Complex variables

Lecture - 1 Shibaji Banerjee

St. Xaviers College, Kolkata

Semester I, 2011

References

Almost any book on mathematical physics like Arfken, Chattopadhyay or Kreyzig, contain sections on this topic. Specialized books include: Spiegel, Schaum Series book on complex variables Churchil, Ultimate reference, more revered than used Needham, Visual complex analysis You may use your favorite book.

Brief History of Complex variables

Birth pangs of Complex Algebra 1545 Ars Magna by Cardano

Brief History of Complex variables

Birth pangs of Complex Algebra 1545 Ars Magna by Cardano subtle and useless 1572 Bombellis LAlgebra

Brief History of Complex variables

Birth pangs of Complex Algebra 1545 Ars Magna by Cardano subtle and useless 1572 Bombellis LAlgebra sophistry rather than truth 1702 Leibnitz

Brief History of Complex variables

Birth pangs of Complex Algebra 1545 Ars Magna by Cardano subtle and useless 1572 Bombellis LAlgebra sophistry rather than truth 1702 Leibnitz i: the amphibian between existence and non existence 1770 Euler

Brief History of Complex variables

Birth pangs of Complex Algebra 1545 Ars Magna by Cardano subtle and useless 1572 Bombellis LAlgebra sophistry rather than truth 1702 Leibnitz i: the amphibian between existence and non existence 1770 Euler concludes that 2 3 = 6 Slow development for 280 years Complex Analysis(Calculus) Extremely rapid: 1814 - 1851 (only 40 years) Cauchy Rieman Lorent

Recap

How to handle and interconvert between cartesian, polar, exponential forms

Recap

How to handle and interconvert between cartesian, polar, exponential forms Geometric signicance of complex numbers as vectors on the z plane

Recap

How to handle and interconvert between cartesian, polar, exponential forms Geometric signicance of complex numbers as vectors on the z plane The signicance of the Euler connection e i = cos + sin

Recap

How to handle and interconvert between cartesian, polar, exponential forms Geometric signicance of complex numbers as vectors on the z plane The signicance of the Euler connection e i = cos + sin Using the Euler connection for trigonometric simplications, e.g

Recap

How to handle and interconvert between cartesian, polar, exponential forms Geometric signicance of complex numbers as vectors on the z plane The signicance of the Euler connection e i = cos + sin Using the Euler connection for trigonometric simplications, e.g
Expanding sums to products and Vice-Versa

Recap

How to handle and interconvert between cartesian, polar, exponential forms Geometric signicance of complex numbers as vectors on the z plane The signicance of the Euler connection e i = cos + sin Using the Euler connection for trigonometric simplications, e.g
Expanding sums to products and Vice-Versa Functions of multiple angles to power functions like 1 cos3 = (cos 3 + 3 cos ) 4

Recap

How to handle and interconvert between cartesian, polar, exponential forms Geometric signicance of complex numbers as vectors on the z plane The signicance of the Euler connection e i = cos + sin Using the Euler connection for trigonometric simplications, e.g
Expanding sums to products and Vice-Versa Functions of multiple angles to power functions like 1 cos3 = (cos 3 + 3 cos ) 4

The fact that there exists exactly n solutions to z n c = 0 and its geometric signicance.

Recap . . .

Phasor representation of complex quantities: z Ae it Ae i e it Complex exponential forms of quantities varying sinusoidally over space and time: Complex waves (x, t) = e i(kxt) Addition of phasors using a G.P, i.e how to sum a(1 + e i + e 2i + )

Set of points on the complex plane

Denition Circles The points z that satisfy |z z0 | = describes a circle centered around z = z0 EX: Draw the circles |z| = 1 (The unit circle), |z 1 + 3i| = 1

Discs and Neighbourhood

Denition Discs |z z0 | : Points on and within the circle Denition Neighbourhood |z z0 | < : Exclude the boundery Denition Deleted Neighbourhood 0 < |z z0 | < : Exclude the boundery and the source point.

Open Sets and Boundery points

Denition Interior point of a set S z0 is an interior point if it lies entirely within S; i.e if there exists some neighborhood of z0 that lies entirely within S.

Open Sets and Boundery points

Denition Interior point of a set S z0 is an interior point if it lies entirely within S; i.e if there exists some neighborhood of z0 that lies entirely within S.

z0

Open Sets and Boundery points

Denition Interior point of a set S z0 is an interior point if it lies entirely within S; i.e if there exists some neighborhood of z0 that lies entirely within S. Denition When is S an open set? When every point of S is an interior point. Re(z) > 1 is an open set but Re(z) 1 is not.

Open Sets and Boundery points

Some Examples of open sets

+1

Im(z) < 0

1 < Re(z) < 1

|z| > 1

1 < |z| < 2

Open Sets and Boundery points

Is this an interior point?

Open Sets and Boundery points

Open Sets and Boundery points

Denition Interior point of a set S z0 is an interior point if it lies entirely within S; i.e if there exists some neighborhood of z0 that lies entirely within S. Denition When is S an open set? When every point of S is an interior point. Re(z) > 1 is an open set but Re(z) 1 is not. Denition Boundery points If z0 S contain at least one point of S and one point not in S then z0 is a boundary point of S.

Open Sets and Boundery points

Denition Interior point of a set S z0 is an interior point if it lies entirely within S; i.e if there exists some neighborhood of z0 that lies entirely within S. Denition When is S an open set? When every point of S is an interior point. Re(z) > 1 is an open set but Re(z) 1 is not. Denition Boundery points If z0 S contain at least one point of S and one point not in S then z0 is a boundary point of S. Denition Boundery Collection of boundery points of a set comprises a boundary of the set.