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QUESTION ANSWER BANK CE1029 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN FOR STRUCTURES EIGTH SEMESTER
functions. v) It must facilitate communication between the user and the system.
7. What is a geometric model? Mention its types. A geometric model is a graphical representation of an object, using the mathematical database in the computer. Solid model, surface model and wireframe model are the types of geometric model. 8. Write the various design tasks performed by CAD system. The design tasks performed by CAD system are geometric modeling, engineering analysis, design review and evaluation and automated drafting. 9. What is the graphic configuration of a graphic system? The graphic configuration of a graphic system is, i) It interacts with the graphics terminal to create and alter images on the screen. ii) Construct a model of something physical out of the images on the screen. The models are sometimes called application models. iii) Enter the model into computer memory and or secondary storage. 10. What are functions of a graphic package? The functions of a graphic package are generation of graphic elements, transformations, display control and windowing functions, segmenting functions and user input functions. 11. List the types of output devices used in conjunction with computer aided design system. Pen plotters, hard copy units, Electrostatic plotters, Computer-output-to-microfilm (COM) units are the output devices used in conjunction with computer aided design system. 12. What are the modules of ICG? The interactive computer graphics software is divided into three modules as the graphics package, application software and application database.
13. Write the display devices used in computer graphics application. Raster scan monitor, LCD monitors and plasma panel display are the display devices used in computer graphics application.
14. Write the display devices used in computer graphics application. The display devices used in computer graphics application are Raster scan monitor, LCD monitor and Plasma panel display. 15. List any two types of output devices used in conjunction with CAD system. Graphic Displays and Hard copy Printers and Plotters. 16.Define Recognition of need. Recognition of need involves the realization by someone that a problem exists for which some corrective action should be taken. This might be identification of some defect in current machine design by an engineer or the perception of a new product marketing opportunity by salesperson. Definition of the problem involves a thorough specification of the item to be designed. The specification includes physical and functional characteristics, cost, quality and operating performance. 17.Write the analysis step of design process Synthesis and analysis are closely related and highly iterative in the design process. A certain component or subsystem of the overall system is conceptualized by the designer, subjected to analysis, improved through this analysis procedure and redesigned. The process is repeated until the design has been optimized within the constraints imposed on the designer. The components and subsystems are synthesized into the final overall system in a similar iterative manner. 18. what is evaluation? Evaluation is concerned with measuring the design against the specifications established in the problem definition phase. This evaluation often requires the fabrication and testing of prototype model to assess operating performance, quality, reliability and other criteria. The final phase in the design process is the presentation of design. This includes documentation of the design by means of drawings, material specifications,
assembly lists and so on. 19. Write a note on engineering design? Engineering design has traditionally been accomplished on drawing boards, with design being documented in the form of a detailed engineering
drawing. Mechanical design includes the drawing of the complete product as well as its components and subassemblies. 20. Define Electrical design of CAD Electrical design is concerned with the presentation of circuit diagrams, specifications of electronic components, and so on. In each engineering discipline, the approach has traditionally been to synthesis a preliminary design manually and then to subject that design to some form of analysis.
coordinate pairs. In a CAD environment, digitalizes are used for two functions viz, inputting maps and drawings into the system and for creating tablet menus.
5. Define scanner. The input device used for inputting images directly is the scanner, which converts a page into an array of dots depending on the resolution of the scanner. These dots are converted to pixels that can be used as inputs. 6. What are the methods adopted to generate text in graphics? In computer graphics two methods are adopted to generate text primitive. They are vector generated text and raster generated. 7. Define scaling. The image displayed can be reduced or enlarged using scaling. Scaling can be done either in x or y direction or in both directions simultaneously. Scaling factors can be specified in x and y directions to carry out scaling. 8. Write the properties of graphical work station. The properties of graphical work station are: i) It has one display surface with a fixed resolution. ii) The display spaces are rectangular. iii) No image is displayed outside the specified display space. iv) It supports several line types, marker types , text fonts, character spacing etc. v) It has one or more logical input devices. vi) It stores and manipulates segments. 9. List the GKS work stations. GKS defines six categories of workstations viz, Output workstation which has display surface for displaying images. Input workstation with atleast one logical input device. Output / Input workstation with a display surface & atleast one logical input device. Workstation independent segment storage (WISS) GKS metafile input & output. 10. What is a GKS metafile?
