Prof.

Sunil Patils Tutorials

XII - Mathematics

1 LIMITS
LIMITS

AND

CONTINUITY

Definition : We say that lim f ( x) = l given any > 0, we can say find >0 such that , x a | f(x) l | < where 0 < | x a | < Standard Limits : xn an 1) lim = n a n 1 ( a > 0 n Q ) x a x a 2) lim 3) lim sin x =1 x 0 x
x

lim

sin kx =1 x 0 kx lim
x 0

x 0

lim

sin n kx (kx)
n

=1

; lim

tan x =1 x 0 x

a 1 = log a ; x 0 x

kx

1 = log a kx

ek x 1 ex 1 lim = log e = 1 4) lim = 1 ; x 0 x 0 kx x

1 x 0 1

5) lim(1 + x) x = e ; lim(1 + k x) k x = e x 0 6) lim log(1 + k x) log(1 + x) = log e = 1 ; lim = log e = 1 x 0 x 0 x kx 1 1 lim k = 0 ( k > 0) 7) lim = 0 ; x x x x

Algebra of limits : 1) lim [ f ( x) g ( x)] = lim f ( x) lim g ( x ) x a x a x a 2) lim [ kf ( x)] = k lim f ( x) x a x a 3) lim [ f ( x ) g ( x)] = lim f ( x ) lim g ( x) x a x a x a 4) lim [ f ( x) g ( x )] = lim f ( x) lim g ( x ) x a x a x a 5) If f(x) < g(x) then lim f ( x) lim g ( x) x a x a
lim g ( x )

x a 6) lim[ f ( x)] g ( x ) = l im f ( x) x a x a

Limits and Continuity -Theory -1

Prof. Sunil Patils Tutorials

XII - Mathematics

CONTINUITY
1) A function f is said to continuous at x = a if f(a) exists , xlim+ f ( x) exists , xlim f ( x) exists and a a
x a +

lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x) = f(a) x a

lim 2) A function f is said to continuous at x = a if f(a) exists , xa f ( x) exists lim then x a f ( x) = f(a) 3) Removable Discontinuity : lim If f(x) is such that : x a f ( x) exists and by redefining the function suitably at x = a 4) Continuity in an interval : A function f is said to continuous on [ a, b ] if i) f is continuous at every c ( a, b) i.e.
x c + x a

lim f ( x) f(a)

then f has a removable discontinuity at x = a and this discontinuity can be removed

lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = x c lim f ( x) = f(a) and

f(c)

ii) f is continuous from the right at x = a and continuous from the left the left at x = b i.e.
x a + x b

lim f ( x ) = f(b)

5) Continuity of Standard function : i) A polynomial is continuous for all real values of x.

2 n If f ( x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x + ......... + an x where n N and a0, a1, a2, an

are real constants then f is said to be a polynomial of degree n. ii) f(x) = sin x and f(x) = cos x are continuous for all real values of x 6) Algebra of Continuous Function: If f and g are both continuous at x = c then i) f g , ii) f g , iii) f g [ provided g(c) 0 ] are continuous at x = c

Limits and Continuity -Theory -2