Biology Midterm Questions: A localized group of organisms that belong to the same species is called a A) Community B) Biosystem C) Family

D) Population E) Ecosystem Which of these is reflective of the hierarchical organization of life from most ot least inclusive. A) class, order, kingdom, phylum, family, genus, species B) kingdom, order, family, phylum, class genus, species C) kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. When blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin, and as a result blood glucose level declines. When blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon, and as a result blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of blood glucose level is the result of a A) Negative feedback B) Catalytic feedback C) Bioinformatic regulation D) Positive feedback E) Protein-protein interactions. Which of these provide evidence of the common ancestry of all life? A) The structure of cilia B) The ubiquitous use of catalysts by living systems C) The structure of the nucleus D) The universality of the genetic code E) The structure of chloroplast Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common? A) Ribosomes B) A membrane bound nucleus C) Flagella or cilia that contain microtubules D) Linear chromosomes made of DNA and protein Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates? A) Nitrogen B) Calcium C) Iodine D) Sodium E) Phosphorus

Each element is unique and different from other elements because of the number of protons in the nuclei of its atom. Which of the following indicates the number of protons in an atoms nucleus? A) Atomic Mass B) Atomic weight C) Atomic number D) Mass weight E) Mass number 19) Electrons exist only at fixed levels of potential energy. However, if an atom absorbs sufficient energy, a possible result is that A) an electron may move to an electron shell farther out from the nucleus. B) an electron may move to an electron shell closer to the nucleus. C) the atom may become a radioactive isotope. D) the atom would become a positively charged ion, or cation. E) the atom would become a negatively charged ion, or anion. 52) The ionic bond of sodium chloride is formed when A) chlorine gains an electron from sodium. B) sodium and chlorine share an electron pair. C) sodium and chlorine both lose electrons from their outer valence shells. D) sodium gains an electron from chlorine. E) chlorine gains a proton from sodium. 49) Which of the following molecules contains the strongest polar covalent bond? A) H2 B) O2 C) CO2 D) H2O E) CH4 2) The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called? A) a covalent bond B) a hydrogen bond C) an ionic bond D) a hydrophilic bond E) a hydrophobic bond

13) At what temperature is water at its densest? A) 0C B) 4C C) 32C D) 100C E) 212C 16) Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are A) nonpolar substances that repel water molecules. B) nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules. C) polar substances that repel water molecules. D) polar substances that have an affinity for water. E) charged molecules that hydrogen-bond with water molecules. Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen H+? A) Gastric juice at ph 2 B) Vinegar at ph3 C) Tomato juice at ph4 D) Black coffee at ph5 E) Household bleach at ph12 Which of the following statements is true about buffer solutions? E) They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them 1) Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of A) functional groups. B) vital forces interacting with matter. C) carbon compounds. D) water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules. E) inorganic compounds. 11) How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8

29) Which is the best description of a carbonyl group? A) an oxygen joined to a carbon by a single covalent bond B) a nitrogen and two hydrogens joined to a carbon by covalent bonds C) a carbon joined to two hydrogens by single covalent bonds D) a sulfur and a hydrogen joined to a carbon by covalent bonds E) a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond 6) The two molecules shown in Figure 4.1 are best described as A) optical isomers. B) radioactive isotopes. C) structural isomers. D) nonradioactive isotopes. E) geometric isomers. 33) Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? A) ketone and aldehyde B) carbonyl and carboxyl C) carboxyl and amino D) phosphate and sulfhydryl E) hydroxyl and aldehyde 1) When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they most likely would use A) a light microscope. B) a scanning electron microscope. C) a transmission electronic microscope. D) A and B E) B and C 19) Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids? A) ribosome B) lysosome C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum D) mitochondrion E) contractile vacuole

18) Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes? A) a cell that is secreting proteins B) a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes C) a cell that is constructing its cell wall or extracellular matrix D) a cell that is digesting food particles E) a cell that is enlarging its vacuole 24) In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles functions in this compartmentalizatio n? A) chloroplast B) lysosome C) central vacuole D) peroxisome E) glyoxysome 34) Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in A) vacuoles. B) chloroplasts. C) mitochondria. D) lysosomes. E) nuclei. 11) The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals A) enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops. B) enables the animal to remove hydrogen atoms from saturated phospholipids. C) enables the animal to add hydrogen atoms to unsaturated phospholipids. D) makes the membrane less flexible, allowing it to sustain greater pressure from within the cell. E) makes the animal more susceptible to circulatory disorders. 30) Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane? A) It is a peripheral membrane protein. B) It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule. C) It requires the expenditure of cellular energy to function. D) It works against diffusion. E) It has few, if any, hydrophobic amino acids.

The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half filled with a solution of 2 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side B is half filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal. Figure 7.2 38) Initially, in terms of tonicity, the solution in side A with respect to that in side B is A) hypotonic. B) plasmolyzed. C) isotonic. D) saturated. E) hypertonic. 39) After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed? A) The molarity of sucrose and glucose are equal on both sides. B) The molarity of glucose is higher in side A than in side B. C) The water level is higher in side A than in side B. D) The water level is unchanged. E) The water level is higher in side B than in side A. When a plant cell, such as one from a peony stem, is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur? A) the cell will burst B) plasmolysis will shrink the interior C) the cell will become turgid D) the cell membrane will lyse E) the cell will become flaccid Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A) Catalysis B) Metabolism C) Anabolism D) Dehydration E) Catabolism Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the A) free energy of the system B) Free energy of the universe C) Entropy of the system D) Entropy of the universe E) Enthalpy of the universe

How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction? A) decrease the concentration of the reactants B) Increase the entropy of the reactants C) Cool the reactants D) Increase the activation energy needed E) Add a catalyst Which of the following is most similar in structure to ATP? a. an anabolic steroid b. a DNA helix c. RNA nucleotides d. an amino acid with three phosphate groups attached e. a phospholipid Substrate level phosphorylation accounts fro approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis? A) 0% B) 2% C) 10% D) 38% E) 100% A molecule that is phosphorylated A) has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate. B) Has a decreased chemical reactivity; it is less likely to provide energy for cellular work C)Has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the gain of an inorganic phosphate D)Has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work E) Has less energy than before it phosphorylation and therefore less energy for cellular work.