Chapter 18 The Endocrine System Lecture Outline

Intercellular Communication 1. Direct gap junctions 2. Paracrine cytokines or local hormones 3. Endocrine hormones 4. Synaptic neurotransmitters Endocrine System Glands Endocrine Exocrine Endocrine tissues Hypothalamus Pineal Gland Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Heart Thymus Adrenal Gland Kidney Adipose Digestive Tract Pancreas Gonads Hormones Structure 1. Amino acid derivatives Catecholamines Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Thyroid hormones (T3, T4) Melatonin 2. Peptide hormones A. Peptides < 200 amino acids ADH Oxytocin Growth Hormone B. Glycoproteins Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 3. Lipid derivations A. Steroid hormones Androgens Estrogens Calcitriol B. Eicosanoids Arachidonic acid Leukotrienes Leukocytes: inflammation Prostaglandins Mast cells: coordination Mechanism of action Target cell 1. ion channels 2. protein synthesis 3. enzymes
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4. secretion 5. mitosis Receptors 1. Cell membrane receptors Enzyme activation 2nd messenger: cAMP, Ca2+ G protein A. cAMP mechanism hormone + receptor G protein Adenylate cyclase ATP cAMP Kinases: phosphorylation Enzymes activated B. PIP-Calcium mechanism hormone + receptor G protein PLC PIP2 DAG + IP3 Ca2+ Calmodulin Enzymes activated 2. Intracellular receptors Gene activation hormone + receptor DNA transcription, translation Target cell activation 1. blood level 2. receptor number 3. affinity Distribution & duration 1. free 2. bound Interactions 1. Antagonistic 2. Synergistic 3. Permissive Control of endocrine activity Negative feedback Stimuli 1. Humoral 2. Neural 3. Hormonal Endocrine organs 1. Hypothalamus Master regulatory organ: 1. Regulatory hormones Anterior pituitary 2. Endocrine organ ADH, oxytocin 3. Autonomic centers Adrenal medulla Neuroendocrine reflex
SCCC BIO132 Chapter 18 Handout

2. Pituitary gland (Hypophysis) Infundibulum Sella turcica A. Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis) 7 tropic hormones: cAMP mechanism 1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) / Thyrotropin Release: Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Effects: -thyroid hormone release 2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) / Corticotropin Release: Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) Effects: -corticosteroid release 3. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) / Follitropin Release: Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) Effects: -gamete production 4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) / Lutropin Release: Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) Effects: -gonadal hormone production 5. Prolactin (PRL) / Mammotropin Release: Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) Effects: -mammary gland function 6. Growth Hormone (GH) / Somatotropin Release: Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) Effects: -accelerate protein synthesis Indirect: Liver Somatomedins / Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs) Direct: Epithelium & CT: stem cells Adipose: fatty acids Liver: glucose Diseases Gigantism
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Acromegaly Pituitary dwarfism 7. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) / Melanotropin Release: Dopamine Effects: -melanin production B. Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis) 2 hormones: cAMP mechanism 1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) / Vasopressin Supraoptic nuclei Release: electrolytes, BP Effects: -water retention -vasoconstriction 2. Oxytocin (OT) Paraventricular nuclei Effects: -smooth muscle contraction 3. Thyroid Gland Isthmus & Lobes Follicles Simple cuboidal epithelium Thyroglobulin Parafollicular cells Thyroid Hormone Release: Thyroglobulin Thyroid peroxidase: I- I+ Thyroxine / Tetraiodothyronine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) TSH Effects: - metabolism Hypothyroidism Goiter Cretinism Hyperthyroidism Graves disease Parafollicular cells/C cells Calcitonin (CT) Release: Ca2+ Effects: -inhibit osteoclasts -Ca2+ loss 4. Parathyroid Glands Oxyphils Chief Cells Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) / Parathormone Release: Ca2+ Effects:
SCCC BIO132 Chapter 18 Handout

-stimulate osteoclasts -Ca2+ reabsoption -Calcitriol formation 5. Adrenal Glands A. Adrenal Cortex Corticosteroids 1. Zona glomerulosa Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone Release: -Na+, K+ -Angiotensin II - BP, volume - ACTH Effects: Na+ retention, K+ loss 2. Zona fasciculata Glucocorticoids Cortisol / Hydrocortisone Release: ACTH Effects: -gluconeogenesis -lipolysis -protein hydrolysis -fatty acid & amino acid utilization -inhibit inflammation 3. Zona reticularis Gonadocorticoids Androgens Androgenital syndrome Cushings syndrome Addisons disease B. Adrenal Medulla Sympathetic neurons: Chromaffin cells Catecholamines Release: Sympathetic Effects: Epinephrine / adrenaline - cardiac - metabolism Norephinephrine / noradrenaline -vasoconstriction 6. Pancreas Pancreatic acini: exocrine Pancreatic islets / Islets of Langerhans: endocrine Alpha Cells Glucagon Beta Cells Insulin Delta Cells Somatostatin F Cells Pancreatic polypeptide
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Insulin Release: glucose, parasympathetic Effects: -glucose uptake & utilization -glycogen formation -protein synthesis -triglyceride formation Diabetes mellitus Type I Type II Glucagon Release: glucose, sympathetic Effects: -glycogenolysis -lipolysis -gluconeogenesis 7. Pineal Gland Pinealocytes Melatonin Release: diurnal Effects: -sexual maturation -antioxidant -circadian rhythms 8. Gastrointestinal tract Enteroendocrine cells Cholecystokinin Enterocrinin Gastric Inhibitory Peptide Gastrin Secretin Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide 9. Kidney A. Calcitriol Release: PTH Effects: -Ca2+ , PO43- absorption -osteoclast activity -Ca2+ retention -inhibit PTH B. Erythropoietin Release -low O2 Effects - erythrocytes C. Renin Release: sympathetic, blood flow angiotensin Angiotensin II Effects: -Aldosterone -ADH
SCCC BIO132 Chapter 18 Handout

