 10) + f (x)
, 1 f (x) x + 4 x IR ,
h'(x) = f (x 10) + f (x) (x 10) + 4 + (x) + 4 = 2 < 0
h , 11,
. .
1 f '(x) < 0 (x 0 , +) x0(2, 0).
f [0, +) . z + i 0

z + 1 1 > 0, . ,

z = x + iy,x, y IR :
f ( z + i ) f ( z + 1) z + i z + 1

| x + ( y + 1)i | | x + iy | +1

x 2 + ( y + 1) 2 x 2 + y 2 + 1

(x

+ ( y + 1) 2

) ( x
2

+ y2 +1

x 2 + y 2 + 2y + 1 x 2 + y 2 + 2 x 2 + y 2 + 1
y x2 + y2

y 0 y 2

y 0 x 0
2

x2 + y2

y 0 x = 0, z = iy, y IR+ , .

: 8 8

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
II
: 18 2012

1 4
.
1.

.

, :
.
.
.
.

2.

.
,
:
.
.
.
.

3.

.
:
.
.
.
.

: 1 6

 (....)

2012
4.

RLC
.
, :
.
.
.
.

5.

_3.3()

,
.
,
.

.

.
5

, , ,
.
.
.
.
.
.

(spin)
.


.
, .

.
.
5

1.

,

.
.


:
.
.
.

>
=
<

: 2 6

 (....)

2012
. ( 2)
. ( 5)
2.

S
d = 50m . t = 0
m

S = 20
s
fs = 400Hz.

t = 0 :
.
.
.

500
1000
2000

. ( 2)
. ( 4)
3.

_3.3()

,
.
:
x1 =

1
1
t x 2 = t (

) :
.
.
.

1 1
+

2 + 2

. ( 2)
. ( 4)

4.

,
.

: 3 6

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.

.
:
.
.
.

20%
5%
80%

. ( 2)
. ( 4)

6 1014Hz
m
xx 3 108 . t = 0,
s
(x = 0) ,
.
V
6 .
m
1.
2.

xx.
5

x
t2 = 3,75 10-15 s.
7

.


15
.

: 4 6

 (....)

2012
3.
4.

_3.3()

.
6
.
7

: 30
=

1
2
45
=
2
2

r = 0,1m R = 0,2m m = 2kg
= 4kg .
, ,
.

: 5 6

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

(4), m1 = 1kg.

(3) (2). (3)
N
k1 = 200

m
.
(2) m2 = 0,5kg
(1) . T F
(1)
F = 100 (SI).

(1) = 0,2m.
1.

(2). :
2.
3.
4.
5.

(2).
5

(
m1).
5

m1
(2).
5

m2
(2).
5

1
1
I1 =
mr2, I2 =
MR2,
2
2
m
g = 10 2 , .
s

: 6 6

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
II
: 18 2012

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

.
.
.
.
.

B1.

W = =

1 2

= t = t t =

1 2

W 2 I
P= =
P=

t
2

P = P
B2.

d
t = =2,5 s
s

S

: 1 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

t = 0
, :
= s= fs t = 1000
B3.

1
t

1
1

x 2 = t = t +

2
x1 =

= 12 + 22 =
B4.

1
1
+ 2 =
2

2 + 2

. . :

= m = 2m 1 1 =

= 2m1 = 3m2 2 =

3 =

4 =

:
1
1
4m32 5m24
Q
2
2
100% =
100% = 5%
% =
1
K
2
m
2

1.

0 = c T = 5 10 7 m

:
E max
= c Bmax = 2 108 T
Bmax
:
B = 2 10 8 2 (6 1014 t 2 106 x) (SI)

: 2 8

 (....)

2012
2)

_3.3()

t2 9
9T
= t2 =
T 4
4

t2
x2 =

9 0
= 11, 25 10 7 m
4

3)

Snell :

1 45
= n 30

2
1
=n n = 2
2
2

4.

0 5 2 7
=
10 m
n
2

:
crit =

1
2
=
crit = 45

n
2

= 15.
< crit
.

: 3 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

1.

1: F = 0 T4 = m1g = 10N
2: F = 0 2 = F W2 = 15N
: F = T3.
T: = 0 4R 2r - Fr = 0 xo = 0, 025m

: 4 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

2.

1
1
I = mr 2 + MR 2 = 0,09 kgm 2
2
2

= 4R k1xor = (1)
1
F = m1 m1 g 4 = m1 (2)
1

= R (3)
(1), (2), (3) =

3.

150
rad/s2
13

2,
1 = 0 F = 0
.

