The Cold War The Peace Treaties (End of WWII) London Conference September 1945 o Agree upon the

the Bill of rights To be attached to each of the treaties which the axis powers will be made to sign Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, Rumania, Finland o Many disputes also arise about the procedural issues Second meeting is held in Paris April 1946 o Biggest dispute is over the border territory of Yugoslavia and Italy Trieste Occupied by Yugoslav forces British believe it should be returned to Italy National self determination and the Americans and British are afraid of the rise of communism o Italian colonies should they be allowed to keep them?? o Reparations!! Stalin is demanding reparations and insists that Roosevelt promised reparations at the meeting at Yalta Soviet Union wants new production as well as what they are taking from East Germany o The Danube River encompasses many countries in Eastern Europe Used for navigation and industrial purposes British and the Americans want to have it made an international water way but the river flows through many of the states which belong to the Soviet Unions o Allowing elections in the newly created states democratic states want there to be multiparty elections while the Soviet Union wants single party elections o Spain was the other Fascist power the Soviets want fascism to be destroyed Soviets want fascism to be destroyed not ever going to happen because the British and Americans will not attack Spain because they were not initially part of the war Paris meeting re-convenes in June o Solution to the Trieste Problem Made a free state to be governed by the United Nations The Soviets agree but the Yugoslav government doesnt agree and they occupy Trieste o Italy is required to give up its colonies July October 1946 Meeting of 21 nations o Get nothing done except discuss procedural issues November December 1946 New York o They draw up the outlines for the peace treaties o The Paris Peace Treaties of 1947 o Italy Give up all African colonies Pay some reparations - 360 million Mostly paid in existing materials Trieste is eventually divided between Yugoslavia and Italy o All the other axis powers Hungary, Bulgaria, Finland, and Rumania have to pay reparations Finland 300 million to the Soviet Union Borders are decided by the Soviet Union Soviet borders are placed upon Poland o San Francisco treaty signed when Japan becomes a democracy (4 years later) o Also a treaty is signed with Austria Austria is reinstated as a free country with a self governing government The United Nations: April 1945 San Francisco o 46 countries meet and create the charter of the UN o derived from the Atlantic charter

they are supposed to foster democratic principles of freedom most important part is the Security Council Britain, France, United States, China, Russia They have the power of Veto over anything and anyone They deal exclusively deal with military and political issues Any decision which is made that is binding upon all members (only applied with economic sanctions) The Origins of the Cold War There was fear that there would be fanatical Nazis coming out of the woods to attack o There was no one that resisted The economic system in Germany has become to a standstill after the war due to the fire bombings by the allies o Infrastructure has been destroyed The people from the concentration camps are roaming at large now it is estimated that there are about 10 million displaced peoples there There are 2 million prisoners of war (the allies) o The processing of these individuals will be done as quickly as possible There are 2 million members of the German armed forces who are unable to function because they have serious injuries and disabilities 3 million have been killed in Germany in the War there are millions of people fleeing the Soviet Union Germany is divided into 4 occupation zones Berlin is as well The 5 Ds o Demilitarization o Denatzification anything associated with the Nazis is so be destroyed, removed, or made illegal Nazi philosophy is to be removed from the world Nuremberg War Crimes Trials Chosen because it was where the Nazis held their summer rallies Illegal combatants were to be tried by a military tribunal Military Combatants You are not allowed to shoot a soldier once they surrender Not allowed to shoot prisoners Crimes against peace and crimes against humanity Most famous trials 22 Goering Borman tried in abstention Hess Ribbentrop Speer Radeer Dnitz Some of them are given trained professional lawyers Of the 22 twelve are condemned to death: Goering, Borman, Ribbentrop Three of the 22 are acquitted Others are given life imprisonment: Hess Speer is given a 20 year sentence Believed to be because he admits guilt Dnitz only gets a 10 year sentence Simultaneously they declare all Nazi organizations illegal They are not sent to a regular jail sent to a special prison called Spandau on the out skirts of Berlin: it is a Military jail and the guards rotate between the countries of occupation Speer is released after 20 years and becomes a famous author

o o

Hess is the last prisoner in the jail approx. for the last 10 years of his life the only prisoner in the Jail the prison is torn down after he dies o De-industrialization In the Soviet sector it essentially takes place In the British and French sectors o Decentralization There is no central government Economically it is to be decentralized as well Americans go after the big companies Krup o They wanted to break up large companies o Takes place in the American zone The Soviets break up their industries because they are opposed to capitalism Lander local governments Permitted to elect a diet (parliament) Therefore there are 4 diets one for each zone Attempt to re introduce democracy Elections take place in 1946 and 1947 The State of Prussia was abolished in the Soviet sector only the communist party is allowed to run In the Western Zones they let the democratically incentive parties from before Hitler to reform the Social democrats and the Christian democrats o Democratization the creation of a democracy within Germany May 1946 Americans stop all shipments of new materials to the Soviet Sector o The American s and British decide to connect their sectors economically Press nicknames it Bizonia Molotov accuses the allies of failing demilitarization and Denatzification o Accuses them of protecting war criminals Meet periodically throughout 1947 about the reparations crisis There is great space growing between the Soviet and the Americans ERP Europe Recovery Program Winston Churchill is on a speaking tour across the United States o He makes reference to the idea that an iron curtain is falling between eastern Europe and Western Europe Between communism and democracy Communism maybe attempting to take over the world Russia has the Truman Doctrine significant shift in American Policy o View themselves as the leader of the free world o Assist other nations to remain free or to become free o Help economically and politically The Marshall Plan o Requests financial aid for the Greece and Turkey Requests $400 million to assist their freedom protect themselves from communist parties and ideals o They want the European countries to work together along with the aid which is being provided o Denounced by Molotov as an attempt to seize control of the European markets March 1947 16 countries o From these 16 countries the CEEC Committee of European Economic Cooperation o American government and economists believe that high tariffs are the reason for the great depression o Are encouraged to reduce tariffs to allow goods to pass easily between the countries and the Unites States

February 1948 Czechoslovakia o Becomes a true communist state over night All other parties are eliminated and leaders are arrested This causes the American congress to pass the legislation o 5 billion was on loan to the European countries in the first year of the Marshall plan o no countries with the threat of communism in their borders were to receive any aid at all The ECCE becomes the OEEC to administer the plan The recovery of Europe took up until 1952 Robert Schumann proposes a further agreement between French and West Germany o Concerning coal (France) and steel (Germany) o The Schumann plan o Expanded to 4 other countries becomes the European Coal and Steel community Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg the Benelux nations!! o 1955 ECSE agreement comes into place which allows tariffs to be removed on products being moved through out the 6 countries o EEC is created ( European Economic Community) Common tariffs are placed upon all goods entering or leaving the six countries o Parliament of Europe located in Strasbourg Make decisions which are common issues o Britain wants to join the Common Market It is blocked from joining by France Charles DeGaul A second trade union is formed EFTA o European Free Trade Association o Common market expands Turkey, Greece and Malta are permitted to join in the 1960s o Britain joins in 1973 This is the end of the European free trade association o Ireland joins , Denmark joins 1992 European members of the EEC decided to rename themselves o The European Union o The Maastricht treaty is signed to create the European Union o Make up of 25 members o Agreed to have a common currency 1999 o Worlds largest trading block Surpassed the US at production February 1948 United States met with Britain and France o Treaty of Brussels March 1948 Britain France and the Benelux nations It calls for cooperation political, military, and economic They are protecting themselves if Germany ever decides to attacks o Soviets view the Brussels treaty as a military alliance against the Soviet Union The proceed to walk out of meeting concerning Germany from this point on o Allow Germany to accept aid from the ERP o New currency, three western zones are combined trizonia o Re financing the growth of Germany o Soviets take very strong measures they blockade Berlin to prevent the movement of people and material to Western Germany January 1948 Stalin is trying to react to the treaty of Brussels He wants to take the entire city of Berlin Stalin wants to test the allies to see how far they will go to defend their possessions in Berlin Brinkmanship push the enemy to the edge The Berlin Air Lift

