INTRODUCTION

For most of the twentieth century, the only ways to watch television were through over-the-air broadcasts and cable signals. With broadcast TV, an antenna picks up radio waves to transmit pictures and sound to your television set. With cable TV, wires connect to a set-top box or to your TV itself. These wires run from your house to the nearest cable TV station, which acts as one big antenna. Aside from a few options like satellite TV, broadcast and cable were -- and still are -- the main ways to watch television. New technology can change the way we receive news and entertainment, though. Radio challenged newspapers in the early 1900s, and television challenged radio. Now, it looks as though traditional television has its own competitor, but it's not one that's easily separated from television. It even has television in its name -- it's what we're now calling Internet TV. An IPTV signal is a stream of data packets traveling across the Web. Internet TV is relatively new -- there are lots of different ways to get it, and quality, content and costs can vary greatly. Shows can be high-quality, professionally produced material, while others might remind you of Wayne and Garth broadcasting "Wayne's World" from their basement. Traditional TV networks are also easing into the technology and experimenting with different formats. Internet TV, in simple terms, is video and audio delivered over an Internet connection. It's also known as Internet protocol television, or IPTV. You can watch Internet TV on a computer screen, a television screen (through a set-top box) or a mobile device like a cell phone or an iPod. It's almost the same as getting television through an antenna or a series of cable wires -- the difference is that information is sent over the Internet as data. At the same time, you can find even more variety on Internet TV than cable TV. Along with many of the same shows you find on the big networks, many Web sites offer independently produced programs targeted toward people with specific interests

Internet Protocol Television (known widely as IP TV), being the newest arrival on the block, threatens the other two mediums by promising to give a tough competition. IP TV is a mechanism of viewing the regular television channels over IP. Similar to Satellite TV and Cable TV, the signal is encrypted using vendor specific security mechanisms and can only be decrypted by a receiver (STB). The video is sent in the form of IP packets over the existing broadband infrastructure and is assembled at the viewers end with the help of a Set Top Box. This becomes advantageous as existing broadband distribution infrastructure can be used to deliver television signals enabling the user to enjoy television over the same broadband connection used for surfing the internet. This is beneficial for broadcasters as they can offer Triple Play service of voice, data and television over the same network using the same infrastructure. Triple Play service refers to three different services of VoIP, Internet and IP-TV bundled together and offered over the same network. With IP TV, one can be assured of better video quality and stereophonic sound much like in case of DTH & Digital Cable TV. Even the customer specific services of Video on Demand (VOD) become a reality. Also, this enables broadcasters to have two way communications with the viewers as opposed to in case of DTH and Cable TV. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) is a system through which digital television service is delivered using the architecture and networking methods of the Internet Protocol Suite over a packet-switched network infrastructure, e.g., the Internet and broadband Internet access, instead of being delivered through traditional radio frequency broadcast and cable television (CATV) formats. It is important to note that historically there have been many different definitions of "IPTV" including elementary streams over IP networks, transport streams over IP networks and a number of proprietary systems. Although it is premature to say that there is a full consensus of exactly what IPTV should mean, there is no doubt that the most widely used definition today is for single or multiple program transport streams (MPTS) which are sourced by the same network operator that owns or directly controls the "Final Mile" to the consumer's premises. This control over delivery enables a guaranteed quality of service, and also allows the service provider to offer