: 5 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

: = 0 4 R k1xr = 0
m1gR
= 0,1 m

x =
k
r

:F
=
0

m
g

T
=
0
1
1
1
4

1
x1 = 2(x xo) = 0, 15m
...
1
1
K + U = K + U m1gx1 + U + k1x 02 = K + U + k1x 2
2
2
K = 0,5625J = K max

: 6 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

4.

x2 m1
(2)
x2 = 2(x xo) x = x o +

x2
2

... :
1
1
K + U = K + U m1gx 2 + U + k1x 2o = U + k1x 2
2
2
2
x = 0
x
1
1
m1gx 2 + k1x 2o = k1 x o + 2 2
2
2
2
x 2 = 0,3m
5.

2 2


.. D = 100N/m.

F = 0 F = m2g 100d = m2g
d = 0,05 m

: 7 8

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

2 ()

A = d = 0, 15 m
1
=+U

1
1
1
DA 2 = m 22 + Dd 2 = 2m / s
2
2
2

2
( 1
)

1
K K = Ww m 2 2 = m 2gh h = 0,2 m
2

x3 = + h = 0,4 m

....
= W1 Ww x3 = 0,4 m

20

0,2

W1

: 8 8

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
II
: 22 2012

1 5 ,
.
A1.

5GGACTCAAGTTTACATGCAACGTACGG...3

:
.
.
.
.
2.

1:
2:
3:
4:

5-TCAACAAATG-3
5-TTTGAACTCA-3
5-UUCAAAUGUA-3
5-CGUACGUUGC-3

K .
:

.
.
.
.

1 DNA
5
3
2 DNA

1 2 .
2 1 .
1 .
2 .

3
5

: 1 5

 (....)

2012
3.

EcoR,
:
.
.
.
.

4.

5.

_3.3()

:
.
.
.
.

.
.
45 C.
.

Klinefelter :
.
.
.
.

44 2
44 3
45 2
45 1

1.
2.
3.

4.

;
4

, ;
6

,
DNA ;
;
8

;
7

: 2 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

1.
2.

3.

;
7 (2+5)
-
;
;
6 (3+3)
met-pro-trp-cys-asp

.

, .
met-ala-trp-cys-asp
met-pro-trp-val-thr...
.

( )


Mendel.
5 (1+4)
.

.

.
7 (4+3)

(A B)
-
.

II

I
2

II

: 3 5

 (....)

2012
1.

2.

3.

4.

_3.3()

.
,
.
8 (4+4)

II2
.
7

ex
vivo
.
5
,
-.
-;
5
!!!

: 4 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

: 5 5

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
II
: 22 2012

1- , 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-

1.

DNA ()
.
. 8
( ),
DNA 146 .
DNA
.
.

2.

.
, , 1-2
.
.

.

.

.
3.

, DNA,
,
(1-2%).
DNA
(

: 1 7

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

),
DNA .

EcoRI
.
:

.
.
Ti, .
4.

.
.
RNA
, .

/ .
DNA
. RNA

.
.
.

.
, RNA
.

1.

.

(. 96 ..).

2.

()
(. 101 ..).

: 2 7

 (....)

2012
3.

_3.3()

.

, .
( ) .

Mendel,
. A
.

1 Mendel
. ,



.
.

K mRNA

met

pro trp

cys asp

C
U
C
U
5 AUG CC UGG UG GA ... 3
A
U
C
G

G
A
G
A
3 TAC GG ACC AC CT 5
T
A
G
C

C
T
C
T
5 G CC TGG TG GA ... 3
A
T
C
G

: 3 7

 (....)

2012
:

met

ala trp

_3.3()

cys asp

K mRNA

C
U
C
U
5 AUG GC UGG UG GA ... 3
A
U
C
G

G
A
G
A
3 TAC CG ACC AC CT 5
T
A
G
C

C
T
C
T
5 G GC TGG TG GA ... 3
A
T
C
G

, 2
ala pro.
, (C)

(G)
:

met

pro trp

val

thr...

K mRNA

C
C
U
U
U
5 AUG CC UGG G UG AC ... 3
A
A
G
G

: 4 7

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

G
G
A
A
A
3 C GG ACC C AC TG ... 5
T
T
C
C

C
C
T
T
T
5 ATG CC TGG G TG AC ... 3
A
A
G
G

B,
4o
.
DNA ()
.





.

1.

,
.

.
2 ,

, , .

, , .

.

. (
,

: 5 7

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.
.)

s
. , 1 2 s
, .
1 s
. 2 ss.
1 -
, 2 ,
. 1 2
.

