June)

International Journals of Multidisciplinary Research Academy
Editorial Board
Dr. CRAIG E. REESE
Professor, School of Business, St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens
Dr. S. N. TAKALIKAR
Principal, St. Johns Institute of Engineering, PALGHAR (M.S.)
Dr. RAMPRATAP SINGH

Professor, Bangalore Institute of International Management, KARNATAKA
Dr. P. MALYADRI
Principal, Government Degree College, Osmania University, TANDUR
Dr. Y. LOKESWARA CHOUDARY

Asst. Professor Cum, SRM B-School, SRM University, CHENNAI
Prof. Dr. TEKI SURAYYA

Professor, Adikavi Nannaya University, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
Dr. T. DULABABU
Principal, The Oxford College of Business Management,BANGALORE
Dr. A. ARUL LAWRENCE SELVAKUMAR

Professor, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, MELMARAVATHUR, TN
Dr. S. D. SURYAWANSHI
Lecturer, College of Engineering Pune, SHIVAJINAGAR
Mr. PIYUSH TIWARI

Ir. Executive, Dispatch (Supply Chain), SAB Miller India (Skal Brewaries Ltd.)
June 2011
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Prof S. R. BADRINARAYAN
Sinhgad Institute for Management & Computer Applications, PUNE
Mr. GURSEL ILIPINAR

ESADE Business School, Department of Marketing, SPAIN
Mr. ZEESHAN AHMED

Software Research Eng, Department of Bioinformatics, GERMANY
Mr. SANJAY ASATI

Dept of ME, M. Patel Institute of Engg. & Tech., GONDIA(M.S.)
Mr. G. Y. KUDALE
N.M.D. College of Management and Research, GONDIA(M.S.)
Editorial Advisory Board

Dr.MANJIT DAS
Assitant Professor, Deptt. of Economics, M.C.College, ASSAM
Dr. ROLI PRADHAN

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, BHOPAL
Dr. N. KAVITHA
Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Mekelle University, ETHIOPIA
Prof C. M. MARAN
Assistant Professor (Senior), VIT Business School, TAMIL NADU
DR. RAJIV KHOSLA

Associate Professor and Head, Chandigarh Business School, MOHALI
Dr. S. K. SINGH
Asst. Professor and Head of the Dept. of Humanities, R. D. Foundation Group of Institutions, MODINAGAR
Dr. (Mrs.) MANISHA N. PALIWAL

Associate Professor, Sinhgad Institute of Management, PUNE
International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
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DR. (Mrs.) ARCHANA ARJUN GHATULE
Director, SPSPM, SKN Sinhgad Business School, MAHARASHTRA
DR. NEELAM RANI DHANDA

Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, kuk, HARYANA
Dr. FARAH NAAZ GAURI

Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, AURANGABAD
Prof. Dr. BADAR ALAM IQBAL

Associate Professor, Department of Commerce,Aligarh Muslim University, UP
Associate Editors
Dr. SANJAY J. BHAYANI
Associate Professor ,Department of Business Management,RAJKOT (INDIA)
MOID UDDIN AHMAD

Assistant Professor, Jaipuria Institute of Management, NOIDA
Dr. SUNEEL ARORA

Assistant Professor, G D Goenka World Institute, Lancaster University, NEW DELHI
Mr. P. PRABHU
Assistant Professor, Alagappa University, KARAIKUDI
Mr. MANISH KUMAR

Assistant Professor, DBIT, Deptt. Of MBA, DEHRADUN
Mrs. BABITA VERMA

Assistant Professor ,Bhilai Institute Of Technology, INDORE
Ms. MONIKA BHATNAGAR

Assistant Professor, Technocrat Institute of Technology, BHOPAL
Ms. SUPRIYA RAHEJA