A graphics metafile is defined as mechanism for the transfer and storage of graphics data, which is both applicant independent and device independent. 11. Define wireframe model. A wireframe model is the simplest geometric modeling type, where an object is described by points, lines, circles, and curves in 3D representation. 12. Define surface model. Surface model is similar to wireframe model where an object is described by surface entities such as B- spline, Bezier patches, coons patches, ferguson, surfaces,etc. 13. Define solid model. Solid model is a complete representation of a surface model where the object is described by solid entities such as blocks, cylinder, cone, sphere, wedge etc. It can also be compared with an actual or existing model. 14. Write the functions of GKS. Regeneration and transformation of images Image generated in user co-ordinate Controlling the activities of work station Structuring the cell arrays and there by generating images 15. State the advantages of AUTOCAD Smooth arcs can be drawn to connect two lines. Objects can be filled with specified pattern or cross hatched. Aspect ratios can be varied at any time. Objects can be dragged to vary their locations and sizes. 16. Define pivot point. The point about which the image is rotated is called pivot point. 17.What are the types of model Wireframe model Surface model Solid model 18. Define wire frame modeling. Wireframe models are the simplest of the
three types of models. They are easy to create and use. They provide sufficient information on
solid object. They are normally used to create models of simple objects. Wire frame models are generated by continuing line segments 19. Define Modeling Surface
Surface entities are introduced to the wire frame model in the surface modeling. Surface models define part geometry more precisely, compared to wire frame models. An object generated through surface modeling can be displayed on a screen, in such a way that it look like a solid object . 20. Define Rotation The transformation is used to rotate objects or images about any point in the world space either clockwise or anticlockwise direction. The point about which the image is rotated is called pivot point. These steps are required to perform this operation. They are Translate the pivot point xp,yp to the origin Rotate the translated points by e about the origin Translate the centre of rotation back to the pivot point In the first step the points (x,y) get transformed to (x,y),and in the zsecond step (x,y).In the third step to (x,y).all the line segments on the objects has to be transformed to get the
ABACUS, ADINA, ANSYS, ASKA, COSMOS, GTSTRUDL, NISA, PAFEC, SAP, SESAM-80 are some of the available software packages of finite element analysis 3. What is meant by banding of a stiffness matrix? The adjacent elements of the diagonal matrix are non zero numbers and the elements far away from them are non zero numbers. 4. Define nodal point. The point at which two nodal planes meet is called node (or) nodal point. Nodes are points at which different elements are connected to generate the structure or system. 5. Define general type pre and post processor. The types of pre and post processors are general and specific purpose. General purpose type processors can be coupled to many finite element packages and many even offer facility to process problems in the field of engineering. 6. Define special purpose type pre and post processor. The special purpose processor work in connection with specific finite element analysis package and is usually available in an integrated form with that package. 7. What is duplication? Portions of an existing model or the entire model can be translated, rotated, mirrored or scaled to generate another portion of the model is called duplication. 8. Write the functions of pre and post processor. A preprocessor creates the finite element model and the input necessary for a finite element analysis program. A post processor program accepts the results of the analysis and generates tables, diagram/pictures etc for the interpretation of results. 9. Write the basic steps of finite element analysis. The basic steps of finite element analysis are: i) Discretization of a given body or structure into an assemblage of finite elements. ii) Derivation of element equations for various types of analysis. iii) Assemblage of elements to obtain the governing equation for the whole problem. iv) Solution of the assembled equations v) Post-processing of results. 10. What is FEM.
FEM is a numerical technique for solving boundary value problem in which one divides the domain of the problem into little pieces over which the solution is approximated using polynomials. 11. Define shape function. Shape function is defined as one whose values at a particular node is unity and other nodes zero. 12. What are the properties of shape function? i) There will be as many shape functions as there are nodes. ii) It will have unit at the node in question and zero values at other nodes. iii) The sum of all the shape functions is unity. 13. List out the advantages of FEM? Advanta ges Since the properties of each element are evaluated separately we 4can incorporate different material properties of each element There is no restriction to the shape of the medium. Any type of boundary condition can be accommodated. 14. List out the disadvantages of FEM? Disadvanta ges The computational cost is more. The solution is approximate. 15. Define displacement function? Simple functions which are assumed to approximate the displacement for each element are called displacement functions. It may be a function of polynomials, trigonometry or others. 16.Name the types of noded elements 2-noded elements-line 3-noded elements-triangle 4-noded elements-quadrilateral 17. List the Hardware requirements of pre and post processor Computers-VAX family Prime family DEC HARRIS APPOLLO CDC cyber 18. List the various co ordinates of FEM. I) Local or element co ordinates
ii) Natural co ordinates iii) Simple natural co ordinates iv) Area co ordinates v) Generalised co ordinates. 19. What are the factors that govern the selection type of finite element? Geometry of the body Number of independent space coordinates Nature of stress variation 20. What are the properties of shape function? No. of shape function=no. of nodes Values of the nodes in the question =1 and all others must be zero The sum of the shape function is unity
allowable value and displacement at a node not to exceed the permissible limits is typical examples for inequality constraints. 3. Define Equality Constraints.