Allies begin to airlift goods into Western Berlin to provide for their troops This could be seen as trespassing on the Soviet sector The Soviets dont shoot down any planes A Soviet plane flies into a carrier Americans state that they are sending 60 b29 bombers to England with atomic bombs It is agreed by the members of the Brussels that Germany will be allowed to have its own government Meet in Bonn Germany to write the constitution o Completed in May 1949 Creation of the Federal Republic of Germany usually referred to as West Germany Bi-cameral parliamentary system o Bundestag, Bundesrat First elections are held in August 1949 The Christian Democrats won o Led by Conrad Adenauer first leader of the new Germany Coalition governments because it is representation by population The Soviet Zone 1949 o Elections for the peoples congress o Bi-cameral system is created o Constitution is written to apply to all of Germany o German Democratic Republic - commonly known as East Germany Communist party wins the election Party Secretary Walter Ulbricht o East Germany is rearmed.thought they are all Soviet officers o Take on the attributes of the Soviet Union Police force is created (the Peoples Police) The Brussels Treaty is redirected to be against the Soviet Union 1948 The Brussels Powers agree to the agreement of the European assembly o regular meetings of the foreign ministers o Americans are attempting to create a military alliance Discussions are underway April 1949 North Atlantic Pact (NATO) o Signed by the Brussels nations Americans Canadians, France, Britain, and Benelux nations o Includes most other countries in Western Europe except for Iceland o 1951 Greece and Turkey are allowed to Join o Should West Germany be allowed to join??? Americans advocate this because if the soviets attack it will be useful to have West Germany armed o 1954 Americans put pressure on France to allow the Germans to Join in o Location of NATO head quarters Paris (SHAPE Supreme Head Quarters of Allied Power in Europe) Its now in Brussels o Commander for NATO Eisenhower o Coordination of forces and joint use of military bases and arms o Conscription in Germany begins in 1956 o Occupation of West Germany ends in 1955 East Germany o Growing disturbances concerning how they see that West Germany is being rebuilt and is wealthy while Eastern Germany is dirt poor o Floods of refugees from Eastern Germany move to Western Germany

Federal German Republic give the refugees a citizenship, help them find jobs, provide housing, and financial support o 1953 300,000 refugees move o there are increasing demonstrations against the Soviet occupation the Soviets retaliate with severe consequences 25000 people were arrested in Berlin alone Soviet Response to NATO o The Warsaw Pact signed in May 1955 It does not include Yugoslavia!! The Berlin Crisis of 1958 Khrushchev o Wants to force out allied powers o Policy of Brinkmanship Series of crisis o Public demand in November 1958 Access to city will be controlled by Soviet government *dont take action but he threatens it! The Americans are in the middle of an arms race o Is Khrushchev ready to go to war?????? Not reallybut he likes to play it up o Americans are flying planes of the Soviet Union Called U-2s They have a terrific advantage cause of this o Khrushchev meets with Eisenhower in the States He praises them for Disney land and is friendly He was the first Russian president to visit the States o Khrushchev visits the United Nations He denounces America Khrushchev bangs his shoe on the table and denounces the states We will bury you America! statement is about the economy the press takes it out of context and obscures it Dtente lessening of tension o There is a dtente when Khrushchev comes to power o In 1958 everything deteriorates Khrushchev initiates this Meetings take place between the states and the soviet union o Nothing is resolved and nothing happens Kennedy comes to power in 1961 o He meets in Vienna with Khrushchev They challenge each other o Kennedy goes to Berlin and declares his support for the Western Berliners The Building of the Berlin o Reality of what Churchill calls the Iron Curtain o Resolves the refugee problem o Policy becomes shoot first ask question later Advantageous for the Americans.the oppression of the East German peoples Willi Brandt 1971 o Begins to negotiate with the East German Government o Western allies Western zones of Berlin will not be part of West Germany This is so that communications between East Germany and West Germany will not be blocked 1972 Berlin Treaty o agreement that Germany will never be one country and that the two governments will recognize each o Brandt receives the Nobel Peace Prize for this

Ostpolitik Brandts policies (name of them!) Austria: o Divided into four occupation zones o Occupation ends in 1955 o Becomes a neutral state The Korean War *June 25th 1950 150 tanks cross the border between North Korea and South Korea Korea is a Japanese Colony o The Russians invade Korea and Manchuria o South Korea Theoretically democratic government Led my Syngman Rhee 1949 China has fallen to Communism o deeply alarms the Americans o Chiay Kai-shek they loose and he flees to the Island of Formosa (now Taiwan) The nationalist Chinese are recognized by the Americans o Red China permitted into the Security council in place of the nationalist Chinese The Americans veto this! o The nationalist Chinese are the representatives of all of China 1949 Soviets exploded their first atomic bomb o growing belief that the Soviets are spying on the Americans o belief that they had infiltrated the Manhattan Project o there were Americans giving secrets to the Russians there are traitors in their midst Senate organizes a committee on un-American activities o Headed by Joe McCarthy The republican party goes after Truman for being soft on communism o 1952 seeking reelection Arbitrary decision to divide Korea in two 38th parallel Truman must show that he is against communism o Realized that North Korea crossing the border is not just a border raid but a full scale invasion o Stalin is supporting North Korea o North Koreans fight Americans with essentially the same planes (both have the same planes from the German fighters) the pilots for the North Koreans are Soviet soldiers o The North Koreans are using the T-34 (the Russian tanks) o In all probability the Soviet Union is behind all of this The Americans are going to go through the UN o Trygevlie head of the UN o Soviets stay out of the UN (boycotting the security council because the Americans are refusing to let the Red Chinese in) o Americans request an emergency meeting of the Security Council o Yugoslavia abstains from the vote o UN will render assistance for a cease fire along the 38th parallel o Americans have military forces in South Korea Though they do have significant forces in Japan and the Philippines a dozen divisions are in Japan o South Korea has no significant military They have no planes or tanks . o North Korea has a significant advantage here o Americans are supporting the South Koreans o The Americans gain air superiority because the Soviets pull their planes out in order to keep their involvement secret o McArthur becomes Commander and Chief eventually becomes commander of the UN forces

His view point is opposite of Trumans June 28th 3 days after the initial invasion Seoul has fallen to North Korean forces McArthur requests the movement of two division to attempt to stop the North Koreans at Han River Truman says no He eventually agrees to commit four division They are sent from Japan Australia commits troops, as does Canada and Britain Commander and Chief of UN troops is McArthur Truman orders a blockade of all ports McArthur is given permission to bomb targets above the 38th parallel The situation begins to deteriorate as the North Koreans further their advance down the South Korean peninsula The UN forces cant stop them There are not significant forces and they dont use tactics very well Like when the British fought the Japanese the North Koreans just go around the UN forces on the roads Taegu city along the border Pusan is the last significant port which the UN forces have command of Americans are planning a behind enemy lines attack Inchon Area they chose for the landings have some geographical disadvantages There are extreme tides (between 20 to 30 feet a day) Gives them approx. 3 hours to make landings a day Woumi walls that are 12 feet high (they are sea water breakers) Only one way to get to the main land Everything is dependant on speed and surprise Truman gives approval to the plan Operation Chromite!! Forces leave Japan carrying 70,000 men Attack begins on the September 15th Goes according to plan They land on Woumi and cross the bridge into Inchon September 16th North Koreans withdraw their forces from Inchon they begin to move towards Seoul North Korean forces begin a massive withdrawal of South Korea With in two months of Inchon the North Koreans are retreating back across the 38th parallel September 27th Truman makes the decision to follow the North Korean across the border in an attempt to reunite the country Truman is very cautious of the Chinese and Russian borders or to bomb any cities near these borders Won San second beach landing to capture Results in the capture of Pyongyang (the North Korean capital) McArthur and Truman meet on Wake Island October 15th, 1950 Truman doesnt want to enlarge the war or involve any Chinese forces Border is the Yalu River o They do not want to infuriate the Chinese McArthur disobeys the orders and bombs the bridges and advances to the Yalu river November 25th, 1950 massed numbers of Chinese forces cross the Yalu river at various points o UN forces are forced to retreat from their positions o They are forced into Withdrawal from North Korea passed Pyongyang

**the situation has completely reversed its self** They are forced to abandon Seoul and the North Koreans capture the capital again McArthur begins to make public statements before he is fired by Truman o Truman does not refer to it as a war he calls it a policing action o Truman publicly fires McArthur He returns to the states and the republican party turns against him There is now a stale mate along the 38th parallel o Continues on for two years the American people are tired of the Korean war by 1952 and believe that they should bring the troops home in truth they can not achieve a military victory without sending increasing numbers to over power the North Koreans Big question becomes should they use the atomic bomb?? o Russia has themwill they retaliate? Beginnings of negotiations July 1951 o There are arguments about the seating arrangements of the meetings o Americans would not negotiate because they had to look up to the Chinese and the North Koreans as they are on tiered levels Democrats had held office for 20 years in the States o Truman retires at the end of his term in 1951 o Eisenhower takes his place and the republican party takes office There is a cease fire agreed upon on the 38th parallel the war never officially ends ever The Vietnam War An extremely long war! about 30 years Vietnam was part of French Indo China, and was invaded by the Japanese during the second world war Ho Chi Minh wants independence for Vietnam o Hes a communist o Seen more as a threat as a communist than a nationalist They are afraid that communism will spread through out all of South Each china The French receive the area back after the second world war Viet Minh communist army o Giap leads the army initiates an insurgency against the French The French underestimate Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh army o Bao Dai given the support of the French and becomes the head of the Vietnamese government 1946 Haiphong o they were smuggling artillery into the harbor and when the French capture a ship and bring it into the harbor the Viet Minh fire on the French from the land o 12 French soldiers die Valluy French commander o Demands that the Viet Minh withdraw from Haiphong They refuse to withdraw o He orders a French cruiser to open fire on the city 6,000 people are killed o this is a very heavy handed measure to take out on a city Reaction takes place about a month later really the start of the Vietnam war December 19th, 1946 Guerilla measures from the Viet Minh intensify French civilians come under increasing fire o They killed 500 Hasnt drawn much attention outside of Vietnam and France yet 1947 The objective of the French is to clear the cities of the Viet Minh o They are pushed back into the mountains The French are hostile to the civilians and there is more support for Ho Chi Minh