Assistant Professor, CSE Department of ITM University, GURGAON
International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us Page 3
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Title
Challenges in Indian Financial Sector to become Economic Super Power in the Coming Decade
Author(s)
M.S. Vasudev K.M. Nagendra
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ABSTRACT:
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Presently India is borrowing heavily from World Bank and ADB for Government Projects. The Private ventures are looking for FDIs but the ceiling is restricted by government policy. Hence a considerable fiscal from GDP is diverted towards interest or dividend towards these finances. High inflation and global recession are adding to considerable fiscal deficit making the funds more volatile and costly. High inflation and delays in completion are resulting in huge cost over runs thereby rendering the ventures less profitable. PPP models are also highly affected by local demands, making them less attractive for investment. PPP consortiums are mostly having Indian partnerships to bare minimum, thereby keeping them away from all strategic decision process. Most of these PPP Consortiums outsource most of the project execution to parent firms outside India, hence least beneficial to Indian corporate. The corruption and scams have pushed Indias credit rations to the rocks bottom (CWG). The political instability due to coalition government also reduced Indias credit ratings. Most of the ventures are shadowed by local politics, making them less credible for future investment. Delayed reforms in Direct and Indirect Taxes have made the corporate ventures more defensive towards global initiates.
Key Words: FDI, PPP, Corporate Governance, Corruption, Taxation
The Challenges
Ramping up investments in infrastructure is critical for Indias growth, and to sustain the countrys battle against poverty. Supporting infrastructure investment is particularly important at this time, not just to sustain total domestic demand at a time of global crisis, but also to lay the foundations for stronger economic growth in the future.
However, since the onset of the global financial crisis in late 2008, long-term financing to sustain the development of infrastructure has become difficult to obtain. While in 2007, India was the leading destination among low and middle-income countries for private investment in infrastructure, recent evidence indicates that newer projects are being delayed because of the difficulties in securing private financing - particularly long-term private investment.
Presently India is borrowing heavily from World Bank and ADB for Government Projects. The Private ventures are looking for FDIs but the ceiling is restricted by government policy. Hence a
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considerable fiscal from GDP is diverted towards interest or dividend towards these finances. High inflation and global recession are adding to considerable fiscal deficit making the funds more volatile and costly.
The development of infrastructure is a central theme of the Government of Indias 11th Five-Year Plan (200712). The Plan estimates that investments to the tune of $492 billion are needed during the five-year period in the roads, railways, ports, power, and water sectors. This means almost doubling infrastructure spending from its current 5 percent of GDP. Of this, the private sector would need to contribute a little over 30 percent or some $160 billion - about four times more than it has done in the past five years. In the current global financial crisis, the availability of private long-term finance has reduced considerably. To foster the countrys continued growth and enable it to continue its battle against poverty, the World Bank, at the request Government of India, will finance the India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL) - a financial intermediary - for on-lending to specific sub-projects. The IIFCL is a wholly government-owned financial institution that was established in 2006 to catalyze long-term private financing for PPP projects in infrastructure. Through the IIFCL, World Bank financing will support infrastructure sub-projects in the core sectors of roads (national and state highways), power generation and transmission, and ports. The lending instrument is a Financial Intermediary Loan, or FIL, to be financed by an IBRD line of credit of $1.195 billion. The IIFCL will then on-lend the line of credit to specific infrastructure subprojects including for roads, ports and power. These sub-projects will need to comply with the Banks eligibility criteria. These criteria include the Bank's environmental and social safeguards, its procurement policies, as well as its accounting and auditing standards. The sub-projects must also show economic and financial rates of return of at least 12 percent. But looking into the current trends in the global economy over shadowed by the civil wars in oil rich nations like Libya and the catastrophe in Japan, sustaining the rates of return @12% is the biggest challenge. GOI is working on a number of initiatives to assist and encourage capacity building at the state and central levels. It is identifying the capacity building needs of state governments, providing assistance for the creation of state-level PPP cells as nodal agency, streamlining PPP approval process, developing PPP toolkits, model concession agreements (MCAs), bidding documents, and project preparation manuals. It is also building a central database and website on PPPs to disseminate updated information to the states and the private sector. Arrangements are being finalized under which state governments would be able to avail of consultancy support for developing PPP projects. Institutions like the ADB have begun
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projects.
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supporting the capacity building process through these workshops and proposed technical assistance
State governments have identified a whole range of sectors for PPP, including roads/highways, ports (air, sea, container), telecommunication, water supply, waste management, tourism, power, industrial infrastructure, township development, leisure, and health. States have also identified the potential PPP projects that could be developed over the next few years. Many of the projects are already in the bidding stage using both memorandum of understanding (MOU) and competitive bidding procedures.
High inflation and delays in completion are resulting in huge cost over runs thereby rendering the ventures less profitable. PPP models are also highly affected by local demands, making them less attractive for investment PPP consortiums are mostly having Indian partnerships to bare minimum, thereby keeping them away from all strategic decision process. Most of these PPP Consortiums outsource most of the project execution to parent firms outside India, hence least beneficial to Indian corporate.
No clear link between institutional structure and success of PPP is apparent. State/UT governments have indicated marked differences in the process of PPP development, including variations in existence of infrastructure legislation and policies, institutional arrangements for identifying and approving PPPs, project development funds and companies, financial structuring, procurement procedures, etc. The projects like Bangalore Mysore Express Corridor by NICE have run in to long battles of litigations due to these differences in the process of PPP development. This will definitely deter others from participating in PPP projects.
The challenge is to streamline the policies for PPP development across the nation in order to bring transparency in PPP development process. Global ratings firm Fitch has said it may downgrade India's sovereign rating if the country's fiscal deficit worsens. The rating agency has, however, retained its current local and foreign currency ratings. Besides the fiscal position, the rating agency has also expressed concerns about India's low ratings in World Bank's governance indicators and also poor physical infrastructure. The World Banks year 2011 Doing Business ranking of India is 134 as against 135 in the year 2010. Hence there is no substantial improvement in the overall ranking. The challenge is to improve the governance indicators and physical infrastructure.
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In recognition of the important role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the accelerated economic growth of the country, Government of India initiated a slew of economic and financial reforms in 1991. India is now ushering in the second generation reforms aimed at further and faster integration of Indian economy with the global economy. As a result of the various policy initiatives taken, India has been rapidly changing from a restrictive regime to a liberal one, and FDI is encouraged in almost all the economic activities under the automatic route. Over the years, FDI inflow in the country is increasing. However, India has tremendous potential for absorbing greater flow of FDI in the coming years. Serious efforts are being made to attract greater inflow of FDI in the country by taking several actions both on policy and implementation front. FDI investments are permitted through financial collaborations, through private equity or preferential allotments, by way of capital markets through Euro issues, and in joint ventures. FDI is not permitted in the arms, nuclear, railway, coal & lignite or mining industries. A number of projects have been announced in areas such as electricity generation, distribution and transmission, as well as the development of roads and highways, with opportunities for foreign investors. Currently, FDI is allowed in financial services, including the growing credit card business. These services include the non-banking financial services sector. Foreign investors can buy up to 40% of the equity in private banks, although there is condition that stipulates that these banks must be multilateral financial organizations. Up to 45% of the shares of companies in the global mobile personal communication by satellite services (GMPCSS) sector can also be purchased. The current status of cumulative FDI flow into India is $190 billion. Most of the FDI (nearly 42%) has come from Mauritius alone. The cumulative FDI from EU is 13% and from USA is just 7%. Also major portion of the FDI is in service sector (nearly 21%) and just 7% in infrastructure construction.
The challenge is to attract more FDI towards Infrastructure Development from developed nations.
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In recent years the issue of corporate governance and the design of appropriate governance mechanisms have become important subjects of academic research and policy discourse in both developed and developing countries. The increasing importance of governance mechanisms comes in the wake of major corporate scandals in internationally renowned companies like Enron , Tyco and Worldcom as well as East Asian crisis in the early nineties and Satyam, IPL, CWG, 2G spectrum scams in India, with a large body of empirical and theoretical research highlighting the significant impact that an economy's corporate governance system can have on the profitability and growth of corporations. The challenge is to restore the investors confidence in the economy shaken by scandals and corruption.
One of the most important reasons for recent tax reforms in many developing and transitional economies has been to evolve a tax system to meet the requirements of international development of the competition. strategy role of to the The transition based from resource a predominantly has centrally the
planned
market state in
allocation The
changed a
perspective sector to one
development. import to
transition
from
public strategy systemic
based, of
heavy allocating
industry resources
dominated, according
substituting signals
industrialization has necessitated
market
changes in the tax system. In an export-led open economy, the tax system should not only raise the necessary revenues to provide the social and physical infrastructure but also minimize distortions. The current World Bank ranking for tax regime of India is 164.
Thus, the challenge is reform tax system to adjust to the requirements of a market economy to ensure international competitiveness.
Conclusion:
It is clearly evident from the above facts and figures that India has to tackle these challenges effectives in order to establish itself as an economic super power by year 2020. As the challenges of the financial sector are heavily dominated by the foreign investments and also considering the facts that very less investment from the developed nation in to the core areas of infrastructure building in India, it is obvious that these nations lack interest in development of India. We should also foresee the greatest threat that the moment India starts asserting as economic super power, these foreign investments will vanish from the Indian economy creating a huge void, thus pushing India to the recession it has resisted so far. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
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References:
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Financing Infrastructure PPP Projects in India, http://www.worldbank.org.in
Facilitating Public Private Partnership for Accelerated Infrastructure Development in India, Workshop Report, Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Ministry of Finance, Government of India, December 2006.
India Foreign Direct Investment, http://www.economywatch.com