These are conditions that must be strictly satisfied for the design to be acceptable. In the case of solids, the conditions of equilibrium are to b imposed as equality constraints, but they are implicit as part of analysis procedure and are not stated. So it may be noted that the inequality constraints such as limits in press cannot be expressed explicitly since it requires a finite element analysis. 4. What are Side Constraints? The upper and lower bounds on the design variables are usually referred to as side constraints. Generally the idle constraints impose geometric restrictions on the design variables 10<t<20, where t may be the thickness due to coal provisions, fabrications or practical considerations and availability of the sizes. 5. Write Direct Search Methods of unconstrained optimization technique. Theses have proved to be quite versatile for large scale complex problems, because they involve only function evaluations. They involve less complex computations and can effectively handle discontinuous functions. These methods are advantageous when the function evaluation is not computationally expensive as these methods require a large number of function evaluations to achieve optimum. 6. Write the classification of unconstrained optimization problem. i) Classification based on nature of loading and
constraints ii) Classification based on the nature of equations involved iii) Classification based on design variables iv) Classification based on deterministic nature of variables 7. Define Hill Climbing.
Hill climbing is an example of an informed search method because it uses information about the search space to search in a reasonably efficient manner. If you try to climb a mountain in fog with an altimeter but no map, you might use the hill climbing
generate and test approach. 8. Write short notes on constrained optimization techniques?
A constrained optimization is concerned with obtaining a minimum(or maximum) of the objective function to constraints. The methods of optimization can be classified into two broad categories: (i)Direct Methods and (ii)Transformation or Indirect Methods.
9. Write short notes on unconstrained optimization techniques. An unconstrained optimization problem aims at minimization ( or maximization) of the objective function in the absence of constraints. The unconstrained optimization technique can be broadly classified into two categories , i) single variable/ unidirectional search techniques and ii) multivariable optimization techniques.All the algorithms
10. Define Transformation/Indirect Method These methods transform the constrained optimization problem into a sequence of unconstrained optimization problems with the motivation to use well established unconstrained optimization techniques discussed in the earlier section. The general approach of the indirect methods will be to minimize (or maximize) the objective functions as an unconstrained function but provide penalty to limit the constraint violation. 11. Define meta-knowledge. The term meta knowledge refers to knowledge about knowledge. As the size of the knowledge base grow larger and larger, and controls strategy become more complex. An ideal way in this situation is to logically divide the knowledge into smaller ones, and have a higher level knowledge base, which containing the knowledge about the lower level knowledge bases and problem solving strategy. Knowledge base at higher level is called meta-knowledge. 12. Write the architecture of KBES development tool. The architecture of KBES development tool consists of Rule base inference engine which consists of Knowledge acquisition facility, Data base management system, Frame management system, Engineering design synthesis and Design critic. 13. Write the functions of preprocessor? Reads control parameter. Reads or generates nodal Coordinates boundary conditions. Reads or generates element connectivity and element loads. Reads material constants constitutive matrix coefficients. Reads nodal loads and loading conditions. 14. Write the functions of postprocessor? Prints/plots deflection shape.
Prints/plots contours of stresses, Displays stress bands, maximum and minimum values. 15. Write the different gradient based methods? Methods od Steepest descent/Ascent NewtonSearch Method Conjugate Gradient Method Method of Flecture and reevs Quasi-Newton/Variable Metric Methods and under this category, Davidon-Fletcher-Powell (DFP) method is reported to be stable and reliable for use.
constraints
Find the strength considering (A) Strength in yielding of gross area. (B) Strength in rupture of critical section and (C) Strength in block shear. Minimum edge distance and minimum pitch distances are maintained, strength in yield is the least value, hence the design is safe.