an enhanced user experience such as better program guide, interactive services etc. The official definition approved by the International Telecommunication Union focus group on IPTV (ITU-T FG IPTV) is as follows: "IPTV is defined as multimedia services such as television/video/audio/text/graphics/ data delivered over IP based networks managed to provide the required level of quality of service and experience, security, interactivity and reliability." "Internet TV" generally refers to transport streams sent over IP networks (normally the Internet) from outside the network that connects to the users premises. An Internet TV provider has no control over the final delivery and so broadcasts on a "best effort" basis. Elementary streams over IP networks and proprietary variants as used by websites such as You Tube are rarely considered to be IPTV services. For residential users, IPTV is often provided in conjunction with Video On Demand and may be bundled with Internet services such as Web access and Voice over IP (VoIP). The commercial bundling of IPTV, VoIP and Internet access is referred to as a Triple Play. Adding the mobile voice service leads to the Quadruple Play moniker. IPTV is typically supplied by a broadband operator using a closed network infrastructure. This closed network approach is in competition with the delivery of TV content over the public Internet, however, the latter is often lacking a guaranteed quality of Service . Internet TV and DVR capabilities have become very popular in the past few years. Mobile phones are being proposed to control the smart home and to offer a personalized service. In this paper, we are interested in providing to the mobile user the capability of controlling an IPTV session from his mobile device, a concept that we define as out-of-band remote Control clicker. The solution relies on a mobile device acting as a remote control, a secure token to authenticate user and move IPTV sessions, and a middleware server acting as an intermediary or proxy between the user and the IPTV server. Mobile content delivery is an important issue that needs to be discussed in association with this application. Information (multimedia clips etc.) sent to the device needs to be adapted and matched to a particular device profile. We propose a mechanism on how content is adapted using a middleware system that best matches the users device

HOW IPTV
There are two things that make Internet TV possible. The first is bandwidth. To understand bandwidth, it's best to think of the Internet as a series of highways and information as cars. If there's only one car on the highway, that car will travel quickly and easily. If there are many cars, however, traffic can build up and slow things down. The Internet works the same way -- if only one person is downloading one file, the transfer should happen fairly quickly. If several people are trying to download the same file, though, the transfer can be much slower. In this analogy, bandwidth is the number of lanes on the highway. If a Web site's bandwidth is too low, traffic will become congested. If the Web site increases its bandwidth, information will be able to travel back and forth without much of a hassle. Bandwidth is important for Internet TV, because sending large amounts of video and audio data over the Internet requires large bandwidths. The second important part of Internet TV is streaming audio and video. Streaming technology makes it possible for us to watch live or on-demand video without downloading a copy directly to a computer. There are a few basic steps to watching streaming audio and video: 1. A server holds video data. 2. When you want to watch a video, you click the right command, like "Play" or "Watch." This sends a message to the server, telling it that you want to watch a certain video. 3. The server responds by sending you the necessary data. It uses streaming media protocols to make sure the data arrives in good condition and with all the pieces in the right order. 4. A plug-in or player on your computer -- Windows Media Player and RealPlayer are two popular examples -- decodes and plays the video signal.

MOBILE IPTV
Mobile IPTV is a technology that enables users to transmit and receive multimedia traffic including television signal, video, audio, text and graphic services through IP-based the wired and wireless networks with support for QoS/QoS, security, mobility, and interactive functions. Through Mobile IPTV, users can enjoy IPTV services anywhere and even while on the move. In fact, IPTV is composed of Internet Protocol (IP) and TV. In other words, it implies a traditional TV services are being migrated and converged Into Internet space. As long as we use Internet, IP is a vital component and all of advantages of IP can be used for IPTV services. Everyone agrees that IP has played and will play a major role in the evolution of networks and services. IP allows you to make use of all IP based services including IPTV services anywhere on earth through Internet. The major goal of this paper is to raise the interests and concerns of Mobile IPTV including the status of standard activities when deploying IPTV services over wireless and mobile networks, and expand the value of IPTV in the structure of everyday life.

HOW MOBILE IPTV WORKS

Before we get into the internal details of the way the IPTV network is configured to provide transmission of television signals, we see what are the various steps followed to convert the audio and video feed signals into a suitable form to be transmitted in the form of IP (Internet Protocol) packets, which forms the basis of the whole concept of IPTV and how they are received on the other side as television signals. Digitization - Converting Video Signals and Audio Signals to Digital Signals A key first step in providing Internet Protocol Television service is converting the analog audio voice signals into a digital form (digitization) and then compressing the digitized information into a more efficient form. .