Evolution Of Corporate Governance In India & It's Influence On India's Capital Market, Prof. (Dr.) Uday Salunkhe, Prof. (Dr.) P.S. Rao, and Prof. Amitha Sehgal, 2010.
Tax Reform in India - Achievement and Challenges, Asian Development Bank, International Tax Conference, 2 July 2007, New Delhi, India.
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Editorial Board
Dr. CRAIG E. REESE
Dr. S. N. TAKALIKAR
Dr. RAMPRATAP SINGH

Dr. P. MALYADRI


Dr. T. DULABABU

Mr. PIYUSH TIWARI

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Mr. GURSEL ILIPINAR

Mr. ZEESHAN AHMED

Mr. SANJAY ASATI

Mr. G. Y. KUDALE

Dr.MANJIT DAS
Dr. ROLI PRADHAN

Dr. N. KAVITHA
Prof C. M. MARAN
DR. RAJIV KHOSLA

Dr. S. K. SINGH
Head of the Department of Humanities & an Asst. Prof. ,MODINAGAR

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Associate Editors
MOID UDDIN AHMAD

Dr. SUNEEL ARORA

Mr. P. PRABHU
Mr. MANISH KUMAR

Mrs. BABITA VERMA


Ms. SUPRIYA RAHEJA

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Title
Bank Finance and Agriculture Development, an Empirical Study
Author(s)
Dr. M. Venkatasubbaiah Dr M. Amruth Prasad reddy
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Abstract:
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This paper studies the impact of bank finance on Farmers on Employment Generation by age, education, cast, size, occupation in delta area and non delta area in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. We observed that in the delta area the sample branches provided finance to the farmers more than to those in the non delta area. The male beneficiaries are more in number in both the delta and non delta area than female beneficiaries. Cast wise those of the forward cast are 48 per cent in the delta area and 51 per cent in the non delta area. The percentage of incremental assets value is high in the delta area when compared to non delta area.
Need for the Study

Several studies have been undertaken to evaluate the role of institutional finance for agriculture at the national level by individual researchers, financial institutions and Government. But area specific studies are comparatively limited in number. Such studies are of great importance on account of the vast, interregional variations of bank credit in developing countries like India. Even bank specific studies do not seem to have gone into the different operations of the branches located in Remote areas. The present study of Pinakini Grameena Bank in Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh is intended to fill this gap. A detailed analysis is made of the impact of Pinakini Grameena Bank finance on farm income, employment, asset creation and repayment performance.
Objective of the Study:

To analyze the impact of bank finance on Employment Generation of the sample beneficiaries
Methodology and Sampling:

The 63 branches of Pinakini Grameena Bank, Nellore, are divided into two groups, those serving the farmers in the delta area and those serving in the non-delta area. There are 30 branches in the delta area and 33 branches in the non-delta area. A random sampling of 10 per cent of the total branches namely 6 branches in all was taken, representing 3 branches from each group. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
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200 farmers who borrowed loans from the bank during 2008-09 are selected randomly with probability proportional to the size sampling method (PPS sampling method) from the 6 sample branches and pre-tested schedules were canvassed among them and the relevant data was collected.
Employment Generation:
Employment generation is an important objective of Pinakini Grameena Bank under its special sponsored programmes. The aim is to create more of self-employment than wage employment. Bank finance for agricultural activities led to an increase in cropping intensity in irrigated areas, particularly under labour intensive high-yielding varieties of crops. This resulted in employment generation among the sample beneficiaries in the post-loan period. Table 1. reveals that in the delta area the incremental mandays were 14 days for those of the below 20 years age group, 33 mandays for
Table1: Employment Generation on the basis of Age
Delta area S. Age Group No Pre-loan Post-loan period period 1. Below 20 years 20-50 Years Above 50 years Total Average mandays Incremental mandays Percentage of Incremental mandays
Non-Delta area Average mandays Pre-loan Post-loan period period Incremental mandays Percentage of Incremental mandays
126
140
14
11.11
121
133
12
9.9
2. 3.
262
295
33
12.59
261
289
28
10.72
248
276
28
11.29
245
269
24
9.79
636
711
75
11.79
627
641
64
10.20
Source: Field Data International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering http://www.ijmra.us
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those of the group between 20 and 50 years, and 28 mandays for those of the above 50 years age group. The percentage of incremental mandays was 11.11 for those below 20 years, 12.59 for those between 20 and 50 years, and 11.29 for those above 50 years. In the non-delta area the incremental mandays were 12 days for those below 20 years in age, 28 mandays for those between 20 and 50 years, and 24 mandays for those above 50 years in age. The percentage of incremental mandays was 9.9 for those of the below 20 years age group, 10.72 for those between 20 and 50 years, and 9.79 for those above 50 years in age. The total number of incremental mandays 75 and the percentage of incremental mandays was 11.79 in the delta area, whereas it was 64 mandays and 10.20 percent in the non-delta area. The incremental mandays and the percentage of incremental mandays both were high in the delta area when compared to those of the non-delta area among the age groups.
Table 2. t-test for Employment Generation on the Basis of Age
Category Delta Pre-loan Delta Post-loan Non-delta Pre-loan Non-delta post-loan
Mean
SD 74.81 84.54 76.63 84.88
SE 43.19
t-value
212.00 3 237.00 3 209.00 3 230.33 3
4.397* 48.81 44.24 4.438* 49.01
* 5 per cent level of significance Source: Table 1.
Table 2.shows that there is a significant difference between pre-loan and post-loan periods among age groups at 5 per cent levels of significance in both the delta and non-delta areas.
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Table.3. Employment Generation on the Basis of Caste Delta area Average mandsys Caste Category Preloan period 229 121 214 72 636 Postloan period 259 132 239 78 711 Incremental mandays Percentage incremental mandays Average mandays Preloan period 225 119 212 71 627 Post loan period 253 128 235 75 691 Incremental mandays Non-delta area
S. No.
Percentage of incremental mandays
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Backward Castes Forward Castes Total
31 11 26 7 75
13.53 9.09 12.14 9.72 11.79
28 8 23 5 64
12.44 6.72 9.78 7.04 10.20
Source: Field data. Table 3 indicates that in the delta area the incremental mandays were 31 for the Scheduled Castes, 11 days for the Scheduled Tribes, 26 days for the Backward Castes and 7 days for the Forward Castes. The percentage of incremental mandays was 13.53 for the Scheduled Castes, 9.09 for the Scheduled Tribes, 12.14 for the Backward Castes and 9.72 for the Forward Castes. In the non-delta area the incremental mandays were 28 for the Scheduled Castes, 8 days for the Scheduled Tribes, 23 for the Backward Castes and 5 days for the Forward Castes. The percentage of incremental mandays was 12.44 for the Scheduled Castes 6.72 for the Scheduled Tribes, 9.78 for the Backward Castes and 7.04 for the Forward Castes.
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The incremental mandays and the percentage of incremental mandays were higher in the delta area than in those of the non-delta area among the caste categories. Table 4. t-test for Employment Generation on the Basis of Caste
Mean
SD 72.13 81.94 71.69 81.50
SE 41.64
t-value
135.67 3 149.67 3 134.00 3 146.00 3
2.462* 47.31 41.39 2.110* 47.06
* 5 per cent level of significance. Source: Table 3
Table 4. shows that there is a significant difference between pre-loan and post-loan periods among the different caste groups at 5 per cent level of significance in both the areas.
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Table 5. Employment Generation on the Basis of level of Education
Delta area S. No. Average mandsys Level of Education Preloan period 221 235 112 68 636 Postloan period 249 267 122 73 711 Percentage Incremental of incremental mandays mandays 28 32 10 5 75 12.66 13.61 8.92 7.35 11.79
Non-delta area Average mandays Preloan period 219 233 110 65 627 Post loan period 244 262 117 68 691 Incremental mandays Percentage of incremental mandays 11.41 12.44 6.36 4.61 10.20
1. 2. 3. 4.
Illiterate Primary education Secondary education College education Total
25 29 7 3 64
Source: Field data.
Table 5. shows that in the delta area the incremental mandays were 28 for the illiterate 32 days for those with primary education, 10 days for those with secondary education, and 5 days for those with college education. The percentage of incremental mandays was 12.66 for the illiterate, 13.61 for those with primary education, 8.92 for those with secondary education and 7.35 for those with college education. In the non-delta area, the incremental mandays were 25 days for the illiterate, 29 days for those with primary education, 7 days for those with secondary education and 3 days for those with college education. The percentage of incremental mandays were 11.41 for the illiterate, 12.44 for those with primary education, 6.36 for those with secondary education and 4.61 for those with college education.
