End Chap.

7 Visual perception
skip ch. 8 for now

Begin Chap. 9 - Color

Lecture 17 Tuesday, March 9 Finish reading Chapter 9
Next week: Chapter 10 March 30: exam review; April 1: exam II
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End of Chap. 7

Temporal response of the eye

Flash of light

time
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Watching a movie

time

Overlap in time
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Motion effects from Michael Bachs web page Silhouette illusion Motion induced blindness Motion aftereffect (Waterfall illusion) Spiral aftereffect (motion channel activated) Breathing square

http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/index.html

Review time effects

Fatigue Involuntary eye movement Successive lightness contrast Positive and negative afterimage Fading Latency and persistence

Ch. 9 - Color
We are here

Spectral and non-spectral colors Intensity distribution curve Intensity, hue, saturation Additive primaries: R, G. B. Subtractive primaries: C, M, Y Hair, skin, and eye color CIE diagram Lighting, painting and printing
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Spectral colors

Spectral colors
Correspond to a particular wavelength red 650 nm additive primary color orange yellow green 530 nm additive primary color blue 460 nm additive primary color (indigo) violet 400 nm

Mnemonic: Roy G. Biv

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Additive primaries (more later)

Red Green Blue Red + Blue + Green = White All colors can be made by projecting these onto a screen so that the light is added.
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Colored light may originate several ways: A red light emits only red light. A red paint reflects only red light. Other wavelengths are absorbed. A red filter transmits only red light. Other wavelengths are absorbed.

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Spectral curve shows the relative amount of each wavelength emitted

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Transmission curve shows the relative amount of each wavelength transmitted

Transmission of a red filter

100%

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

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Non-spectral colors are mixtures

Brown = red + green Turquoise = blue + green Silver (shiny gray) Pink = blue + red + white Gold Plum Tan White (red + blue + green)

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Spectral curves for nonspectral colors

Curves for cyan and magenta include multiple colors.

100%

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

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Cyan and magenta are most important nonspectral colors

Cyan = blue + green

Magenta = red + blue

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Ch. 9 - Color
Spectral and non-spectral colors Intensity distribution curve Intensity, hue, saturation Additive primaries: R, G. B. Subtractive primaries: C, M, Y Hair, skin, and eye color CIE diagram Lighting, painting and printing
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We are here

How would you text someone a color, accurately Tell them: Intensity, hue, saturation Intensity lightness (a source) or brightness (a surface) Hue: dominant wavelength red, or 650 nm Saturation purity, is the spectral color narrow (pure color) or broad so that neighboring colors are included
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Saturation
A saturated red is a narrow band of wavelengths An unsaturated red is a broad band of wavelengths
100% saturated red

unsaturated red

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400 nm 500 nm 600 nm 700 nm

Mixing light: additive primaries

The eye averages nearby colors to a central value of wavelength that appears to be a spectral color. Yellow + red = orange Or, it could be a nonspectral color: Blue + green = cyan, turquoise, teal The eye averages distant colors to something nonspectral. Red + blue = magenta Red + green = brown

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Artists primaries
Artists primaries are blue, yellow, and red. This is a different nomenclature from what is used in this course.

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Wikipedia

What color does this spectral curve look like?

100%

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

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What color does this spectral curve look like?

100%

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

Answer: Yellow, although there is no yellow light

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What color does this spectral curve look like?

100%

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

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What color does this spectral curve look like?

100%

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

Answer: White

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What color does this spectral curve look like?

100%

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

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What color does this spectral curve look like?

100%

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

Answer: Gray

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Gray filters, some math

A gray filter cuts down the amount of light equally for all colors (wavelengths). Two filters passing 50% placed together pass 25%. Why? 50% of 100% is 50%, and this comes through the first filter. 50% of 50% comes through the second filter, and 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25, and 0.25 of something is 25% if it.

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What color does this spectral curve look like?

100%

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

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What color does this spectral curve look like?

100%

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

gray + red = pink

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Metamers
Look the same but have different curves

100 %

100 %

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

Two ways to see yellow.

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Complementary colors
The complement is the color you would add to get white. If R + G + B = White, then Complement of Red = G + B = cyan Complement of Green = ?
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Complementary colors
Complement of Blue = R + G = Yellow Yellow + Blue = White

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Ch. 9 - Color
Spectral and non-spectral colors Intensity distribution curve Intensity, hue, saturation Additive primaries: R, G. B. Subtractive primaries: C, M, Y Hair, skin, and eye color CIE diagram Lighting, painting and printing
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We are here

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Subtractive primaries
are the complements of the additive primaries
All colors can be projected using 3 lights of additive primary color, OR 3 subtractive primary inks.

Additive primary Red Green Blue

Subtractive primary Cyan Magenta Yellow

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What are the colors shown on this package?

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Ink transmission curves

Magenta = white green
100%

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

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Ink transmission curves

Cyan = white red
100%

400 nm

500 nm

600 nm

700 nm

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How inks make all colors

No ink = paper = white = R + G + B Cyan ink + Magenta ink = ? (blocks red) + (blocks green) blue Cyan ink + Yellow ink = ? (blocks red) + (blocks blue) green Magenta ink + Yellow ink = ? (blocks green) + (blocks blue) red
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