:

1: s
2: s
1: s
2: ss ss
2.

1
2:

s s
s

s s

s
s

ss
s

s
s
ss
s
ss

2
.
2/16 1/8.

:

.

,
.
,

: 6 7

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.
3.

,
. ex vivo
,
, ,
,
ex vivo
.

,
DNA. -

.

4.

.
.
.

-
-
.

-
- .


,
...

: 7 7

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

:
3 .. ( )
: /
: 8 2012

.1
.2
.3

.4
.5

.6

.
(3 )

.
(3 )

,
,
.
(3 )

.
(3 )

,
,
.
(3 )
,
,
d= 1. :
)
)
)
)

, .

.

.
() () .
(5 )

: 1 4

 (....)

2012
.7

_3.3()

(=40, =200) :
)
)
)
)

=200 30.
=40 180.
=200 50.
=40 100.

(5 )

.1

.2

;
(6 )

.3

.4
.5

(3 )

;
.
(5 )
;
(5 )
.
;
(6 )

, ,
50 . Qs = - 4000 + 100P
Q
0
10
30
40

VC
900
1250
1850

MC
50
40
65
70
: 2 4

 (....)

2012

1.

_3.3()

(5) .
(2) .

2.

(6 )
(8 )

4
Q = 50, 59 ..
.
(5 )

1550 625 .
.
(6 )
:
1.
.
2.
.
3.

QD1 = 200 5P,
:
A
B
.1

)
.2

P
15
30

Qs
175
X

(P)
0,6

.
(6 )

;
.
(2 )

10%
QD2 = 240 6P.
.
(4 )

: 3 4

 (....)

2012
.3
.4

_3.3()

.
(3 )
(QD1) (Qs).
P,
.
2000 .. P.
(6 )

P.
(4 )
:
.5

1. .
2. .

: 4 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

:
3 .. ( )
: /
: 8 2012

A.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7

B.1

. 20:
[]

.2

18:
[]

.3

. 20:
[]

.4

. 20:
[]

.5

. 21:
[]

: 1 3

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

1.

Q = 0: VC = 0, MC = , AVC =

Q = 10: MC10 =

AVC10 = 50 ..

(VC)
(VC10)
50 =
10 0
Q

VC10 = 500 .

(VC)
900 500
40 =
x = 20 .
x 10
Q
(VC)
Q = 30, MC30 =
1250 900/30 20 = 35 ..
Q

Q = x, MCx =

AVC30 = 41.6.
Q = 40, MC40 =

(VC)
1850 1250/40 30 = 60 ..
Q

AVC40 = 46.25 ..
MC40 >AVC40.
: Q = 40
, :
QS =

QS M
= 80 + 2P
50

P = MC, P = 65: Qs = 80+2*65 = 50 .

P = 70: Qs = -80+2*70 = 60 .

(VC)
VC50 1850
65 =
VC50 = 2500..
50 40
Q

MC50 =

AVC50= 2500/50 = 50
MC60 =
2.

(VC)
VC60 2500
70 =
VC60 = 3200 ..
60 50
Q

VC50 = 2500

ATC50 =

TC50
TC50 = 59*50 = 2950 .
Q

TC50 = FC + VC50 FC = 2950 2500 = 450 .

Q
450/4 = 112,5.
3.

MC40 =

(VC)
1850 1550
=> 60=
Q1 =35 .
Q
40 Q1

VCx = 1550 + 625 = 2175.

MC50 =

(VC)
2500 2175
=> 65 =
Q2 = 45 .
Q
50 Q 2

Q = 45 35 = 10 .

: 2 3

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

.1

Es =

Q PB
175 x30
0.6 =
x=250
15 30x
P QB

Qs = + *
175 = = * 15
250 = + * 30
= 100, = 5
Qs = 100 + 5P
QD1 = Qs => 200 5p = 100 + 5p =>P = 10, Q = 150
)

()
:
P = 0 , QD1 = 200 .
Q = 0 , P = 40 .
Q' P'
, = (100 , 20)
2 2

: M

( ) :
max= 100 * 20 = 2000 .
.2

P = 10:
QD1 = 200 5 * 10 = 150
QD2 = 240 6 * 10 = 180

Q
180 150
100%
Q 100
20%

Ey =
= 150
=
=2
10%
10%
Y

100
Y

> 0
.3

P = 10
QD2 = 180 ,Qs = 150
QD2 Qs = 180 150 = 30

.4

PK(QSK QDK) = 2000 (1)

QSK QDK = 100 + 5PK 200 + 5PK= -100 +10PK (2)
(1) + (2) =>PK (-100 + 10PK) = 2000 =>P2K- 10PK 2000 = 0
= 9000 , = 30 , Pk = 20 Pk = -10 ()

.5

PE * QE = 10 * 150 = 1500
Pk * Qsk = 20 * 200 = 4000
Pk * Qsk PE * QE = 4000 1500 = 2500 .