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The incremental mandays and the percentage of incremental mandays were high in the delta area when compared with those of the non-delta area, in the levels of education categories.
Table 6. t-test for Employment Generation Level of Education
Mean
SD 81.87 95.08 82.25 95.08
SE 40.94
t-value
159.00 4 177.75 4 156.75 4 172.75 4
2.830* 47.54 41.12 2.479* 47.54
* 5 per cent level of significance Source: Table 5.
Table 6. shows that there is a significant difference between pre-loan and post-loan periods among the different caste groups at 5 per cent level of significance in both the areas.
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Table 7.
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Employment Generation on the Basis of Category Farmers
Delta area Average mandays Preloan period 238 226 107 65 636 Postloan period 273 253 116 69 711 Average mandays Preloan period 235 223 106 63 627
Non-delta area
S. No.
Size of Farmers
Percentage Incremental of incremental mandays mandays
Postloan period 264 249 112 66 691
Incremental mandays
1. 2. 3. 4.
Marginal farmers Small farmers Medium farmers Large farmers Total
35 27 9 4 75
14.70 11.94 8.41 6.15 11.79
29 26 6 3 64
12.34 11.65 5.66 4.76 10.20
Source: Field data.
Table 7. reveals in the delta area that the incremental mandays were 35 days for the marginal farmers, 27 days for the small farmers, 9 days for the medium farmers and 4 days for the large farmers. The percentage of incremental man days was 14.70 for the marginal farmers, 11.94 for the small farmers, 8.41 for the medium farmers and 6.15 for the large farmers. In the non-delta area the incremental man days were 29 days for the marginal farmers, 26 days for the small farmers, 6 days for the medium farmers, and 3 days for the large farmers. The percentage of incremental mandays was 12.34 for the marginal farmers, 11.65 for the small farmers, 5.66 for the medium farmers, and 4.76 for the large farmers. The incremental mandays and the percentage of incremental mandays were high in the delta area when compared to those of the non-delta area among farmers of different sizes.
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Table 8.
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t-test for Employment Generation on the Basis of Size of Farmers
Mean
SD 86.16 100.62 85.39 98.70
SE 43.08
t-value
159.00 4 177.75 4 156.75 4 172.75 4
2.558* 50.31 42.70 2.390* 49.35
* 5 per cent level of significance. Source: Table 7..
Table 8. shows that there is a significant difference between pre-loan and post-loan periods among the size of farmers at 5 per cent level of significance in both the areas.
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Table 9.
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Employment Generation on the Basis of Occupation Delta area Average mandays Preloan period 237 227 Postloan period 273 253 Incremental mandays Average mandays Preloan period 234 222 Postloan period 262 248 Incremental mandays Non-delta area
S. No.
Category of Occupation
1. 2.
Cultivation Cultivation and wage earning Cultivation and allied activities Cultivation and employment Cultivation and business Total
36 26
15.18 11.45
28 26
1196 11.71
3.
111
120
8.10
104
109
4.80
4.
26
28
7.69
30
32
6.66
5.
35 636
37 711
2 75
5.71 11.79
37 627
40 691
3 64
8.10 10.20
Source: Field data.
Tabl 9. indicates that the incremental mandays were 36 days for those in cultivation 26 days for those in cultivation and wage earning, 9 days for those in cultivation and allied activities, 2 days for those in cultivation and employment, and 2 days for those engaged in cultivation and business.
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The percentage of incremental mandays was 15.18 for those engaged in cultivation, 11.45 for those engaged in cultivation and wage earning, 8.10 for those in cultivation and allied activities, 7.69 for those in cultivation and employment and 5.71 for those in cultivation and business. The incremental man days were 28 days for those in cultivation, 26 days for those in cultivation and wage earning, 5 days for those in cultivation and allied activities, 2 days for those in cultivation and employment and 3 days for those in activation and business. The percentage of incremental mandays was 11.96 percent for those in cultivation, 11.71 for those in cultivation and wage earning, 4.80 for those in cultivation and allied activities, 6.66 for those in cultivation and employment and 8.10 for those engaged in cultivation and business. The incremental mandays and the percentage of incremental mandays were high in the delta area when compared to the non-delta area among the categories of occupation. Table 10. t-test for Employment Generation on the Basis of Occupation
Category Delta Pre-loan Delta Post-loan Non-delta Pre-loan Non-delta post-loan * 5 per cent level of significance Source: Table 9.
Mean
SD 101.27 116.18 98.11 110.86
SE 45.29
t-value
127.20 5 142.20 5 125.40 5 138.20 5
2.193* 51.96 43.87 2.197* 49.58
Table 10. shows that there is a significant difference between pre-loan and post-loan periods among the occupational categories at 5 per cent level of significance in both the areas. Summary
Page 25
June 2011
IJMIE
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
One of the objectives of Pinakini Grameena Bank is to create more of self-employment rather than wage employment in rural areas. Viewed from this angle, the percentage of incremental mandays in both areas is low among those who are below 20 years in age and high among those whose age is between 20 and 50 years. Castewise, the percentage of incremental mandays is low among those of the Forward Caste and high among the Scheduled Castes in comparison with those of other castes in both areas. Education-wise, the percentage of incremental mandays is low among the college educated and high among the illiterate in both areas. The percentage of incremental mandays is low among large farmers and high among marginal farmers. Occupation-wise in both areas, the percentage of incremental mandays is low among those engaged in both cultivation and business and high among those engaged in cultivation.
References:
Srivastava, R.N, Singh D.K. and Singh R.P, Champaram Kshetriya Grameena Bank in Bihar State, 1981 Jagadish Prasad and Sunil Kumar) A case study of Vyshali Kshetriya Grameena Bank in Mujaffarpur district of Bihar, 1981-82 N. Mohsin and R. Jha) credit repayment performance of beneficiaries financed by Kshetriya Grameena Ban,1987. Garg, J.S. Singh, G.N. and Tripathi, R.N., An Analysis of Agricultural Financing by Regional Rural Banks in Moradabad of Uttar Pradesh, Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 23, No.4, 1978. Gayathri, K. Credit Delivery in Rural Karnataka: A case of Chikmangalur District, Journal of Rural Development, Vol. 12, No.3, May1993.
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IJMIE
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
Editorial Board
Dr. CRAIG E. REESE
Dr. S. N. TAKALIKAR
Dr. RAMPRATAP SINGH