French initiate new weapons to remove the Viet Minh from the country sides o They use Napalm o General Lattre commander of the French forces in Command o Concerned with protecting the northern Rubber plantations and the entire business structure which is being attacked o Lattre dies of cancer Americans begin to take interest in Vietnam o Concerned that this is another attempt by the communists o They assist the French financially New French Commander Henri Navarre o Want to establish a French outpost AtDien Bien Phu o Navarre under estimates the Viet Minh March 13th 1954 o Giap attacks Dien Bien Phu They drag Chinese artillery down the mountains in to Dien Bien Phu o Not long after the French at Dien Bien Phu are completely cut off from everything The Viet Minh have brought in anti-aircraft guns too!! o Giap begins a massive assault on Dien Bien Phu on May 1st and it falls on May 7th French make an announcement that they are going to withdraw and an international conference is held o French Indo-China is to be separated into 4 countries Laos Cambodia Vietnam Divided at the 17th parallel Ngo Dinh Diem leader of the democratically elected government in the south The north is communist There are elections to be held in 1956 to reunite Vietnam o Americans organize SEATO Americans, French, British, Australians, New Zealand, Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan o Ho Chi Minh He is exporting drugs to the states and is extremely corrupt he is extremely oppressive of traditional Vietnamese culture Buddhist Monks are being oppressed and demonstrate against Diems government o Viet Cong guerilla forces sent from Northern Vietnam into the south to provoke a revolution o South Vietnamese Army November 11th 1960 attempt to assassinate Diem and replace him with a military government CIA is aware of this but do not warn Diem It fails because Diem has loyal followers in the Army January 1961 Kennedy takes office o States that he will do anything to stop the spread of communism o Challengers the Soviet Union publicly in every way possible o Kennedy increases the amount of forces in Vietnam Begin to go out on search and destroy missions o Needed to create safe areas in south Vietnam to protect civilians o Viet Cong have gained considerable support of the population and the Vietnamese government has lost control of the Northern part of Southern Vietnamese o The government removes people from the country side and places them into safe havens the people deeply resent this!

Some of the people they re moving into the safe havens are part of the Viet Cong, and this causes more resentment towards the Vietnamese government o Everything that they leave behind is burned to the ground using Napalm o The American public are not aware of the deteriorating situation in Vietnam o They must made a stand in Vietnam because of the Domino Theory.all South east Asia will fall to the communists if all of Vietnam falls o Supplies are being brought in through the Ho Chi Minh trail from Laos Kennedy originally decides to go through Laos.but decides against it o Pathetlao head of the communist party in Laos o November 1st Coup deetat against Diem this time it is carried outhe and his brother are killed o Replaced by a military government led by Kahn o U.S. Vietnamese Commander Westmoreland o Kennedy is shot 3 weeks later results in Lyndon Johnson taking over o Johnsons fall out is the Vietnam war He is a Hawk willing to use military forces He puts a million men into VietnamKennedy only put in 16,000 Upcoming American Election!! o There is great fear of the Soviet attack o Johnson wins the election easily He does virtually nothing o Barry Goldwater believed that the solution to all the problems was to nuke everything o Johnson believed that they needed the opposite of separation integration! The federal government provided money for schools Busing became extremely controversial Nuclear weapons was the other major controversy o He wins using a method never used before Television broadcasting and advertising!! o

1950s: Tension between the Soviets and Americans o Brinkmanship Dulles American secretary of state o Believes nuclear war will be the rise again of Christ o Hes a born against Christian **Atmosphere of Paranoia Americans fear of communism o If they go to war with a member of the Soviet Bloc they will have a massive retaliation o Info gathering was needed to justify the massive arms build up! Meetings took place between the 2 leaders o Khrushchev speaks of a peaceful co-existence He is criticized in both the West and the East Comes under fire from his own party for abandoning Marxs principles A U2 plane is shot down (Gary Powerss plane) Americans are caught in the middle of a lie because they previously denied it! 1957 First satellite is launched into space!! The Soviets launch it!! Sputnik o They can put missiles into apace & use them for reconnaissance 1961 Kennedy claims there is a missile gap and that the Soviet are planning a space station to rain missiles onto their enemys There are misgivings amongst the French about ICBMs and how NATO will reactnuclear war?? They are working on ABMs to shoot down missiles DeGaul forces NATO to move its head quarters out of France & into Brussels Kennedy changes the retaliation policy; there wont be immediate use of nuclear weapons o There will be a flexible retaliation (meaning not EVERYONE will get fried)

The repressive culture in the United States is resulting in a wide spread retaliation of policy and of fear o The Rejection of American public to the foreign policy!! The Cuban Missile Crisis o Culminates in 1962 with the Cuban Missile crisis The Americans had freed the Cubans from the Spanish Cuban government is supportive of the Americans and allows them to rent military bases Guantanamo Bay most famous American Base in Cuba o Batista the leader of the Cuban government Allowed American business to operate in Cuba He also allows the Mafia to move into Havana they can own hotels and pay off the government and police with out the FBI watching them like in Las Vegas strike a DEAL with Batista!! o The entire sugar industry is owned by the Americans Fidel Castro & Che Guevara two of the most famous Cuban revolutionaries 1959 Castro successfully takes over Cuba and the government o he kicks out the Mafia and cleans up the country o Batista and his followers flee the country to Florida o He nationalizes the Sugar Cane industry and applies to the IMF for money to rebuild his country **Americans label him a communist because he nationalized the Sugar Cane industry** o Eisenhower places an embargo upon Cuba o First its only on the sugar and then it extends to EVERYTHING o Castro makes a deal with Khrushchev to trade sugar for arms o In the eyes of the world it would be very bad if the Americans attacked Cuba just because they didnt like their government o Americans assume that the Cubans hate Castro plan to use the Cuban exiles to invade The plan is in motion when Kennedy comes to power; he can choose to keep it, or throw it out.he goes with it o Takes place in 1961 The Bay of Pigs Kennedy calls off the air superiority to look like he is only marginally involved Castro has planes and arms; 3 days after the plan is initiated Castro defeats the exiles the people support Castro not the exiles o CIA given the task of assassinating Castro o Kennedy his military is drawing up plans to attack Cuba o Fear that this is a stepping stone for Communism in Latin America 1962: military installations for missiles in Cuba o Khrushchev challenges Kennedy with Cuba o Build the installations and hide them with Palm treeskind of dumb o They didnt tell Castro they were installing the nuclear weapons in Cuba o It would take hour for missiles to reach the united states if they were launched from Russia.it would take between 2 8 minutes to destroy every city on the east coast if they were launched from Cuba o Immediate invasion? Should they elevate it to that level? challenge it or do nothing? o Kennedy decides to blockade Cuba; any ships entering the blockade attempting to break through will be considered an attack on the U.S. o Soviet subs are to be sunk as well o NoRad defenses are put on alert o Planes are sent to their fail safe points o America goes on full alert! o Negotiations between Kennedy and Khrushchev take place o Kennedy is ready the Guns of August and sees him self making the same mistakes o Kennedy destroys Diefenbakers government by accusing him of jeopardizing the safety of North America