Digitization is the conversion of analog signals (continually varying signals) into digital form (signals that have only two levels). To convert analog signals to digital form, the analog signal is sampled and digitized by using an analog-to-digital (pronounced A to D) co the A/D converter periodically senses (samples) the level of the analog signal and creates a binary number or series of digital pulses that represent the level of the signal. Analog signals are converted into digital signals because they are more resistant to noise (distortion) and they are easier to manipulate than analog signals. For the older analog systems (continuously varying signals), it is not easy (and sometimes not possible) to separate the noise from the analog signals. Because digital signals can only have two levels, the signal can be regenerated and during this regeneration. Process, the noise is removed. Television signal digitization involves digitization of both the audio and video signals. . When it comes to receiving TV signals, you're dealing with a TV tuner, which is a type of radio receiver. There are both analog and digital tuners, and it's the same technology that's in a stationary TV set. The basic premise underlying a TV tuner is that content providers transmit TV signals in certain radio-frequency bands for certain channels. Just like an AM/FM radio tuner, the TV tuner listens to a specific frequency to pick up the radio waves transmitted to the antenna for a specific channel. It then extracts the video and audio signals from those radio waves. To turn those signals into a TV show, the tuner sends them to an audio/video (A/V) processor, which decodes and reformats the information so the electronics in the display can create a picture out of it.

Digital Media Compression - Gaining Efficiency Digital media compression is a process of analyzing a digital signal (digitized video and/or audio) and using the analysis information to convert the high-speed digital signals that represent the actual signal shape into lower-speed digital signals that represent the actual content (such as a moving image or human voice). This process allows IP television service to

have lower data transmission rates than standard digital video signals while providing for good quality video and audio. Digital media compression for IP television includes digital audio compression and digital video compression. Sending Packets Sending packets through the Internet involves routing them through the network and managing the loss of packets when they can't reach their destination. Packet routing involves the transmission of packets through intelligent switches (called routers) that analyze the destination address of the packet and determine a path that will help the packet travel toward its destination.

SERVICES OFFERED . You can watch two basic types of broadcasts through Internet TV: live broadcasts or on-demand videos. LIVE BROADCASTS channels are usually grouped by country -- and browse through the list of available broadcasts. Some TV networks also play live, streaming feeds of their programming on their official sites. Either way, it's like watching live TV on your computer screen. You can't pause, back up or skip through parts of the broadcast that don't interest you. An IP-based platform also allows significant opportunities to make the TV viewing experience more interactive and personalized. The supplier may, for example, include an interactive program guide that allows viewers to search for content by title or actors name, or a picture-in-picture functionality that allows them to channel surf without leaving the program theyre watching. Viewers may be able to look up a players stats while watching a sports game, or control the camera angle. They also may be able to access photos or music from

their PC on their television, use a wireless phone to schedule a recording of their favorite show, or even adjust parental controls so their child can watch a documentary for a school report, while theyre away from home. Note that this is all possible, to some degree, with existing digital terrestrial, satellite and cable networks in tandem with modern set top boxes.[citation needed] In order that there can take place an interaction between the receiver and the transmitter a feedback channel is needed. Due to this terrestrial, satellite and cable networks for television does not allow interactivity. However, interactivity with those networks can be possible in the combination with different networks like internet or a mobile communication network.

VIDEO ON DEMAND On-demand videos, on the other hand, are usually arranged like a playlist. Episodes or clips are arranged by title or channel or in categories like news, sports or music videos. You choose exactly what you want to watch, Although it's not live television, you don't have to worry about networks taking down clips because of copyright issues. In addition to the two basic broadcast categories, there are three basic fee structures for Internet TV: Free: Aside from the fee you pay for Internet connectivity, many Internet TV sites or channels don't cost anything. Many of these free sites are supported by advertising, so banner ads may show up around the site, or short commercials may play before you watch videos. It may seem a little bothersome to wait for video, but it's the only way for the Web site designers to make money and offer quality content for you to watch. Plus, the wait is never too long -- ad lengths can range from a few seconds to 30 seconds, which is still shorter than most commercials. Subscription: This works just like your cable bill. You typically pay a monthly fee for a certain number of channels or on-demand video. Prices are constantly changing since Internet TV is in its early stages, but subscriptions can cost as little as $20 and as much as $120, depending on the number of channels you want.