Dr. P. MALYADRI


Dr. T. DULABABU

Mr. PIYUSH TIWARI

Page 27
June 2011
IJMIE
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
Mr. GURSEL ILIPINAR

Mr. ZEESHAN AHMED

Mr. SANJAY ASATI

Mr. G. Y. KUDALE

Dr.MANJIT DAS
Dr. ROLI PRADHAN

Dr. N. KAVITHA
Prof C. M. MARAN
DR. RAJIV KHOSLA

Dr. S. K. SINGH

Page 28
June 2011
IJMIE
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________



Associate Editors
MOID UDDIN AHMAD

Dr. SUNEEL ARORA

Mr. P. PRABHU
Mr. MANISH KUMAR

Mrs. BABITA VERMA


Ms. SUPRIYA RAHEJA

Page 29
June 2011
IJMIE
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
Title
Dry land farming for National food security
Author(s)
Surendra Kumar Yadav Mrs.Namitha .V
Page 30
June 2011
IJMIE
Abstract:
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
India is known as a land of golden bird. It was so because of prosperity prevails in all sphere of life of its natives. India was self sufficient for ROTI; Kapara aur Makan. But with the passes of time scenario changed, today we are not able to feed our population. Most of the people blame it for population. Is blaming to population is correct? Is population a curse? In my opinion answer is no. Population is curse when available resources are not in proportion to population. India has abundant resources which can feed not only Indian population but it can feed half of the world population. There are several factors which lead to food insecurity like dry land, unscientific cultivation, poor government policies and its implementation regarding procurement, storage and distribution of food grain. Uncertain, ill-.distributed and limited annual rainfall; occurrence of extensive climatic hazards like drought, flood etc; undulating soil surface, prevalence of mono cropping, very low crop yield, poor economy of the farmers, poor health of farmer as well as farmers. This paper try to focus on issues related to characteristics of dry land, dry land zone in India, and recommendation for dry land area.
Key Wards: Dry land, dry land farming, food security.
Introduction:
It is well-known that there has been very little improvement in the production of food grains, coarse cereals and pulses during the past two decades due to a variety of reasons. Three of them are most important. The first is dry land, unscientific cultivation, and poor government policies. Secondly, consumer preferences have changed. Finally, crop substitution has been the fallout of the very tardy process of technological change in cultivation. About 65 percent of arable land of cultivated area even today depends upon monsoon rains. The productivity of dry land crops not only low but also highly fluctuating depending upon the rainfall. Government of India has taken several measures to improve the position of dry land farmer in India. About 25 percent of the net cultivated area has the benefit of irrigation and of this barely 24 percent is utilized for the sowing
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June 2011
IJMIE
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
more than once in a year. Dry lands contribute 42% of the total food grain production of the country. These areas produce 75% of pulses and more than 90% of sorghum, millet, groundnut and pulses from arid and semi-arid regions. Thus, dry lands and rain fed farming will continue to play a dominant role in agricultural production. Dry lands, besides being water deficient, are characterized by high evaporation rates, exceptionally high day temperature during summer, low humidity and high run off and soil erosion. The soils of such areas are often found to be saline and low in fertility. As water is the most important factor of crop production, inadequacy and uncertainty of rainfall often cause partial or complete failure of the crops which leads to period of scarcities. Thus the life of both human being and cattle in such areas becomes difficult and insecure.
Characteristics of Dry land farming:
Dry land areas may be characterized by the following features:
1. Undulating soil surface; 2. Occurrence of extensive and large holdings; 3. Uncertain, ill-.distributed and limited annual rainfall; 4. Relatively large size of fields; 5. Practice of extensive agriculture i.e. prevalence of mono cropping etc; 6. Occurrence of extensive climatic hazards like drought, flood etc; 7. Similarity in types of crops raised by almost all the farmers of a particular region; 8. Very low crop yield; 9. Poor market facility for the produce; 10. Poor economy of the farmers; and 11. Poor health of cattle as well as farmers.
Hence an understanding of rainfall pattern and land characteristics is crucial for optimizing use of
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June 2011
IJMIE
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
available water for dry land areas. Apart from rainfall, the other important elements are moisture availability to crops and chemical composition of soil .
Issues in Dry land Farming: i. Watershed Programme. ii. Agro-Forestry System. iii. Crop improvement programme. iv. Use of fertilizer.
Dry land Farming Zones in India: Almost all the states in India have some area under rain fed but only the major dry farming areas are discussed here.
1. The Genetic plains of North India
This zone includes districts of northern Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, North- western M.P., and U.P. This zone is characterized by two major soil types namely light loam and heavy loam. The land is nearly leveled in this area. The soils are very deep and situated at about 700 to 800 ft. above sea level. Because of heavy sand and silt fractions in the soil it has large pore spaces. The soils are rich in essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, calcium etc. and, therefore, quite good for raising the crop excepting few with high water requirements. The major crops which are grown in this zone are millets, cereals, oil seeds and pulses.
2. The peninsular plateau of India
