CONTENT A. Introduction hybrid system..2 1. System Explanation..2 2. Optimal Energy....3 B. Overview of Photovoltaic/Wind Turbine Generation4 1. Wind turbine technology...

4 2. Photovoltaic system..6 C. Review of photovoltaic cell and wind turbine generation simulated by PSCAD...8 1. PV Solar cell simulation8 2. Wind turbine generation simulation...10 REFERENCES

A. INTRODUCTION OF HYBRID SYSTEM This part describes a renewable energy hybrid generation system combining solar photovoltaic and variable speed wind turbine. A simple and cost effective maximum power point tracking technique is proposed for the photovoltaic and wind turbine without measuring the environmental conditions. General Feature of the system:

Fig. 1 Components: Wind Turbine PV Panel Control Panel Battery Inverter

1. System Explanation Renewable energy from wind turbine and solar photovoltaic are the most environment-friendly type of energy to use. They have come of age and are global phenomenon, the world's fastest growing energy resources, a clean and effective modern technology that provides a beacon of hope for a future based on sustainable, pollution-free technology. Today's wind turbines are state-of-the-art-of modern technology-modular and very quick to install. The importance of utilizing the renewable energy system, including solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT)generation systems have been attracted greatly in these days because the electricity demand is growing rapidly all over the world. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the renewable energy resources and it has formulated as a national strategy for the development of renewable energy applications and energy conservation measures. For this purpose, continuous effort to develop more attracting systems with lower-cost, higher-performance and multi-functions are required. Sensor-less approaches and combined generators are one
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of such key aspects. Small-scale stand-alone power generation systems are an important alternative source of electrical energy, finding applications in locations where conventional generation is not practical. Consider, for example, remote villages in developing countries or ranches located far away from main power lines. It has been shown that a remote load has only to be a matter of a few miles away from a main power line for a stand-alone wind generator to be cost-effective. The certainty of load demands at all times is greatly enhanced by hybrid generation systems, which use more than one power source. It is possible to achieve much higher generating capacity factors by combining wind turbine and photovoltaic generators with a storage technology to overcome the fluctuations in plant output. an efficient energy storage system is required, to get constant power and the electrical energy delivered by the wind turbine and photovoltaic has to be easy converted into storage energy. This conversion might be realized by a battery bank or energy capacitor system (ECS). The battery bank or ECS meets the daily load fluctuations. The hybrid energy system combining variable speed WT and PV array generating system is presented to supply continuous power to the stand-alone load. The wind and PV are used as main energy sources, while the batteries used as back-up energy source. Two individual dc-dc boost converters are used to control the power flow to the load. A simple and cost effective control with dc-dc converter is used for maximum power point tracking(MPPT) and hence maximum power extracting from the WT and the PV array. Advantages No pollution High Reliability because of the system redundancy Disadvantages Higher cost in comparison with solar or wind systems Needs enough space for both solar and wind systems

High power quality because of the Lowest fluctuation of power High efficiency during a year because of the less dependent on the environmental conditions

Gets more maintenance and service

2. Optimal Energy In the summer time, when sun beams are strong enough, wind velocity is relatively small. In the winter time, when sunny days are relatively shorter, wind velocity is high on the contrast. Efficiency of these renewable systems show also differences through the year. In other words, it is needed to support these two systems with each other to sustain the continuity of the energy production in the system.

Fig. 2 B. OVERVIEW OF PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WIND TURBINE GENERATION 1. WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY The Wind Turbine technology is one of the identified Renewable Energy generation means for an average residential home in the remote areas of Australia. However, many places which require remote power are in regions of high wind energy potential. Wind energy is one of the most important and promising forms of renewable energy sources. Its use is becoming more and more popular nowadays. This is because the price of fossil fuels is continuously increasing and because this source is a clean and inexhaustible energy source. But due to great variation in wind speed which occurs from season to season, it cannot be used as autonomous source of generation. Hence, it is necessary to explore possibilities of combining a wind generator with a solar photovoltaic system, called Hybrid System. *STRUCTURE OF THE WIND TURBINE The Wind Turbine can be defined as a mechanical device which basically converts the wind energy to electrical energy through the movement of its rotational parts.