Pay-per-view: Pay-per-view videos or podcasts can cost nothing if the site is free, and major networks generally charge between $3 and $7 for downloads and rentals It permits a customer to browse an online program or film catalog, to watch trailers and to then select a selected recording. The play out of the selected item starts nearly instantaneously on the customer's TV or PC. Technically, when the customer selects the movie, a point-to-point unicast connection is set up between the customer's decoder (Set Top Box or PC) and the delivering streaming server. The signaling for the trick play functionality (pause, slow-motion, wind/rewind etc.) is assured by RTSP (Real Time Streaming Protocol). In an attempt to avoid content piracy, the VoD content is usually encrypted. Whilst encryption of satellite and cable TV broadcasts is an old practice, with IPTV technology it can effectively be thought of as a form of Digital Rights Management. A film that is chosen, for example, may be playable for 24 hours following payment, after which time it becomes unavailable. Another advantage of an IP-based network is the opportunity for integration and convergence. This opportunity is amplified when using IMS-based solutions Converged services implies interaction of existing services in a seamless manner to create new value added services. One good example is On-Screen Caller ID, getting Caller ID on your TV and the ability to handle it (send it to voice mail, etc.). IP-based services will help to enable efforts to provide consumers anytime-anywhere access to content over their televisions, PCs and cell phones, and to integrate services and content to tie them together. Within businesses and institutions, IPTV eliminates the need to run a parallel infrastructure to deliver live and stored video services. In addition to issues of reliability, this dynamic nature and the diversity of the Internet and its components provide no guarantee that any particular path is actually capable of, or suitable for performing the data transmission requested, even if the path is available and reliable. One of the technical constraints is the size of data packets allowed on a given link. An application must assure that it uses proper transmission characteristics.

One analog-TV phone on the market is the Toshiba V401T. It picks up the same signals a rabbit-ear TV picks up, meaning watching TV on this phone doesn't cost anything. The V401T has a built-in analog TV tuner and antenna, an A/V processor and a 2.2-inch, 320x240-pixel QVGA display. It can generate 30 frames per second, which is standard TV motion, and you can watch up to one hour of TV on a single battery charge. Phones that receive analog TV typically don't offer as much viewing time as digital receivers partly because it takes more power to digitize the analog signals for the phone's digital display. With the Nokia N92, you can watch up to four hours per charge. The N92 is a DVB-H receiver due for release by mid-2006. Under the hood is a TV antenna and DVB-H radio receiver -- essentially a digital TV tuner that listens to the radio bands between 470 and 702 MHz The phone's audio/video processor displays 30 frames per second on a 2.8-inch QVGA screen with 16 million colors. One of the coolest features of Nokia's DVB-H phone is the swivel screen, which you can adjust for portrait or landscape TV-viewing modes. There's also an "Electronic Service Guide" that displays TV programming, among other things, and you can record up to 30 minutes of TV on the phone for later playback. The latest satellite-TV phone on the market is the Samsung SCH-B250 (only in Korea as of March 2006). It has a built-in S-DMB receiver with antenna and a hi-res QVGA screen. The screen is oriented horizontally and swivels for switching between portrait and landscape modes while the phone is still upright. It has a video-out jack for sending S-DMB content to an external display, and you can watch up to three hours of TV on a full charge. The current availability of mobile-TV handsets is fairly limited because the content-delivery systems aren't deployed on a mass scale. But that's likely to change within the next six to 18 months, and with increased content delivery will come increased functionality on the receiving end.