This zone comprises the states of M.P. Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The soil of this zone has been derived from the Deccan trap .The tract is undulating and consists of low ridges and valleys due to erosion which results in rapid run-off. About 40 percent of the land of this zone is not fit for cultivation. The soil may be grouped into three types based on its depth as deep, medium deep and shallow soils. Leaching of lime has resulted in the formation of lime nodules or kanker on the surface soil. The soil is quite rich in total and available nitrogen.
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ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
phosphorus and potash which favors production of crops if moisture is efficiently conserved. In this zone two high peaks of rain are observed because the area is affected by both south-west monsoon as well as northeast monsoon. About 40-55 percent of total annual rainfall is obtained from south-west monsoon and the rest from north-east monsoon. Mostly the millets and some oil seeds like groundnut are grown in this zone.
3. Plateau of granite formation
The soils of this zone are grouped as red soils and black cotton soils. Red soils are shallow while black cotton soils are very deep like clayey soils. The topography is of gentle undulations which favors run-off and soil erosion. The high pore space and high swelling of soil obstruct the permeability of rain water in to the lower layers of soil and its shrinkage results in hardening and clod formation on the surface which is unfavorable for plant growth. The red laterite and black cotton soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphoric acids.
Recommendations for Dry land Farming Areas:
The research programmes of all India coordinated research projects for dry land agriculture have concluded into certain recommendations to the farmers of dry land areas which are described below. 1. Bounding across the slope and leveling the land should be done before onset of monsoon. 2. Deep summer ploughing should be followed by surface tillage during monsoon months and also rest of the year. 3. Application of organic manures should be done. These manures should be applied about 20-25 days before sowing and should be well mixed in the soil. 4. Fertilizers should be basal placed at a depth of7.5 to 10cm in the soil and the seeds should be sown in the same furrows about 3 cm. above the fertilizers. This is important especially during winter season. The nitrogen (20-50% of total) should be top dressed by side or band placement method at about 10- 15 cm apart. The crop rows should be done soon after the rains but if there is not sufficient moisture in the soil, the nitrogen should betrayed over the foliage with urea
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ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
solution containing 3-5% nitrogen. Zinc and sulphur should be applied as basal if needed. 5. Termites and white grub treatment should be done for better yield. 6. Selection of suitable crops and their varieties should be done according to their suitability to a particular region/micro climate. 7.Seeds must be treated with a suitable fungicide and that of legume with Rhizobium culture before sowing. Soaking seeds in plain water for rabi sowing helps in getting higher germination. 8. Proper crop rotation should be followed which should preferably have at least one legume every year. 10.At the event of total crop failure during kharif season a suitable catch crop like urd or toria etc should be sown. 11. Intercropping of oil seeds and pulses should be done with jowar, bajra and maize crops for the purpose of making best use of soil and inter row moistureharvesting. 12. Line sowing by drilling the seed at a depth of7.5 to 10cm or even more depending upon the situation should be practiced because it helps in better seed germination. This also helps in stabilizing the required plant population and thereby in getting better yield. 13. Proper weed management practices should be followed by adopting integrated weed control measures. 14. Mulching should be done by providing frequent interculture and pulverizing the soil. If intercultural operations are not possible then use of artificial mulches like covering the surface with tree leaves, uprooted weeds, sugarcane leaves, saw dust or polythene sheets are used to check the evaporation of water from the soil. 15. Water harvesting between the rows should be done by growing some pulse crops and runoff water should be collected in some nearby located ponds and used as life saving irrigation. 16. An efficient plant protection measure should be adopted to protect the crop from insect pests and disease damage. 17. The crop should be harvested at proper physiological maturity so that the following or succeeding crop may be sown slightly earlier than the scheduled time and best use of rain water or residual moisture may be made for crop production.
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Conclusion:
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It can be concluded that 35 percent land which is still un irrigated has a great potential for agricultural produce, the example is Indira Gandhi Canal in Rajsthan which converted desert in to green area and first green revolution which developed through evolving and supplying improved seeds; educating farmers in bio-fertilizers; vermin compost ; indigenous plant protection methods providing service at community center for mechanization of agriculture ;development of market infrastructure and trade policies through acceptable policies and techniques. Hence an understanding of rainfall pattern and land characteristics is crucial for optimizing use of available water for dry land areas. Apart from rainfall, the other important elements are moisture availability to crops and chemical composition of soil.
References:
R.V.Badi and N.V.Badi, Rural Marketing, HPP. S.K.Mishra and V.K.Puri, Indian Economics HPP. Raj Gopal , Rural Marketing,Rowt Publication. Philip Kotler, Marketing Management , PHI. Wedsite of ministry of rural development.
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June 2011
IJMIE
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
Editorial Board
Dr. CRAIG E. REESE
Dr. S. N. TAKALIKAR
Dr. RAMPRATAP SINGH