Khrushchev agrees to pull out of Cuba and sends a second letter requesting the United States pull out of Turkey o Kennedy is viewed as the hero!! o He stood up against the communists! o Khrushchev is ruined by this.2 years later he is removed from power **Closest point to nuclear war EVER** **Weapons now become deterrents** 1964: Johnson implements the civil rights act! The liberation of blacks.its not supported by the white population of the States **1960s** Concern is greatly focused on civil rights o University educated students are willing to demonstrate and there is a protest movement developing Conscription becomes extremely apparent during the Johnson administration o The media is disseminating the message of the protest The movement is generated by fear, media, conscription, and the civil rights movement The American Government has not made a formal commitment to military forces in Vietnam o Gulf of Tonkin US navy ship Maddox Fired upon by Vietnamese gun ships Believed to be in international waters Considered an act of war o August 3rd 1964 both the Maddox and Turner Joy are fired on Provokes the Americans to retaliate They go public with this o Tonkin gulf resolution allows Johnson to bomb Vietnam The bombing of North Vietnam cant destroy much industry because there is virtually none there.public are not aware of this All of their equipment is coming from China and the USSR o The Americans claim that Operation Rolling Thunder will force the North Vietnamese out of the south takes place over a time period longer than that of the second world war.more bombs are dropped on North Vietnam than on Germany during the Second World War This all becomes a new focal point for the protests The decision is made to send combat troops to Vietnam o Say only 50,000 men are neededprivately spoken about sending 200,000 Johnson is supported by the majority of the population but the bombing is an issue! Chemicals manufactured in Canada are being used (agent orange) to destroy the VCs cover in the jungle The protest movement begins to grow through the media! o Hugely through music!!!! The poverty of the black Americans results in them HAVING to go to war when they were conscripted! o 40% of the American army war black o there are increasing protests from white university students This is what the world sees!!! 1967: first riots begin to take place in black communities o overwhelming frustration and increasing violence o LA, Chicago, Detroit, Jersey o The message is spreading 1968: The number of soldiers in Vietnam = 500,000

1968:

They are now beginning to call up the middle class in increasing numbers o People are beginning to question if they really support the war Protests against the war begin.principles of morality Reason for existence is being questioned o Rejection of purpose of life being self indulgence o Hippies turn away from convention o Drugs are becoming more apparent Marijuana, heroine, LSD LSD is promoted as a drug which expands your consciousness (not illegal) Rejection of personal appearance by hippies They grew their hair long and wore different clothes o Increasing promiscuity mostly in college age women Abortion was illegal; contraceptives could not be talked about o Hippies make love not war They believed in free love Objections to the war itself and the civil rights in addition to the hippie movement Johnson announces he will not seek reelection o There is a division within his party about the support of the war o The most likely candidate for the democrats is Robert Kennedy (JFKs brother) He becomes an advocate for the underprivileged and the minorities of the states He never says he will end the war in Vietnam but says he would take different measures o Other candidate McCarthy States that he will pull out of Vietnam

Khe Sang comes under attack January 31, 1968 o The VC and North Korean Army go on a serious offensive and strike in many different places on the same day o The Tet offensive All live on television (most famous is a VC member being shot in the head by an American General) o Violence is now demonstrated on the nightly news o Shows that the American government may be lying about the situation in Vietnam o The VC and North Korean Army loose militarily The objections from the American public become greater and they begin to turn against the war Things only get worse Robert Kennedy is assassinated o The hope of the hippie culture is shattered o Killed by Sirhan Sirhan on his campaign trail Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated o There is no longer a leader in the black community o The black panthers take over They believe there will be a war against the whites because they cant live together They are all killed by the 1970s Yippies violent hippies o They demonstrate against the democrats at their convention in Chicago o The large scale riots are countered by the police This is promoted by the media. o The image is that Chicago has lost control, the police have lost control, the democrats have lost control, and society has lost control Around the same time riots take place in Paris and its shut down for a month and in Mexico city 2,000 students are wounded or killed by the police during the riots Hubert Humphrey becomes president

The Americans are committing atrocities in Vietnam o They have established free fire zones (they kill everyone with in that zone) o American soldiers are always on edge they are taking tons of drugs to get rid of it o Saigon becomes a haven for criminal activity, prostitution, drugs, and alcohol o most infamous atrocity Mylai Massacre General Calley slaughters 509 people in a village 79 of them were children This is the atmosphere which is now emerging The up coming election is extremely close.Nixon wins it o He argues that the hippies and yippies are out of control and he wants to return law and order to society o He wants to crack down on drugs and alcohol Becomes a mandatory sentence o Vietnamization of the war Responsibility of fighting will be given to the South Vietnamese government This comes as a shock to the Vietnamese government Ties (leader) is forced to recruit 400,000 soldiers o The crack down in the states begins Student groups in the states believe that there needs to be a revolution (the Weathermen) o They start robbing banks to fund their revolution o They kidnap Patty Hearst she ends up joining them Nixon cracks down on them o Some go into hiding and all eventually turn themselves in Nixon decides secretly to begin bombing Cambodia and Laos to prevent supplies from North Korea getting in to South Korea o Bombs VC bases in Cambodia and the Ho Chi Mihn trail through Laos o He doesnt go through congress and does it illegally o Information becomes public from journalists in Cambodia reporting the bombings o When Nixon is question he denies it directly o And insider reveals the Pentagon Papers which provide damning evidence that Nixon is lyinghe is forced to stop by the congress o Pathet Lao (left wing revolutionaries) begin a revolution is Laos o Khmer Roug (left wing extremists) begin a revolution in Cambodia 80% of the soldiers in Vietnam have been returned home 75% of southern Vietnam is occupied by the VC Nixon sends Kissinger (secretary of state) to meet with China and Russia o Announce that negotiations have begun. o They put a spin on it in their favor to gain popularity for the next election o The negotiations go no whereargue about who sits where at the table Nixon is reelected claiming they have claimed honor in Vietnam

1972:

1973: Secret information is released about the Watergate scandal by an insider The Water Gate Scandal Mission was to find out information about the opposing democratic candidates Water Gate Hotel democratic head quarters o The plumbers break in & manage to screw up They get arrested o Believed that they were sent in by the president (some of them were previous members of the CIA) Big issue = did the president order it and commit criminal activity OR did he not know until after and try and cover it committing a criminal offense? A congressional committee is set up to investigate o They request the audiotapes that Nixon took during all white house meetings He says no and they go to court

 It is ordered that he turn them over Some are missingeventually foundpieces of them are destroyed o Is there any definitive evidence?? Not exactly Congress moving towards impeachment The tapes completely destroy Nixons public image and the war in Vietnam still wasnt over!! His vice president Agnew went to jail for tax evasion **Nixon offers his resignation** Gerry Ford (New President!) pardons Nixon 1974:

The Vietnam war comes to an end April 30th 1974 the last Americans are evacuated from Vietnam Ho Chi Mihn has dies Saigon is renamed after him (Ho Chi Mihn City) The Americans are thoroughly embarrassed and humiliated by this Their policy becomes to throw in overwhelming military force America is in an economic recession!! it appears that the Domino effect is coming true o Vietnam = Communist o Cambodia = Communist (1975) Pol Pot takes over hes a Marxist He forces everyone in Phnom Penh into camps in the country and liquidates everyone that is against them He uses children to kill everyone (use plastic bags) He renames Cambodia Kampuchea o Laos = Communist Pathet Lao take over o It seems to stop beyond that though!! The rest of South East Asia isnt affected at all! o Fighting breaks out between Vietnam and Cambodia Vietnam invades Cambodia and China invades Japan Nixon wants to drive a wedge between the communist nations o Makes a historic visit to China to meet with Mau = normalizes relations with China o Negotiates with China to open up to American business o After Mau dies the new government allows them to move in The first two businesses are Coca Cola and McDonalds

The Middle East Israel: There was a growing desire of many Jews to have a homeland Balfoar Declaration of 1917 promised a homeland for the Jews in Palestine WWI ends Palestine becomes a British mandate o Allow increasing numbers of Jews to immigrate o There is increasing violence between the Arabs and Jews o All immigration is cut of as of 1939 1945 following the war o significant Jewish population is displaced o discover their homes had been taken by others o there were considered DPs (displaced peoples) **They want to go to Palestine but are forbade by the British o the British want to stop the exodus of the Jews o they attack the British and blow up a hotel *the British are unable to close of the Palestinian border They transfer Palestine to the United Nations The UN partitions Palestine o Part Jews and part Arabs