The Future of Mobile Entertainment In early 2006, LG unveiled the V9000 phone, a T-DMB receiver with the added bonus of virtual surround sound. LG's prototype SB130 is an S-DMB phone that can pause live TV like a DVR, recording up to an hour of programming using its onboard memory. Features like DVR functionality and surround sound point to the possibility that TV-enabled cell phones will become increasingly focused on providing a satisfying viewing experience, instead of just something to look at on the commuter train. Along this line, as mobile-TV content becomes more readily available, we'll almost definitely see larger screens on TV phones. Some analysts are even predicting multiple phone displays -- one for cell-phone and Web functions and one dedicated to streaming video. If the technology is to gain a real foothold, and if high-end features like HDTV reception are to be viable options, battery life will have to increase. High-end TV phones will also offer advertisers a whole new content platform. Companies are already talking about embedding Web links in mobile-TV programming so users can click their way to a product in the middle of a show. This would probably necessitate the dual-display feature in order to be effective. Even showing so much promise and industry enthusiasm, mobile TV has some obstacles to overcome both on the device side and the content side. To deliver the types and range of content that consumers really want, mobileTV providers will have to license programming from the major TV networks. The licensing fees will probably end up raising the cost of any TV subscription service. Content providers will also face digital rights management (DRM) issues in delivering licensed content to users. They'll have to develop DRM schemes that limit what users can do with the copyrighted TV programming that's delivered to their cell phones. And if the uproar surrounding DTV, DVD, CD and MP3 DRM schemes is any indicator, it could get hairy. Still, you never know -- maybe everybody will just get along when it comes to mobile TV.

ARCHITECTURE AND APPROACHES FOR MOBILE IPTV

The IPTV architecture is classified into Next Generation Network (NGN) based and non-NGN based architectures. This paper is focusing on the nonNGN (e.g., legacy Internet) based architecture for Mobile IPTV services because NGN is still ongoing work and premature status yet. At the time when the NGN standardization is finalized through ITU-T, the NGN based Mobile IPTV approach that considers IP-based Internet Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) should being corporate according. At the first stage, a wireless is used for communication between the network entity and the receiver. Since IPTV is access network agnostic as defined by ITU-T FG IPTV,there can be various wireless technologies such as WLAN , WiMAX , Cellular etc. Each wireless technology has its own characteristics which should be carefully considered while deploying Mobile IPTV services. Detailed technical considerations, obstacles, and requirements for Mobile IPTV will be described in this paper. At the second stage, the wireless section can be expanded to the sender so that mobile device will be used for both the sender and the receiver. Nowadays, User Created Contents called UCC is becoming popular in Internet, and any user who is moving around can create his/her own IPTV contents and provide it to Mobile IPTV users as well. Also, as shown in several approaches for providing Mobile IPTV services are already being used in the market. From users perspective, there is no difference among them, although technologies are too much different. Mobile TV plus IP approach This approach uses the traditional digital broadcast networks to deliver IPbased audio, video, graphics and other broadband data services to the user on the move. This is a prime example of the increasing convergence of broadcasting, telecommunications and computing. The reason why it is pursued is to build a content environment that combines the stability and usability of broadcasting and the diverse services of Internet.

To make this approach more attractive, wide area wireless networks such as cellular networks are integrated to support interactivity. The outstanding activities in this approach are Digital Video Broadcast (DVB)-CBMS (Convergence of Broadcasting and Mobile Services) and World DAB (DAB: Digital Audio Broadcasting) Forum DVB-CBMS is developing bidirectional mobile IP based broadcasting protocol specifications over DVB-H [6]. DVB-CBMS already finished Phase I and currently is working in Phase II. World DAB Forum is enhancing and extending Eureka 147 to support IP based services. Eureka 147 was originally developed for digital radio applications and extended to support video services. Even though this approach is classified as Mobile IPTV technically, the usage of broadcasting networks may incur the loss of individuality of IP.

IPTV plus Mobile approach Although many think that networked TV will be the future of television, IPTV is currently dominated by Telco giants in an attempt to find a new source of cash-in. IPTV services are originally targeted to fixed terminals such as set-top boxes, however, issues on the requirements for mobility support were raised as an out-growth under the auspices of the Fixed-Mobile Convergence (FMC) trend. The outstanding activities are ATIS [14] in the US, Open IPTV Forum [16], and ITU-T FG IPTV [9] internationally. The development of Mobile IPTV specification is at an early stage. Currently, ITU-T FG IPTV is collecting requirements regarding mobility and wireless characteristics. ATIS has not shown any interest in mobility support yet. In Open IPTV Forum, mobility service entirely based on IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) which is a set of specification from 3GPP for delivering IP multimedia to mobile users will be forthcoming.