Dr. P. MALYADRI


Dr. T. DULABABU

Mr. PIYUSH TIWARI

Page 37
June 2011
IJMIE
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
Mr. GURSEL ILIPINAR

Mr. ZEESHAN AHMED

Mr. SANJAY ASATI

Mr. G. Y. KUDALE

Dr.MANJIT DAS
Dr. ROLI PRADHAN

Dr. N. KAVITHA
Prof C. M. MARAN
DR. RAJIV KHOSLA

Dr. S. K. SINGH

Page 38
June 2011
IJMIE
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________



Associate Editors
MOID UDDIN AHMAD

Dr. SUNEEL ARORA

Mr. P. PRABHU
Mr. MANISH KUMAR

Mrs. BABITA VERMA


Ms. SUPRIYA RAHEJA

Page 39
June 2011
IJMIE
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
Title
ATTITUDE OF TEACHERS TOWARDS EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Authors
Vishesh Kumar Singh Rajpoot Omvati Rajpoot
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Introduction:
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Teacher is an effective and dominating factor among the ones contributing to educational improvements. Mainly, the teacher effectiveness depends on the teachers' attitude, characteristics and the classroom phenomena such as environment and climate and organization and management. Various commissions and committees have recommended methods of bringing about qualitative improvements in education. As a result, the teachers are motivated, inspired and endured to develop better curriculum text-books and teaching aids. But all the efforts are meaningless unless teachers are not having the positive attitude towards Educational Technology. Hence, this paper tries to study the attitude of matriculation school teachers towards Educational Technology. The study of Singh (1980) revealed that a majority of teachers had opined that Educational Technology had changed the classroom teaching-learning process to a great extent and had also made an attitudinal change among the pupils. Chaudhary's (1990) study revealed that teachers perceived school television as a good tool for teaching and were fairly satisfied with their job. A study by Katherine (2001) indicated that all the teachers of Bharathidasan University jurisdiction are having positive attitude towards the application of Educational Technology Aids at secondary level. Selvam (2006) reported that female primary teachers have more favourable attitude than male primary teachers towards Educational Technology. The past studies did not focus the matriculation teachers regarding the aspect of their attitude towards Educational Technology. Hence, the present study examined the attitude of matriculation teachers towards Educational Technology. The matriculation schools managed by private organizations or individuals, either partially or totally. The reputation of these schools is generally
June 2011
IJMIE
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
better when compared with the government schools. In these schools, the teachers are exposed to better conditions and better academic atmosphere. The quality of teaching is also supposed to be better in these schools. The quality of teaching depends on the utilization of Educational Technology. Attitude of teachers plays a vital role in their teaching efficiency. The past studies related to attitude towards Educational Technology among teachers focused only to government institutions in primary, secondary, higher secondary and tertiary level. Thus, it is important to study about the attitude of matriculation school teachers towards Educational Technology. Objective: The objective of this study is to find out the significant difference in the level of attitude of matriculation school teachers towards Educational Technology between some selected variables such as gender, age, religion and marital status. Hypotheses: Based on the objective of this study, the following are the hypotheses prepared in null form for this study. There is no significant difference in the level of attitude of matriculation teachers towards Educational Technology between the sub variables : Male and Female 18 - 40 and 41 - 58 years of age, Hindu and non - Hindu, Married and unmarried teachers.
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METHOD:
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__________________________________________________________
Survey method was adopted for this study. Sample 79 matriculation teachers were selected from the matriculation schools located in Erode. The random sampling technique was employed for selection of samples. Variables The variables considered for the present study are (i) male and female teachers, (ii) 18-40 and 41-58 years of age group teachers, (iii) Hindu and non-Hindu teachers, and (iv) married and unmarried teachers. Tool The Teachers' Attitude Towards Educational Technology (TATET) was developed by Selvam, Paul and Devi (2004) for measuring primary teachers' attitude towards Educational Technology. The reliability of the TATET was found to be 0.8175 (N=118) by split-half method. The Cronbach's alpha value is 0.842. The maximum possible score of the scale is 75 and the minimum score is 15 and each statement followed by five responses representing five levels of acceptance. Statistical techniques 't' test was employed for finding out the significant difference in the level of attitude of matriculation teachers towards Educational Technology between the selected variables.
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Volume 1, Issue 1 Table 1.1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
Significance of difference in the mean attitude scores towards Educational Technology between the sub-variables of matriculation teachers Variables Category N Mean SD 't' Value Remarks (5% level of significance)
Male Gender Female 18-40 years of age Age 41-58 years of age Hindu Religion Non-Hindu Married Unmarried
28 51 62 17 61 18 55 24
59.48 55.19 56.29 60.56 56.94 57.22 57.63 55.00
11.87 17.09 10.42 15.81 15.04 14.69 14.20 17.32
1.32 NS
1.34 NS
0.07 NS
Marital Status
0.65 NS
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RESULT:
Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
The above table indicates the calculated 't' values are less than the table value 2.00 at 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the null hypothesis that there exists no significant difference between the sub-variables of matriculation teachers in their mean attitude scores towards Educational Technology is accepted. The results are as under: There is no significant difference between the male and female matriculation teachers in their mean attitude scores towards Educational Technology. There is no significant difference between the age 18-40 and 41-58 years of age group matriculation teachers in their mean attitude scores towards Educational Technology. There is no significant difference between the Hindu and Non-Hindu matriculation teachers in their mean attitude scores towards Educational Technology. There is no significant difference between the married and unmarried matriculation teachers in their mean attitude scores towards Educational Technology.
CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the matriculation teachers do not differ in their Educational Technology attitude with respect to their gender, age, religion and marital status.
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REFERENCES:
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ISSN: 2249-0558
__________________________________________________________
Chaudhary, S.S. (1990). Teacher's attitude towards school television and its relationship to mass media behaviour and job satisfaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Delhi, New Delhi. Katherine, I.K. (2001). Application of educational technology in teaching of mathematics at secondary school level in Bharathidasan University jurisdiction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Trichirappalli. Selvam, M. (2006). The attitude of primary teachers attitude towards total quality management in relation to their attitude towards Educational technology. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Trichirappalli. Singh, B.K. (1980). Technology in education growth and development in the secondary schools of Bihar with special reference to Monghyr district and its impact on the teaching-learning process. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Bihar University, Bihar.
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Prof. Dr. TEKI SURAYYA

Dr. A. ARUL LAWRENCE SELVAKUMAR

Mr. PIYUSH TIWARI

Mr. GURSEL ILIPINAR

Mr. ZEESHAN AHMED

Mr. SANJAY ASATI

Editorial Advisory Board

Dr. ROLI PRADHAN

DR. RAJIV KHOSLA

Dr. (Mrs.) MANISHA N. PALIWAL

DR. NEELAM RANI DHANDA

Dr. FARAH NAAZ GAURI

Prof. Dr. BADAR ALAM IQBAL

MOID UDDIN AHMAD

Dr. SUNEEL ARORA

Mr. MANISH KUMAR

Mrs. BABITA VERMA

Ms. MONIKA BHATNAGAR

Ms. SUPRIYA RAHEJA

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