War between the Israelis (supported by the Americans) and the Palestinians (and surrounding Arab nations) First Israeli War 1948 1949 The surrounding Arab states arent well equipped Israel has significant European support They force the Palestinians to flee to the West Bank of Jordan or to the Gaza strip Israeli government encourages Palestinians to leave Atrocities are committed on both sides Arab States: Purpose is to push Israel back into the Sea Nasser leader of Egypt o Begins arming himself for a war with Palestine o Buy guns from the Czech Republic o To the Americans the Egyptians are now Communist o Nasser had applied for loans from the IMS to build the Aswan Damn.they are denied o Nasser takes action to precipitate a second war o Palestinians are encouraged to take place in terrorist activities Guerilla warfarethey cross the border at night and kill Israelis in the border villages 1956 Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal o Nasser is a Communist (Americans view point! Again) o This upsets the British and the French British have lost their way of transportation o British, French, & Israelis combined plan to attack Egypt (weaken them militarily) October 29th, 1956 Sinai Dessert Peninsula o Israeli troops cross the border o British and French provide the air support o Mitla Pass Israelis cross and capture quickly o Port Said British and French land forces and move south o Egypt is in retreatthey are sinking ships in the Suez canal essentially blocking it, which was what the British didnt want o The Americans and Soviets intervene The British and French are humiliated because they invaded wrongfully The Israelis were wrong too The British made the assumption that the Americans would not object to the war.they were wrong! o Khruschev states that if the French and British do not withdraw immediately he will nuke Paris and London o The French and British are deeply in debt to the Americans If the war continues the Americans will cut off financial assistance November 6, 1956 fighting stops o Everyone is ordered to stop fighting o This has been a political disaster for Britain and France o Edens government in Britain is forced to resign Macmillan takes over as the new PM o The French government collapses (the 4th republic) 5th republic replaces them Charles DeGaul becomes the president they change their constitution to allow the president more power o This is the end of British and French influence in the middle east The Americans support Israel (they are the only democratic middle eastern state) o Deliberate policy to strengthen Israel Soviet become a huge player in the Middle East with Egypt and Syria Eisenhower Doctrine aid any nation with internal or external threat attempting to overthrow the government

Cento Central Treaty Organization (encompassed Britain, U.S. , Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, and Turkey There is a decision made to create a peace keeping force on suggestion of the Lester B. Pearson (he receives the Nobel Peace Prize for this) o UN troops are placed in the Gaza Strip There is an intensification of terrorist attacks by the Palestinians PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization Most famous leader Yasser Arafat Occasional military scrimmages along the border of Syria and Israel Syria and Egypt and preparing for war o Nasser orders all UN forces patrolling the border to be removed o They close the Straits of Tiran to all Israeli shipping o The Gulf of Aqaqba is blockaded by the Egyptians Israelis begin a plan of preemptive attack on Egypt o Dayan devises the plan o They will gain air superiority, attack and destroy Egypt first then turn and attack Syria o They are going to attack at 8:45 am while the Egyptians are having breakfast o There will be a heavy ground mist which will hide the planes flying below radar The 6 Day War June 5, 1967 Attack on Egypt o Tanks head out from the Suez Canal o Planes head out below radar level and circle around attacking from the west opposed to the east o Attack on Egypt takes 1 hours and 62 air bases are destroyed o by 12:15 they are attacking Jordan and Syria o Lebanon intervenes for a small period of time o The first ground forces are moving across the Sinai Peninsula o Second move across the Gaza Strip o Third move across the West Bank o Forth move across the Syrian Golan Heights o It takes them 4 days to capture the Sinai o Capture the West bank in 3 days after heavy fighting o The Gaza strip is captured in 24 hours o It takes 5 days to capture the Golan Heights o By the end of the 6th day the war was over Most significant areas o Gaza Strip o West Bank o Golan Heights There were very large Arab populations living within the new borders of Israel The Arab states refer to them as the occupied territories and now have more reason to fight There are increased terrorist attacks post 1967 Syria and Egypt are rearming o The Soviets give them surface to air missiles The Israelis attempted to create a buffer zone but it only causes more problems PLO purpose is to return Palestine to the Palestinian people o They blow up school busses; break into airports and shoot people at random o Spread their attacks to Israeli businesses in European nations Other organizations are sympathetic to the PLO o Baader-meinhof a German gang which has sympathy for them o Black September o Red Army Faction There is the emergence of World Wide terrorism through out 67 & 68 Student organizations use terrorism as a way to overthrow the government ideally o They hold air planes hostage and occasionally blow them up

1972 Munich Olympics o Black September takes Israeli athletes hostage and eventually kill them all Egypt is planning to destroy Israel o If Israel attacks Egypt it could potentially precipitate a larger war with the Soviet Union Americans are to be reliant on Arab oil once their oil stocks run outpredicted to happen in 1972

The Yom Kippur War Egyptians strike first!! There is an intensification of terrorism the people who have grown up in the Palestinian refugee camps are now in there teens or 20s There are a considerable number of Russians in Egypt (40,000) Brezhnev o Doesnt want the situation to become global o They dont want to provoke things in the middle east o The Soviets and Americans have accepted the fact that nuclear war will result in mutual destruction o The Soviets are trying to hold the Egyptians back Nasser dies in 1970 Sadat takes over o Sadat takes an initiative and on July 17, 1972 orders all the Soviet advisors out of Egypt o This doesnt bother the Israelis they are extremely over confident October 6, 1973 Yom Kippur (Jewish Day of Atonement) o Simultaneously 700 Syrian tanks will attack the Golan heights and Egyptian forces will move across the Suez canal o Heavy fighting for the passes Mitla, Khaimia, and Giddi The Israelis hold their positions o The Syrians are driven back by Israeli counter attacks October 14th 1973 the largest tank battle since the battle of Kursk o There are over 2,000 tanks o General Sharon discovers a gap between the Egyptian forces between Mitla and Giddi pass This precipitates the battle of Chinese Farm Goes in favor of the Israelis they push the Egyptians back to the Suez Canal The other Arab states are morally supporting Egypt and Syriathey are taking retaliatory measures OPEC all Arab members agree to an embargo o Gasoline rationing begins in the states o Gas stations are running out of Gas Americans are suffering greatly o Failure of the Vietnam war + economy falling apart + oil shortages + oil embargo Nixon sends Kissinger to meet with all the Arab states o They receive a cease fire = a moral victory for the Arabs states October 24, 1973 Yom Kippur war ends!! o A cease fire is negotiated; the Israelis must draw back in to the Sinai Oil is the new weapon the Arabs will use!! o The Arab states make arms deals with the Americans OPEC set oil prices so that there are only limited amounts o There is a 70% increase in gas prices The United States goes through an economic crisis o People begin buying smaller cars = crisis in the automobile industry = shutdown production = slow in steal production = CRISIS!!! Post 1973: Sadat = a hero in the Arab world! The Americans being putting pressure on Sadat and Begin (the Israeli leader) to negotiate a settlement

This is inspired by Jimmy Carter They meet in Israel and then Cairo and then with Carter at Camp David out side of Washington September 17, 1978 = Peace Treaty!! o The Camp David Treaty o The Israelis will withdraw from the Sinai gradually until the finish in 1982 o There are further discussions concerning Palestinian refugees o Sadat recognizes Israel as a state (non of the other Arab states will recognize it) **Non of the Other Arab states support this at all!!!** October 6, 1981 Sadat is assassinated by his own military Mubarak replaces him Lebanon the Civil War Civil war breaks out in Lebanon in 1975 o Its an extremely convoluted civil war Christian Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Syrians invade Israelis invade PLO It is provoked by the Christian Lebanese 1978 Syria occupies the Northern half of the country on invitation from the government to suppress some of the fighting o they dont leave until almost present day Israel invades from the South of Lebanon 1978 o They occupy to create a buffer zone along the border to protect them selves from the PLO o This has a limited effect upon the PLO Attempts to kill Yasser Arafat Beirut is bombed o 1982 ground forces are sent in all the way to Beirut the South Lebanese army members turn fire onto the Palestinian refugees it is a massacre General Sharon is the leader of the Lebanese army o assassination of the Lebanese president peace keepers are sent French and Americans o this is a disaster they are attacked and become the victims o the U.S. withdraws its forces after they attacked by suicide bombers o all peace keepers are removed o an American battleship shells the hillside around Beirut last time the US Missouri is used in battle Ongoing confusion! Israel removes its troops in 1985 leave some troops in the buffer zone The insurgency begins now!! Intifada young people begin throwing stones at soldiers in the occupied territories o This is inflamed because there are Israelis moving into peoples land o Attack both soldiers and settlers o It becomes a state of siege in particularly the West Bank area Israelis resort to using live ammunition and tanks 1993 first significant change!!! o The PLO renounces terrorism and establishes talks with Israel (PLO is considered the leading representation of the Palestinians) o The Oslo agreement o Israelis make a concession Grant the right of self government to the Palestinians in the occupied territories Grant the PLO permission of self government

o o

o o o

1994 Gaza and the West Bank are granted self government under the PLO Jordan also reaches an agreement with Israel Part of the Israeli governments agreement is that the Israeli civilians must move out Rabin president of Israel Assassinated by fellow Israelis The insurgency returns The Israelis decide to build a wall across the West Bank Controversial because they are placing it across the boundary created by the UN Hamas does not recognize the right of Israel to exist Was a declared terrorist organization

Iran:

Was called Persia until 1935 Britain attempted to control Reza Khan seized power in 1921 and made himself Shah in 1935 o He wanted to limit the rights that foreigners had in Persia o Mullahs also wanted to limit their power (Shia clergy) WWII Iran is occupied by the British and the Russians o The Shah is forced to abdicate in favor of his Son o Muhammad Reza Pahlavi Hes supported by the Americans They have a considerable interest in the country Oil wealth = considerable economy He encourages students to go abroad to study He built up arms with the help of the Americans There was extreme oppression of those who didnt agree with him or like him o The First uprising was by the Mullahs There was an economic dispute Socialist movement!! Everything comes tumbling down! Ayatollah Khomeini leader of the Shiites o He was living in exile in Paris Abdication of the Shah he seizes power o Many people begin to flee the country He wants to turn Iran back to the traditions The government becomes a theocracy He nationalizes all industries this benefits those close to the government not the entire country He denounces the U.S. and calls them Satan o The situation escalates when students dressed as revolutionary guards attack the U.S. embassy and take everyone hostage for 15 months The Ayatollah is hurt by this o All financial assets belonging to Iranians in the states are frozen o Negotiations between the Americans and Iranians begin Iraq and Iran go to war about a piece of land on their mutual border on the Persian Gulf Iraq = Sunni Religious Rivalry!! o Governed by Sadam Hussein o He is the leader of the Arab Baath Socialist Party The war results in atrocities on both sidesHussein drops poison gas on his own peoplebut only the Shiite minorities They take volunteers (young children) to run ahead of troops to clear mine fields Both sides begin attacking neutral oil shipping in the Gulf The Americans send ships to the Persian gulf to protect the oil tankers

1978:

1988: Iraq = bad shape because of the oil Felt like they were being under mind by its OPEC members (Kuwait) Kuwait is blamed for undermining the economy of Iraq There is a border dispute between Kuwait and Iraq about oil wells Iraq has the ambition of absorbing Kuwait Cheney is sent to meet with Hussein August 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait (media calls it the Gulf War) Kuwait is easily over run The Iraqis actions are denounced by President Bush Sr. The UN security Council decides to send in the military to push the Iraqis out of Kuwait There is a lengthy arms build up of American forces in Saudi Arabia on the border of Iraq o The UN has overwhelming military superiority and it is an overwhelming victory o They make the decision not to push the Iraqis into Baghdad and overthrow the government o The retreating Iraqis burn all the oil fields.and they burn for several years General Schwarzkopf in charge of operation Dessert Storm (UN military forces in Kuwait) Post 1991: Sanctions are imposed upon Hussein to force him to give up his weapons of mass destruction He launched Scuds to Israel missiles Though he doesnt use his Weapons of mass destruction The UN demands that officials inspect the country o Hussein goes out of his way to hide things Everyone believes he is hiding something o In the end they are invaded again in 2003 Latin America American Policy supports governments opposed to communism in Latin America even if the government is extremely right wing Guatemala: Government is viewed as too left wing The CIA is given instructions to cause a coup detat o They train the military to overthrow the government 1954 government is overthrown o Guatemala becomes a military dictatorship o There are uprisings against the dictatorship o From the 60s to he 90s 200,000 civilians are killed o The CIA trains the military to use torture methods This America policy really ends with Clinton

An Iranian passenger airliner is shot down by the Americans because they thought it was a fighter plane and going to attack them o This increases the Iranians hatred towards the Americans Iranian leader dies

El Salvador: Americans train the military and the police Create death squads o They go out at night to search for the enemies of the state On going blood shed which lasts for decades President Carter stated that El Salvadors government was one of the blood thirstiest in the world o President of the day is Regan.he supports it

If governments nationalize and take moves towards the left wing = communist

Panama: It was created by the Americans Encouraged the people in Panama to rise up against the Columbian government and they became their own country They leased the land to the Americans to build the canal Noriaga worked with and for the CIA since 1971 o Personally directly involved in the drug trade Because of this Panama is invaded in 1989 o Purpose is to topple the dictator There is a siege of the building he was staying in they played very loud heavy metal music until he came out Peru:

Recipient of CIA support The Shinning Path communist revolutionary group o The leader is eventually caught by the Peruvian government o This is after the government leader Salvador Allende democratically elected socialist left wing government Pinochea military causes a coup detat and it becomes a military dictatorship o Tens of thousands of people disappear and are murdered by the government

Chile:

Honduras: CIA trains and equips Battalion 316 o Death squad set out to kill communists Torture Electro shock & water boarding o Plastic bag suffocation methods Nicaragua: San Dan Hista communist government The Contours supported by the Americans Columbia: Second largest amount of aid from the United States Provide military support against the Columbian drug cartels succeededthere all in Mexico now The Soviet Union Internally All eastern European states have governments modeled after the Soviet Union They are all going to be industrialized o All the governments of the Soviet Bloc adopt the 5 year plan Rapid industrialization o Soviet Union supplies the raw materials and the countries of the Soviet Bloc produce the goods which are sold in the Soviet Union **Massive economic reformation** in Soviet Union not much changes; non-war economy Stalin initiates new purges between 1943 and 1953 o Zhukov he was one of Stalins principle rivals; he would have been bumped off but he was too famous to execute o Some are removed from power or demoted others are sent off for questioning by the KGB

Stalin emerges the hero of the Second World War o He is admired by the general population KGB maintains a very strict rule over the population o The standards of living are extremely low o State housing is provided based on needs o It is illegal to not have a job There were people whos job was to sit at the doors of the new apartment buildings The Russian people began to become suspicious o Solzenhitsyn towards the end of the war he wrote a letter home to his parents (all letters are read by the KGB) he complained about the quality of the food and is sent to a Gulag prison for 5 years o Extent of Stalins paranoia he sent all the soldiers who had survived the Nazis to Gulags o Continuous shortage of housing and occasionally shortages of food When things become available people wait in extremely long lines to stock pile for themselves o There is no effort to subsidize this o The only two things that were kept in abundance were bread and vodka Stalins last act he goes after the Jews o Begins a policy of anti-Semitism o He labels them as Ruthless Cosmopolitans They are not Russians an they are international March 15th 1953 Stalin dies o This comes as a huge shock o Stalin may have been poisoned but he did have a massive stroke and died a few days later It was thought in the West that Baria would take over o He was arrested a few days later by the pollit borough He is prosecuted for crimes against the Russian people Nikita Khrushchev he achieves consolidation of power in his own hands o Stalin had an icy grip over the nation there is now a thaw It is an intellectual thaw he allows intellectual debate to take place Its also cultural under Stalin all cultural goings on were regulated o The restrictions which existed under Stalin were somewhat removed 1956 Khrushchev attacks Stalin at a congress meeting o he speaks of the crimes of the Stalin era o it loosens the political structure it has the most profound effect in the eastern European states o there are open rebellions o Khrushchev sends the tanks into Hungary o The rebellions are crushed!! Khrushchev consolidates his position o From 1956 onward de-Stalinization takes place o The Cult of Stalin is removed; cities are renamed as are street names Stalingrad is renamed Volgograd Khrushchev sets out to improve the economy o He had been placed in charge of the Ukraine held himself to be an agricultural expert o He improves their agricultural production o He initiates the agricultural improvement of Russia to increase food supply He expands into central south east Asia (now the stans) They are extremely drythe plan is to use irrigation they are using the large lakes (Aral Sea) It is a complete and utter failure o It doesnt aid the food supply at all

They become increasingly dependant on imports of food supplies agricultural failures lead to a disaster He wants to decentralize the economy o Gosplan the central planning agency from the 5 year plan o Hopefully it would result in the increase of production Economically they have made great steps since the 1970s Their improvements are in their technologies o Most of it comes from the Nazis (the scientists) o They have developed their first hydrogen bomb, planes & air crafts, missiles They surpass the united states in numbers o They are the first to put a man into space and a satellite Khrushchevs foreign policy he challenges states but speaks of peaceful co-existence Mau relationship between the Soviet Union and China deteriorates o Mau doesnt believe in peaceful co-existence Khrushchev has an increased cult personality the Pollit borough turns against him o 1964 Khrushchev is placed under house arrest & he is told he is to resign! o ** He is NEVER executed! Kosygin Soviet Premier (diminishes in significance) Brezhnev communist party leader o This is the return to a more Stalinist rule o People are being sent away for reeducation though he never commits the murderous atrocities which Stalin did Andre Solzhenitsyn the scientist who developed the H-bomb he is sent to Gulag for reeducation because he spoke out against Brezhnev o Gulags become extremely profitable businesses o Foreigners are not allowed to leave the country with Russian money They must spend it there.and they must exchange a certain amount depending on how long they are staying for The KGB is allowed much more power once again o Locals are required to report to the police if they speak to anyone who is foreign Soviet citizens are not allowed to travel freely in their own country o If they were going on vacation they had to find someone to replace them at work Traveling out of the Soviet Union was near impossible o They had to provide a guarantee that they would return o They cant exchange soviet currency for foreign currency in the country o They had to have an external sponsor o This causes most Soviet Citizens to never leave the country Brezhnev try to limit Western Media from entering the Soviet Union You could make much more money smuggling things into the country then by working legally.ex. blue jeans Bribery goes an extremely long way! Brezhnev keeps extremely close restraints upon the French public o Prominent individuals travel (athletesperformermusicians) for competition and then defect from the country this is hugely embarrassing for the Soviet Union There is an elite group which emerges with in the Soviet Union o The communist party Though there are non of the extreme rich as there were in the United States The West takes advantage of the people who have defected to portray the atrocities of the Soviet Union o Shows it as an extremely oppressive society where living conditions are sub standard The life span of the soviet people was in decline o There life styles are unclean o Waterways are so toxic that some cant even be touched o Entire cities are covered in industrial grime Brezhnev is more focused on the military he wants a force which could take on the Unites States o