Fig. 3 Diagram of a Wind Turbine

Fig. 4 Diagram showing the components of the nacelle

The Nacelle is a casing housing the mechanical parts and the generator of the Wind Turbine to protect them from environmental hazards.

*PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE WIND TURBINE As the blades cut the wind in its rotation, a mechanical energy is produced. This spins a low speed shaft that has a gear at the end. This gear turns another smaller gear that is connected to a high speed shaft that is within a generator housing. A magnetic rotor on the high speed shaft spins inside the loops of copper wire that are wound around a core made of iron. As the rotor spins around the inside of the core it creates an "electromagnetic induction" through the coils and that generates an electrical current.

Fig. 5 Circuit diagram of wind turbine The mechanical power extracted from the Wind Turbine is given by:
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P=

where )

is the air density (kg/

A is the area swept by the rotor blades, V is the velocity of the air (m/sec) and is the power coefficient of the Wind turbine *ADVANTAGES OF THE USE OF WIND TURBINE Its use is environmental friendly and causes no pollution. Wind is free and self sufficient requires no fuel. 2. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM Semiconductors of silicon based are used in PV cell to convert the radiation from sun into an electric current which can be used or stored for future use in the remote area where the standalone PV system could be considered for this purpose. *PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PV SYSTEM Due to photovoltaic effect, energy of light/photons converts into electrical current. At p-n junction, an electric field is built up which leads to the separation of the charge carriers (electrons and holes). At incidence of photon stream onto semiconductor material the electrons are released, if the energy of photons is sufficient. Contact to a solar cell is realized due to metal contacts. If the circuit is closed, meaning an electrical load is connected, direct current flows. *STRUCTURE OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

Fig. 6 *CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A PV SYSTEM

Fig. 7

I-V CURVE OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE

Fig. 8
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The above curve shows the possible combinations of Current (I) and Voltage (V) output of a PV system. At the Isc (Current at Short circuit) point above, the Power output = 0, as V= 0. At the Voc (Voltage at Open circuit) point, Power output = 0, as I = 0 However, a point exist at the knee of the curve where the maximum power output is located. This maximum power point on our example curve is where the voltage is 17 volts, and the current is 2.5 amps. ss Thus P = IV; 2.5 17 = 42.5 Watts

This Power output is considered the maximum assuming there is no shading on the cells and the sun is at its full radiation during the day. *The advantages of photovoltaic System PV system is easy to install. No atmospheric pollution. PV power generation has very low maintenance costs, reliable way to produce energy because it has no moving part. Power can be generated where it is required without the need for transmission lines Easy to install in remote location, providing benefit to rural communities throughout the world. C. REVIEW OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL AND WIND TURBINE GENERATION SIMULATED BY PSCAD In hybrid system, the main parts can be: PV solar cell, wind turbine generator, load and batteries. However, in this report we just want to mention to PV solar cell and wind turbine generator. 1. PV Solar Cell simulation *Review of PV model for simulation Currently, a several ways to model a PV cell, module and array for based-computer simulation are developed in the support of the number of advanced software packages, which divided into two main directions. The first one uses mathematic equations in order to present the models [13][14]. This method meets some problems such as the complexity, inaccuracy, incomprehensive behavior for PV system
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studies. The other way implements a equivalent electrical circuits for PV models by using available components in library of the simulators [12]. This circuit-based method not only overcomes the above disadvantages, but also allows the designers to describe performance of real PV systems exactly as well as to understand better about PV devices. In this report, the PV cell and module models are built as electrical circuits on the PSCAD/EMTDC, which support for more understanding about the operation principles and analysis of PV cell and module. *Simulation by using PSCAD In theory, we need a model that can simulate exact what happens to PV cell in real life. In other word, many parameters that can affect to the capacity of PV cell has to be considered, i.e cell temperature, ambient temperature, solar radiation, and so on. Furthermore, PV cell just can provide direct current while the load can be AC load or DC load. As a result of that, PV cell should be connected to load through inverter (DC-AC converter). To satisfy the requirement as mentioned above, a PV cell simulation model is developed by PSCAD.

