Dissections:

Thorax
Pleura Parietal and visceral layers with pleural fluid inside Three surfaces - costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal Borders: Cupula- 2.5cm above medial 1/3 of clavicle Midline- by 2nd rib Mid-clavicular line- 8th rib Mid-axillary line- 10th rib Posteriorly- just below 12th rib Left pleura diverges to the left at 4th rib to make room for the heart Right pleura continues parasternally to 6th rib Lungs Follow same pattern as pleura but borders at two ribs above pleura borders. Therefore there are two recesses of pleural cavity: 1. Costodiaphragmatic 2. Costomediastinal Distinguishing between the lungs: Right lung: 3 lobes- oblique and horizontal fissure Larger than left Left lung: 2 lobes- oblique fissure Lingula on inferior lobe, remember Left = Lingula Lungs have 3 surfaces- diaphragmatic, mediastinal, costal. Impressions: Right lung- oesophagus, trachea, azygos v., brachiocephalic trunk, sup.vena cava, thymus, cardiac, inf, vena cava. Left lung- arch and descending parts of aorta, trachea/oesophagus, subclavian a., left brachiocephalic v., thymus, cardiac, lingula Learn impressions of lungs! TIPS Remember this mnemonic: R A L S - Right Anterior Left Superior This means that in the right lung, pulmonary a. is anterior to bronchus. In left lung, pulmonary a. is superior to bronchus

Diaphragm Innervation is phrenic n. (C3-C5) Attatchments: xiphoid process costal margin of thoracic wall ends of ribs 11 and 12 ligaments on posterior wall - median arcuate, medial arcuate and lateral arcuate ligg. lumbar vertebrae Structures travelling through: inferior vena cava v. (T8) oesophagus (T10) aorta (T12) TIPS Vagus n. (X) travels with oesopahgus through diaphragm as plexus attached to its ext. wall. Right phrenic n travels with it inferior vena cava through diaphragm. Thoracic duct can be found with aorta on its course through diaphragm. Phrenic n. can be found travelling over the hilus of the lung. Vagus n. (X) can be found trvaelling under the hilus of the lung Thoracic Wall Three thin muscles between every rib external intercostal m. internal intercostal m. innermost intercostal. Between internal and innermost intercostal mm. there is the intercostal v. a. and n. (VANA) Intercostal a. in anterior part of thorax is from internal thoracic a. Intercostal a. in posterior part of thorax is from thoracic aorta. Intercostal v. in anterior part of thorax drain into internal thoracic v. Intercostal v. in posterior part of thorax drain into azygos v. Innervation of intercostal muscles is all intercostal n. External intercostal m. - inspiration Internal intercostal m. - expiration ONLY THING LEFT FOR THORAX IS HEART ALL IN DUE TIME :)