Wants to improve the nuclear capabilities of the USSR He wants to make Khrushchevs bragging a reality The capability of the USSR to destroy basically the entire world Brezhnev and the American president (s) agree upon limitations o The SALT agreement Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty Agreement that the weapons will not be used o Test Ban Treatypost Cuban missile crisis: above ground testing is limited o Non Proliferation Treaty no making nuclear weapons o This takes away defense powers from the two great powers (ABMs anti ballistic missiles) The idea is that if you have no defense you wont attack n e one because you cant protect yourself if they attack back This lasts until 2005 George Bush decides to build a missile defense system 1970s: o there is an emerging dtente between the USSR and the US o relations are moderately ok 1975 the Helsinki accord o agreements over human rights within each country Soviet ground forces are extremely formidable They now have nuclear powered submarines Americans are thinking about keeping their missiles constantly on the move to protect them from the soviets o They never actually get around to this USSR is planning to use their nuclear subs if their land missiles are attacked and destroyed Americans develop hunter-kill subs to track the Soviets nuclear subs The Cruise Missile first strike small missile o They fly at tree top level under the radars & track the target Even though there is a dtente both sides are working on what will give them the edge Coal, steel, oil Soviet GNP doubles again from its resource use o Consumer goods are still in jeopardy and impossible to find The Soviets are working on their space technology o Agreement reached not to put weapons in space Bush comes up with the idea of SDIs (strategic defense initiative) putting lasers in space The Brezhnev Doctrine give a country aid and intervene if there was a revolt or threat against a communist government in one of the Satellite states o Afghanistan becomes increasingly dependant on the USSR & is turning to communism and Marxism o The suppression of traditional Muslims becomes a revolt One of the biggest reasons is the drug trade o The Soviet Union sends troops in and Afghanistan becomes the Soviet Unions Vietnam o They initially only send in ground forces because they believe that the Mujhadeen (Afghan rebels) could not readily defend themselves o They have the advantage of technology Carter (American Pres.) declares this an invasion o He places an embargo on technology trade with the Soviet Union o He says they have disobeyed the Helsinki accord and there is sever mistreatment of their own people Carter claims that he will do anything to stop the Soviet Union The Americans begin supplying the Mujhadeen with weapons Regan replaces Carter as President: he calls the Soviet union the evil nation The Mujhadeen becomes the Taliban U.S threatens to put an embargo on other products such as grain o It is temporarily cut off by Regan there is a decline in the productivity of the American economy

o o

o This policy is dropped by the 1980s due to the protests of Americans farmers They begin supplying the Mujhadeen with weapons which paralyze the Soviet forces o They are able to move quickly and are easily able to over take the Soviets o Soviet tanks become very vulnerable the Mujhadeen are using shoulder missiles (stinger missiles) o The stinger missiles are also able to bring down Soviet helicopters ; there is a constant wearing down of the Soviet troops Brezhnev dies in 1982 from natural causes Andropov former head of the KGB & takes over for Brezhnev he dies of cancer 15months later Chernenko replaces Andropov he dies of cancer 1985 **These are the last of the WWII hierarchy!!! Regan frightens the entire world by saying that he may use his nuclear weapons After Chernenko dies he says he may have pushed them too far 1985 Gorbachev comes to office o A huge change in the Soviet Union takes place!!!! The Eastern Bloc States 1945 1985 Baltic States reabsorbed into the Soviet Union they all become and issue Yugoslavia and Finland are the only two which are independent Communist parties rule in all the Satellite states in the Eastern Bloc Early 1950s there is no real opposition that is vocal & the Soviets have established Comecon ( trade agreements between the Eastern Bloc states) Tito he is the first to deviate from Soviet Policy diverts from collectivization Stalins acceptance of Tito results in near revolt in Poland and revolt in Hungary Poland Gomulka Polish leader; ends collectivization o State publicly that he is going to relax political policies o There will be greater political and economic freedoms Khrushchev threatens military action o Gomulka backs down due to Khrushchevs threats Hungary October & November 1956 Nagy Communist reformer o He initiates reforms and pushes further than Gomulka had in Poland o He is going to release political prisoners and states that he is going to remove Hungary from the Warsaw pact Kader replaces Nagy when the Soviet invade & remove him o Thousands of people flee the country into Austria and then to the United States No assistance is provided by the West; Khrushchev takes this as a sign of weakness Czechoslovakia Prague Spring Dubcek head of the government initiates reforms o He speaks publicly Communism with a human face He permits freedom of the press; takes steps to allow democratization o Non communist parties are allowed to be formed Brezhnev wants Dubcek removed!! o He alerts the troops in Czechoslovakia o 2500 troops are sent to Prague o Dubeck is removed from power The one thing he doesnt do it threaten to remove Czechoslovakia from the Warsaw pact

 1970s:

The Brezhnev Doctrine applies here! There are widespread arrests all across Czechoslovakia

The economies of the Eastern Bloc nations are in serious trouble They are all in recession They have been built upon the technologies of the 1930s Governments are forced to subsidize their industries this is extremely expensive The infrastructure is in decay and the environment is in serious trouble The eastern bloc countries begin to borrow from western banks o They borrow heavily and to pay their debts begin exporting goods to other countries besides the Soviet Union Nixon allows this to take place

Poland: Government o Gomulka oppressive government (like Stalins) o He initiated an anti-Semitic campaign against Jews in 1968 o By 1970 Poland is in serious trouble o Subsidizing of food prices ends There are major riots Gierek (he is a reformer) replaces Gomulka o Borrows heavily from the west o Becomes dependant on trade from the west o Consumer goods are in extreme decline o By 1980 government subsidizing is ending and the debt is astronomical Raising food prices again Gdansk The Lenin Ship yards o Gierek allows trade Unions The all encompassing trade union is Solidarity Led by Lech Walesa Solidarity includes 10 million members They want the ability to run in elections Ultimately the end of the communist era in Poland o The Brezhnev Doctrine applies here and Brezhnev orders Gierek removed from power o General Jaruzelski replaces him o Lech Walesa is arrested and put in jail and limits are put on Solidarity Regan reverses Nixons policy o Trade sanctions are placed on the soviet union on Poland o They are deeply in debt to the west End marshal law; release Lech Walesa; Pope John Paul is allowed to visit Poland (1983) o The Popes visit is not politicalbut the fact that he is there encourages the people to reform against eh state o This is symbolic of the changes that are taking place and will be taking place! Inspires the Polish people symbolically to take action Lech Walesa is awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1983 o This is symbolic of the efforts of freeing the poles Economic reforms take place allow small businesses to be established Change from the Brezhnev era to the Gorbecheva era Gorbecheva ends the Brezhnev doctrine all together 1985 1989 o Poland experiments with increased capitalism within the country o Jaruzelski states he will allow free elections

Solidarity is allowed to run in the election but regardless of how many votes anyone gets the communist party must get the seats! o Solidarity wins a landslide victory in 1989 in the election This is a huge victory for the people of Poland This is the end of the communist regime in Poland!! o It could only work if allowed by the Soviet Union