Fig. 9 PV Cell simulation model by PSCAD In this simulation model, three additional devices have been added to the library of PSCAD program.

Fig. 10 Additional devices are developed for PSCAD library As can be seen from the figure 10, these devices make sure the PV cell can operate exactly like it is in the real life. For example, G represents the effect of solar radiation to the cell capacity, Tcell indicates
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cell temperature that changes the power the cell provides to load whilst MPPT control help PV cell always provides the maximum power to load, and so on. 2. Wind turbine generation simulation *Review of wind turbine model for simulation *Simulation by using PSCAD The wind turbine generation model to connect to the system can be seen in the figure below:

Fig. 11 A diagram for wind turbine system connecting to network In PSCAD, the complete wind generator cycle includes: -The wind source component:

Fig. 12 Wind source component in PSCAD This component will simulates every wind condition: mean wind speed, periodic gust with a sinus form, ramp, noise, damper for all the preceding conditions. ES-An external value created by the user can be added to the internally generated Vw-Wind speed in m/s -The mechanical turbine:

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Fig. 13 Mechanical turbine component in PSCAD Where: W-Mechanical rotation speed of the turbine (rad/s) Beta-Angle of the blades (deg) Vw-Wind speed in m/s Tm-Torque of the turbine (p.u.) P-Power of the turbine (p.u.) -Wind turbine governor:

Fig. 14 Wind turbine governor part in PSCAD Where: Wm-Mechanical rotation speed of the turbine (rad/s) Pg-Output power of the turbine (p.u.) Beta-Angle of the blades (deg) -The other components like: synchronous machine, transformer, rectifier, inverter, control system, ... Through PSCAD, a wind turbine generation model can be:

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Fig. 15 Wind turbine generation simulated by PSCAD In this simulation model, a synchronous generator is used to connect to mechanical turbine. In each case where the wind turbine generator works with the system, parameters for each parts of the system will be set up.

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REFERENCES [1] W. D. Kellogg, M. H. Nehrir, G. Venkataramanan, and V. Gerez,Generation unit sizing and cost analysis for stand-alone wind, photovoltaic, and hybrid wind/PV systems, IEEE Trans. EnergyConversion., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 7075, Mar. 1998. [2] F. Valenciaga and P. F. Puleston, Supervisor Control for a Stand-Alone Hybrid Generation System Using Wind and PhotovoltaicEnergy,IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion,vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 398-405, June 2005. [3] T. Senjyu, T. Nakaji, K. Uezato and T. Funabashi, A hybridSystem Using Alternative Energy Facilities in Isolated Island,IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion,vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 406-414 June2005. [4] S. J. Chianng, K. T. Chang and C. Y. Yen, Residental PhotovoltaicEnergy storage System,Trans. Ind. Elec., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 385-394, June 1998. [5] C. C. Hua and P. K. Ku, Implementation of a Stand-AlonePhotovoltaic Lighting System with MPPT, Battery Charger andHigh Brightness LEDS, Proceedings of the IEEE Sixth International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems,28 Nov - 1 Dec 2005, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [6] http://solarpowersystem.co.nz/705875-Advantages-and-Disadvantages-Of-Solar-Power.html [7] http://www.solarpanelrebate.com.au/1.5kw-solar-power-systems.html [8] http://www.clean-energy-ideas.com/ [9] http://www.clean-energy-ideas.com/articles/advantages_and_disadvantages_of_wind_energy.html [10] A presentation on Modeling of hybrid renewable energy systems by M.K. Deshmukha, S.S. Deshmukh [11] A presentation on Modelling and Simulation of a Wind/Diesel Hybrid Power System by Atul S. Kini Udaykumar R. Yaragatti [12] Ryan C.Campbell, A Circuit-based Photovoltaic Array Model for Power Symtem Studies, IEEE, 2007. [13] Jinhui Xue , Zhongdong Yin , Bingbing Wu, Jun Peng, Design of PV Array Model Based On EMTDC/PSCAD,IEEE, 2009. [14] Yun Tiam Tan, A Model of PV Generation Suitable for Stability Analysis, IEEE, 2004.

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