Cellular approach Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) BCAST is working for IP based mobile broadcasting networks. Its goals are to define an end-to-end framework for mobile broadcast and compile the set of necessary enablers. Its features are bearer agnostic, which means any Broadcast Distribution Network can be adopted as its transport means. OMA BCAST, however, is only applicable to mobile terminals up to now and showing interest in expanding its specification to cover fixed terminals in Phase II.

Internet approach

There are already countless Internet video services worldwide. They are usually termed as Internet TV or Web TV. These are outgrowth for niche entertainment business. With this approach, there can be quiet different models developing on the business type and infrastructure used. This approach is open for anybody to play a role in the value chain: anybody can be a content provider, a service provider, or simply a consumer. This resulted in a universe of highly diversified and dynamically independent production. In addition, the openness gives global reach. However this Internet approach has a short coming that the quality of services is not guaranteed since it is based on the best effort service model. However, considering its rapid adaptation to customer needs, this approach may be dominant in the near future. As long as mobile device uses Internet, users can access to IPTV service through various wireless access networks.

APPLICATIONS Besides games, many other different kind of applications, including e.g. EPGs (Electronic Program Guide), Weather services, TV Program related

applications, Interactive Advertisements, T-Government services and Chats. IPTV allows service providers to easily offer also Video related Interactive services. Video Conferencing application, Karaoke-On-Demand video content, and automatic and interactive Jukebox service for either high quality content like Music videos or the User Generated Content type of services. Providing mobile TV free in return for receiving advertising offers perhaps the best route for boosting the numbers watching mobile TV. However, the obstacles.mean that it is difficult to see it fulfilling much more than a niche viewing role in the medium term. The most desired type of programming is likely to be very short clips, targeted at a teenage/early 20s audience who spend a lot of time out of the home. There are also still technical problems with mobile TV to overcome, users cite dissatisfaction with the size of the picture, cost, and in particular the choice of programmes available to watch and the geographical coverage in which you can receive the service. This last point is important as train and coach or bus journeys provide ideal opportunities to reach an audience with considerable free time.

MESSAGING Messaging is an iTV application that can be used for sending short textual messages while watching TV. Messaging application can be used e.g. during a sports program for sending comments to the commentators in the sports studio or just to chat with other TV viewers. The messages can be delivered to the email, Internet pages, to database or back to the TV screen. The application includes features like choosing the recipient from list, writing the message with virtual text pad and sending message. The messages can be delivered to the email, Internet pages, to database or back to the TV screen. The application includes features like choosing the recipient from list, writing the message with virtual text pad and sending message.

EPG - ELECTRONIC PROGRAM GUIDE

Helps to find the programs and services available.

EPG application is targeted for broadcasters and operators looking for a common interface for their viewers to access TV program information. It is always customized to meet customer's design guidelines and can easily act as the launcher for other interactive applications in the program stream. The development, customization and UI localization time can also be decreased considerably utilizing existing components. On the other hand plug play components do not restrict the navigation or look and feel of the application

D IGITAL TRACKER DigiSoft.tv announces the release of DigiTracker to the global market. Digi Tracker is a world first for digital interactive TV. The product is specifically designed for global IPTV operators to allow tracking of mobile phones by viewers. This new opt-in application will allow TV viewers such as parents to see the current location of their children's mobile phone on their TV screen. It will also allow text or SMS messages to be sent to that phone. DigiTracker uses integrations to Location Based Services and mapping systems to enable the plotting of a mobile location on a map and display it on the TV thus allowing for the first time ever, parents to know exactly where their children are at any time. There is an immense appeal for this type of technology as parents concerned about the safety, well-being and location of their children can know exactly where they are This is the start of a whole new age for TV as the entire interaction takes place from the armchair at home, while watching a TV show, using nothing more than the TV remote control. Digisofts platform enables the rapid development of revenue generating applications for IPTV Service Providers, DigiTracker is an example of these advanced applications,