Qsk = 100 + 5 * 20 = 200

: 3 3

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
/

: 8 2012

1
.
.
.
.
.

, .

.
5

.
5

.
5

.
5

2
.
.
.

.
8
.
12

: 1 2

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

1
.

15
10.

2
,( ).

2002
2003
2004
2005

100
125
130

30
42

56

40

2002 2003
20%. :
.
.
.
.

.
10
2004 2005.
5
2003
2004 2002.
5

10.000
2.000
6.000, .
5

: .

: 2 2

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
/

: 8 2012

1
.
.
.
.
.

2
.
.
.

. 164 .
. 152-153 .
. 170 .

1
.
.

. 168 .
165 .

2
.

2002 2003 20%,

:
2003 = 2002 + 20%2002 = 1,2 2002 = 1,2 100 = 120

: 1 2

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

2002 = 100.
2002 2002 =
2003 2002 =

2004 =

2002
2002

2003
2003

30
100 = 30
100

100 =

42
100 = 35
120

2004 2002 2004

2005 2002 =

100

2005
2005

2002
2003
2004
2005

100 =

100
120
125
130

100 =

40 125
= 50
100

56
100 = 43
130

30
42
50
56

30
35
40
43

2004
125
100 =
100 = 96,1
130
2005

2004 2005 =

2003 2004
2002 :
2004 2002 2003 2002
2003 2002

100 =

40 35
100 = 14,2%
35

10.000 2.000 = 8.000 .

6.000
8.000-6.000 = 2.000.
:

2.000
100 =
100 = 25%

8.000

: 2 2

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
/

: 22 2012

.1.

, ,
.
.
.
.
.
.

.2.

AND() true
true.
FOR Pascal
.
Repeat..Until
.
While .. do
.
Repeat..Until .

10

AND (KAI), OR (), NOT ()
: .

True
True
False
False

True
False
True
False

A AND B

A OR

NOT ()

10

: 1 4

 (....)

2012
.3.

10, 5
15
(true) (false).
.

> ( < <= )

OXI (( 1) mod 2 = 3 mod 2 = 0)

( > < ) ( < > < )

(5* div = 10) ((5* + 2*) mod = 0)

.
.4

_3.3()

10

X1
+2
3* 4
CBA+4

AN > TOTE

C > TOTE
MAX C
, , , C, MAX

C
MAX
X, , , C, MAX

10

: ax2 + bx + c = 0,

a, b, c , a < > 0 D,
D = b2 4ac.
Pascal :

.1.

: 2 4

 (....)

2012
.2.
.3.
.4.

_3.3()

a, b, c ,
a a < > 0.
5
D.
4
D
.
9

.1.

.2.

Pascal :
.

10 (
)
min.
8

Pascal,
case
.

Program G2;
Var
mera:integer;
begin
Write('Dose arithmo meras, apo 1 mexri 7 : ');
Readln(mera);
Case mera of
1: writeln('Kyriaki');
2: writeln('Deutera');
3: writeln('Triti');
4: writeln('Tetarti');
5: writeln('Pempti');
6: writeln('Paraskeuh');
7: writeln('Sabbato')
else writeln('Den yparxei mera');
End;
End.

if.

10

: 3 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

,
,
, :

0
0
0
12
12
>= 3

0 10000
10001 20000
20001
20000
20001
0

5%
10%
20%
5%
10%
5%

Pascal :
1.

2.

( ).
2

3.
4.

,
Procedure.

10

.3. ,
Procedure.
6

: 4 4

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
/

: 22 2012

.1.

.
.
.
.
.

.2.

.3.

True
True
False
False

.
.
.
.

True
False
True
False

A AND B
True
False
False
False

A OR
True
True
True
False

NOT ()
False
False
True
True

(True)
(True)
(True)
(True)

.4.