18.
Select a section togive effective are required and calculate rmin. Knowing the end conditions and deciding the type of connection determine effective length. find
the slenderness ratio and hence the design stress and load carrying capacity. Revise the section if calculated Pd differs considerably from the design load. 19. Write the types of optimization techniques. The types of optimization techniques are constrained optimization techniques and unconstrained optimization techniques 20.Define Explanation Facility Explanation facility is one of the most important
components of the expert system. This provides a mechanism for the user of the expert system, to get more information on the inference process. Primarily a user will be looking for four different pieces of information during and after the inference process.
The inference engine, which is nothing implementation of one or more inference mechanisms, the search through the knowledge base either hypotheses or to arrive at a conclusion. Depending on of problem to be solved and the nature of contained in the knowledge base, a proper mechanism is I selected and the search is
carried out. When a prototype expert system is developed the knowledge engineer decides on the inference strategy to be selected. 4.Define production rule. Production rule are based on control knowledge or hieuristic knowledge. The antecedent has a course of action and it is satisfied only then the course of action of antecedent is satisfied. That is RHS is equal to LHS only if the course of action of LHS is satisfied then only the course of action of RHS is satisfied. Example: IF the environment is corrosive THEN avoid using steel columns. IF flow is open channel AND fraude number is 1 THEN flow is critical. 5.What are the common ways of knowledge representation? Knowledge can be represented in many ways. They are 1.Quantitative Method 2.Qualitative Method 3.Compiled Method 6.What is meant by forward chaining? In forward chaining, inference mechanism rules are scanned until a goal is achieved. It is done if a rule matches with the goal or the process is repeated. No data is fed during the process. The inference mechanism uses the data only from the working memory. 7.What is meant by Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence is the method of acquisition of human or other animals behavior in solving complex problems. It is the study in which human act in such a way that he can do all the activities. 8.Define decision tables. It is a simple and effective method for controlling the knowledge-based techniques. It consists of both heiuristic and initative knowledge basis. The decision table consists of four parts.
Goal
Rule I
Rule II
Rule III
Rule I
9.Write the stages of expert system. The stages of expert system are identification, formulation, conceptualization, implementation testing and validation. 10.Write about the search methods of artificial intelligence. The search methods used in the area of Artificial Intelligence are broadly classified into five types. They are, 1. Simple search 2. Evaluation based search 3. Games search 4. Constraint search 5. Controlled search 11. List the common ways of knowledge representation. The most common ways of knowledge representation are, Production rules, decision tables, frames, semantic networks, predicate logic, conventional programs. 16. What is RDBMS? A relational database management system (RDBMS) consists of a set of programs which can relate relations and manipulate the data stored in the relations. In a standalone mode, the structured query language (SQL) is used to query the database to get required information. In language interface mode, generally SQL queries are embedded in language. 17. What are the components of KBES? There are two main components of any KSEB are the knowledge base and inference engine. The inference engine acts on the knowledge stored in the knowledge base to carry out reasoning. As the nature of database processing and knowledge processing is different, the strategy adopted for embedding DBMS in programming language cannot be adopted here; Databases are created either in standalone mode or through programs. 18. What is hill climbing techniques
Hill climbing is an example of an informed search method because it uses information about the search space to search in a reasonably efficient manner. If you try to climb a mountain in fog with an altimeter but no map, you might use the hill climbing generate and test approach. 19. Define Working Memory Working memory, which is also sometimes called context, is nothing but a workspace for the problem, generated by the inference engine, from the information provided by the user. Many hypotheses and facts are established during the reasoning process. These are stored in the working memory. The information available in the working memory are used for continuing with the inference process using the knowledge contained in the knowledge base. The explanation facility also uses the information in the working memory, to answer the queries of the user. 20.Define Knowledge Acquisition Facility A knowledge acquisition facility is an optional component of an expert system. This very much depends on the expert system development tool used to implement the system. Any text editor can be viewed as a knowledge acquisition facility, since it provides an environment for the knowledge engineer or the expert to input the coded knowledge into the system. Many development shells allow the development engineers to code the formal presentation of the knowledge in a text file, following a specified syntax. Later, the knowledge in the text files are converted into a form of data and stored in a data structures for carrying out reasoning process.