Hungary: Kadar ruler of Hungary since 1956 Turn increasingly to the west for borrowing and trade Turn increasingly to capitalism By 1988 Kadar is asked to retire o New political party takes over o They allow opposition parties and multiparty elections By 1989 free elections are allowed.as in Poland o Everything that takes place is almost the same as in Poland Nagy is exhumed and there is a celebration burying him with honors One further step is taken. o Summer 1989 - Hungarian government decides to symbolically open the door to Austria o Allow Hungarians to visit the west o Did not anticipate East Germans travel to Hungary to flee East Germany to West Germany o Request by East Germany to close Hungarys bordersthey say no East Germany: Honecker leader of East Germany Has a problem he knows that Gorbechev will not intervene o He opens the borders of East Germany to West Germany with the mistaken idea that they will visit and then decide to stay in East Germany o 350,000 people have moved out The people of East Germany wasnt reform like in Hungary and Poland o Honecker requests military action from the Soviet Union Gorbechev refuses and says that Honecker must deal with this peacefully Largest demonstrations are in Leipaig to institute a democratic government New communist party leadership.pleads with the people not to leave o Promise the right of unrestricted travel and free elections The government decides to begin opening up the Berlin wall o Thought this doesnt end the exudes Public disclosures of the corruption in the government causes the pollit borough to resign and Honecker is arrested There is a new democratic constitutional government is installed West Germany: Leader of the West German government is Khl Khl announces that steps should be taken to reunite East and West Germany Berlin is still an occupied territory France is the only one who has a problem with this o The French dont have a very strong argument o Four allied powers relinquish their powers in the occupied territories October 3, 1990 Germany is officially reunited and the capital is changed back to Berlin Khl is elected the chancellor of Germany The old Reichstag becomes the New Parliament buildings Czechoslovakia: Czech government did not like Gorbechev

They dont have a strong relationship with the very There are mounting demonstrations in Prague by 1989 The reformers are led by Havel (he is a play write) o Demonstrations increase in size o Peak level is 350,000 demonstrators o November 24th 1990 General strike begins o Threaten to bring the country to a stand still o Dubcheck appears cheering on reforms o The communist government decides to step aside move into a democratic regime o The Velvet Revolution nicknamed this because there is no violence 89 is 68 upside down (68 failed and 89 succeeded) The separation of the state into 2 parties 1993 o The Slovaks request independence Prague said OK! o January 1993divided into the Czech republic and the Slovak republic

Bulgaria: 1989 mass demonstrations in the capital of Sofia o they are demanding reform o the party is renamed (party is reconstituted) o theoretically it is a democracy Romania: government controlled by Nicolae Ceausescu o controlled the government since 1965 he is an autocrat - has a cult personality o he is pretty much the equivalent of Stalin Transform Romania from an industrial nation to an industrial nation o To do this he borrows heavily from the West o They have very limited consumer goods Refuses to join the invasion of Czechoslovakia, declares his support for Israel o Gains support from the West December 1989 rioting breaks out o The army is called out to shoot demonstrators and the army refuses to do so. o His security force is ordered to shoot demonstrators and the army Civil war has pretty much broken out o The Czech army prevails and the dictator is caught trying to flee the country. He is tried and sentenced to death The new party which emerges in generally the same The Soviet Union: 1985 Mickael Gorbechev comes to power this is a very tense time between the USSR and the United States The Russians state that if the Americans nuke East Germany they will nuke Chicago and then ICBMs will most likely fly both way and everyone will probably die Regan publicly states that they could win a nuclear war o There have been no negotiations between the US and the USSR since the war in Afghanistan (6 years prior) Gorbechev is not from the Stalin era o He was the youngest member of the pollit borough o He wants to ensure that nuclear war never takes place 1986 Gorbechev agrees to meet with Regan o they meet four times o the Americans have 30,000 nukes and the USSR has 20,000 nukes Gorbechev is a very different person from his predecessors and has a different outlook o He is willing to make serious concessions

He agrees to destroy 4 nukes for every 1 the Americans destroy with out even being asked USSR allows the Americans into their country to inspect the destruction of them Agreement is different for the Americans o They have to remove the war heads but they can warehouse them and not destroy them o They begin this in Europe o They agree to remove and destroy all strategic missiles in Europe o Gets to the point where they are going to destroy ICBMs Regan is seen as the hero of the age because he was able to force the USSR into concessions o The Americans are essentially let off the hook about destroying their nukes 1988 George Bush Sr. takes over for Regan The situation with the USSR has been diffused!! Bush Sr. continues talks and more concessions are made Gorbechev sets out to remove the threat of nuclear war o He also sets out to change the country economically and politicall The plan is to reform the country within the socialist regime

1985 economic restructure (perestroika) Gorbechev does almost the same thing that Khrushchev did Allow managers direct control over their factories or farms o The idea is that by giving them more incentives they will work harder (ex. Consumer goods) o Working harder will result in an increase in the overall amount of consumer goods available in the country Wants a society which will be freer o Glasnokt: liberalization of the Soviet Socialism with out moving to capitalism and democracy o How is he going to convince them?? Some of the communist party members disagree o They announce that Sakharov will be allowed to return to Moscow o Then the Soviet Jews are allowed to leave the country and emigrate o New laws are put in place to restrict the power of the KGB o Gorbechev publicly denounces Stalin o His next step is the NEP allows farmers to sell their surplus crops locally o This encouraged capitalistic reforms in Russia o He is allowing foreign investment (McDonalds!) o Private enterprises and business is allowed to take place Non of this really ever takes place at all. o he offers state farms to becomes share crops o land ownership is effectively given to the people who live on the land.only 1% actually shifts Nothing is happening.. Pollit borough believes that this is the wrong way to go about everything o They eventually remove Gorbechev from power 1988 Gorbechev creates a multiparty legislature o he tries to encourage the public to change politically as well as economically o he loosens the monopoly of the communist government o of the seats in the legislature must be given to the communist party 1989 first multi candidate election o new legislature changes the structure of the government they create a presidency (modeled after the American and French systems) 1990 Congress (the legislature) elects Gorbechev as the president the country is now divided (those who want change and those who dont want change) simultaneously all 15 republics within the Soviet Union demand independence o Baltic states demand independence (full independence)

Gorbechev says no but they will add a new aspect of government There will be 15 members each representing their own republic with Gorbechev leading them

Summer 1990: Gorbechev plans a 500 day economic reform It would end the subsities and help to create a free market economy o He ends up abandoning this idea Fall 1990 he says that he will use the military force to crush uprisings o Gorbechev is contradicting himself! January 1991 Soviet Soldiers are firing on people in Lithuania o Democratic reformers now see Gorbechev as the enemy Yeltsin 0 former minister of the pollit borough o He becomes the central figure of the reform June 1991 Yeltsin is elected president of the Russian Republic o He is elected directly by the people o He argues for the independence of the Baltic stateshe says that all republics should be independent Gorbechev negotiates The Union Treaty gives the Baltic states their own powers o There is an attempted coup detat While on vacation Gorbechev is approached to join the old members of the pollit borough A state emergency committee of 8 replaces Gorbechev Yeltsin rallies the Russian legislature to support Gorbechev & rally the people to support Gorbechev o The emergency committee orders the KGB to shoot the demonstrators if necessary o They refuse to and the coup detat fails Gorbechev returns to Moscow and resigns he believes that he can just replace the pollit borough Yeltsin labels the communist party illegal o Takes advantage of his popularity o He seizes all communist party property o Congress votes in support of this They are in favor of Yeltsin and then vote to dissolve themselves There is no real structure left in the Soviet Union government; all that is left is Gorbechev as the head of the federation council and of the Soviet Union **The Soviet Union collapses** Federation council recognizes the independence of the Baltic States o All most immediately after the Ukraine as well They are now effectively dissolved Russia will not stay with out the Ukraine therefore Russia leaves Gorbechev resigns There are now 11 republics which will form the Common Wealth of Independent States o 4 states have leftthe Ukraine and the 3 baltic states it is renamed the Russian federation o they have nukes o the Americans are very concerned that countries may inherit the nukes which were left on the lands Yeltsin makes deals that only Russia will have nuclear weapons The United States reimburses the coutries for the weaponsthey are pretty much buying them South Central Asia: Georgia and Tajikistan o They revolt for independence Yeltsin encounters all the problems which Gorbechev had with the economy o Problem of moving towards a free market economy

He is allowed to borrow money from the United States Economic Shock Therapy o Product prices subsidizing ends abd consumer goods become extremely expensive Yeltsin is in a power struggle with congress o They force his economic minister to resign o He wants to enhance the power of the presidency Spring 1993 Yelstin dissolves the legislature and there is a reelection o Congress refuses to comply with this o They occupy the building o Fighting breaks out in the streets out side the congress buildings October 1993 Yeltsin orders tanks to surround the buildings o There are arrests and 100 people die in the revolts and congress building fire Yeltsin announces that there will be a new election and a referendum for a new constitution o The new constitution is passed allowing Yeltsin more power in the position of president o Congress is now called the Duma o Yeltsin still does not have the support of the Duma They want amnesty for all who were arrested during the congress revolts They also want other political parties to be allowed Yukos Oil formerly under Soviet control it is now a private company Yeltsin is replaced by Putin eventually Russia is experimenting with privatization When Yeltsin is replaced the idea of market romantics ends (economic shock therapy) Russia under Putin becomes a mixed economy