C
6

MAX X, , , C, MAX
3
5
6

1 3 5 6 6

: 1 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

Program trionymo;
Var
a, b, c, D, x1, x2, x12 : real;
Begin
Writeln('Eisagogi synteleston, a<>0, b, c');
Write('a : ');
Readln(a);
While a=0 do
Begin
Write('Eisagete a<>0 : ');
Readln(a);
End;
Write('b : ');
Readln(b);
Write('c : ');
Readln(c);

{ .1.}
{ .2.}

D:= b*b-4*a*c;
Writeln('Diakrinousa D = ',D:10:2);

{ .3.}

if D > 0 then
begin
x1:= (-b+SQRT(D))/(2*a);
x2:= (-b-SQRT(D))/(2*a);
writeln('2 rizes');
writeln('x1: ',x1:10:2,' x2: ',x2:10:2);
end
else if D = 0 then
begin
x12:= (-b)/(2*a);
writeln('1 dipli riza');
writeln('x12: ',x12:10:2);
end
else
writeln('Den yparxoun rizes');
End.

{ .4.}

.1.

Program mikroteros;
Var
a, min, i: integer;
Begin
For i:=1 to 10 do
Begin
Write('Arithmos ',i,' : ');
Readln(a);
While a<=0 do
Begin
Write('Arithmos ',i,' : ');
Readln(a);
End;
If i=1 Then
min:=a

{ .1.}

{ .1.}

: 2 4

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

Else
If a<min Then min:=a;
End;
writeln('Mikroteros: ', min);
End.

.2.

Program G2;
Var
mera:integer;
begin
Write('Dose arithmo meras, apo 1 mexri 7 : ');
Readln(mera);
if mera = 1 then
writeln('Kyriaki')
else if mera = 2 then
writeln('Deutera')
else if mera = 3 then
writeln('Triti')
else if mera = 4 then
writeln('Tetarti')
else if mera = 5 then
writeln('Pempti')
else if mera = 6 then
writeln('Paraskeuh')
else if mera = 7 then
writeln('Sabbato')
else
writeln('Den yparxei mera');
End.

Program D1;
Var
paidia : integer;
eis : longint;
foros : real;

{ .1.}

Procedure Ypologismos(var foros1:real; paidia1:integer; eis1:longint);

{ .3.}
Begin
if paidia1=0 then
if (eis1>=0) and (eis1<=10000) then
foros1:= eis1*5/100
else if (eis1 <= 20000) then
foros1:= 10000*5/100+(eis1-10000)*10/100
else
foros1:= 10000*5/100+10000*10/100+(eis1-20000)*20/100
else if (paidia1=1) or (paidia1=2) then
if (eis1>=0) and (eis1<=20000) then

: 3 4

 (....)

2012
else

End;

_3.3()

foros1:= eis1*5/100
foros1:= 20000*5/100+(eis1-20000)*10/100

else if paidia1>=3 then

foros1:= eis1*5/100;

Procedure Emfanisi(var foros1:real); { .4.}

Begin
writeln('Foros = ',foros1:10:2);
End;
begin

Writeln('Eisagogi dedomenon'); { .2.}

Write('Dose ethsio eisodima tou forologoumenou : ');
Readln(eis);
Write('Dose arithmo paidion tou forologoumenou : ');
Readln(paidia);
Ypologismos(foros,paidia,eis); { .3.}
Emfanisi(foros);

{ .4.}

End.

1. Longint eis

32767 Integer.
2. Uses Crt;
Var , .

: 4 4

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
/
: 8 2012

.1.

, , ,
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

modem
.

.

.
TCP/IP
.

.


.

TCP UDP
IP
(fragments) .
16

.2.
.
1.

:
:

.
.

: 1 5

 (....)

2012
2.

3.

_3.3()

:
:
.
.

,
:

:
. UDP
. TCP
.3.

, .

1. MAC :

128 bits

3. :

24 bits

2. :

48 bits

.1.

.2.

TCP/IP SI
.
10
:

Internet

128.6.4.7 128.6.4.194

TCP ports

1234, 21

: 2 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

,
.
(1)_________________
(2) ___________________
, FTP ,
1234.
5
.3.

;
5

.4.

TCP/IP;
5

.1.

TCP/IP
, , .

, ,
, ,
.
4
, ,
.
4

: 3 5

 (....)

2012
.2.

_3.3()

TCP/IP
2 TCP/IP :

IP
, IP
.
4
IP
, IP
.
4

IP
, ethernet
ethernet
.
4
,
,
.
5

: 4 5

 (....)

2012

_3.3()

1.

1400 bytes ,
20 bytes
620bytes.

:
MF,DF, , , ;

2.

3.

28.0.0.0. 4
.

4
.
5

5
5

: 5 5

 (....)

2012
:
:

_3.3()

3 .. ( )
/
: 8 2012

1
.

1. : modem
.
2.
3.
4. : TCP/IP


.
5. :

.
6. : .
7.
8.

2.

1.
2.
3.

3.

1
2
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