-thirst - BP 10. Heart Natriuretic Peptide Release: atrial stretch Effects: -Na+ &H2 O loss -inhibit Renin, ADH, Aldosterone 11. Thymus Thymosins Effects: -T cell maturation 12. Gonads A. Male: Testis Interstitial Cells Androgens: Testosterone Release: LH Effects: -male characteristics -sperm production -secretory glands B. Female: Ovaries Follicle Cells Estrogens: Estradiol Release: LH & FSH Effects: -female characteristics -oocyte maturation -uterine growth Corpus Luteum Estrogens Progestins: Progesterone Release: LH Effects: -uterus maintenance -oocyte movement -mammary glands 13. Adipose Tissue Leptin Release: glucose & lipid absorption Effects: -satiation -permissive on gonadotropins Resistin Effects: insulin sensitivity Age related changes gonad function

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SCCC BIO132 Chapter 18 Handout

Endocrine Organs (or organs with some endocrine function)

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SCCC BIO132 Chapter 18 Handout

Hormones that bind cell surface receptors work through second messengers to open ion channels or activate/deactivate enzymes
PIP-Calcium Mechanism: Hormone binds receptor G-protein activated Phospholipase C (PLC) activated Phospholipids (PIP2) cleaved into diacyglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) DAG opens Ca++ channels on membrane IP3 relases Ca++ from ER Calcium binds calmodulin Enzymes activated

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cAMP Mechanism: Hormone binds receptor G-protein activated Adenylate cyclase activated ATP --> cAMP Kinases activated Proteins (enzymes) phosphorylated Enzymes activated/deactivated

Second messenger mechanism (cAMP or Ca++) results in amplication of the hormone signal

SCCC BIO132 Chapter 18 Handout

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland: Anterior Pituitary Hormones: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), thyrotropin Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), corticotropin Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), follitropin Luteinizing Hormone (LH), lutropin Prolactin (PRL), mammotropin Growth Hormone (GH), somatotropin Hypothalamus control of secretion: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) -Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GH-RH) and -Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GH-IH), somatostatin Action: Promotes release of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland Promotes release of corticosteroid hormones (glucocorticoids) from adrenal cortex Promotes gamete production in ovaries and testes Promotes production of gonadal hormones (estrogens and androgens) Stimulates mammary gland development and milk production in females May assist androgen production in males Accelerates rate of protein synthesis in most cells, especially skeletal muscle and chondrocytes Indirect mechanism: stimulates liver to release somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)) which trigger cells to absorb amino acids and synthesize proteins with them Direct mechanism: stimulates stem cell division in epithelia and CT, stimulates adipose to hydrolyze triglycerides and release fatty acids, stimulates liver to hydrolyze glycogen and release glucose Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Release inhibited by (MSH), melanotropin dopamine Hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Hormones site of production: Antidiuretic Hormone Supraoptic nuclei (ADH), vasopressin Oxytocin Paraventricular nuclei (OT)
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Action: Released in response to rise in blood electrolytes or decrease in BP Triggers water retention at kidney, and vasoconstriction Females: stimulates smooth muscle to promote labor and delivery and milk ejection Plays role in sexual arousal and orgasm in both sexes (smooth muscle contraction)
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Formation and release of thyroid hormones

1. Iodine ions (I-) from diet accumulate in cytoplasm of follicle cells. 2. At apical surface thyroid peroxidase converts I- to I+ (activated form) and links it to tyrosine molecules in the previously formed protein thyroglobulin in the follicle. (Thyroglobulin is continuously synthesized by follicle cells and exocytosed into the follicle lumen for storage.) 3. Iodated tyrosines in thyroglobulin are chemically bonded to create the thyroid hormones: thyroxine/tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). 4. Stimulated by TSH, follicle cells endocytose iodated thyroglobulin. 5. Iodated thyroglobulin is broken down in the lysosome releasing T3, T4, and free amino acids into cytoplasm. 6. T3 and T4 is exocytosed at the basement membrane into the blood (90% is T4). 7. T3 and T4 are bound to transport proteins for circulation to tissues (At target tissues T4 can be converted to T3 which is the more active form of thyroid hormone).

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SCCC BIO132 Chapter 18 Handout

Adrenal Gland

Adrenal Cortex : glandular, produces corticosteroids 1. Zona Glomerulosa: mineralcorticoids control water and electrolyte balance 95% Aldosterone stimulates Na+ retention and K+ loss released in response to: low Na+ or high K+, renin-angiotensin mechanism, low blood pressure or volume, excessive ACTH 2. Zona Fasciculata: glucocorticoids metabolic hormones: control glucose metabolism, most common = cortisol (hydrocortisone) secretion controlled by ACTH effects: gluconeogenesis in liver, release of fatty acids from adipose, triggers protein hydrolysis to release free amino acids from skeletal muscle, triggers body cells to utilize fatty acids and amino acids instead of glucose excess = anti-inammatory, inhibit immune response and healing 3. Zona Reticularis: gonadocorticoids mostly androgens, may aid onset of puberty excess = androgenital syndrome Adrenal Medulla: neural, produces catecholamines to enhance effects of other adrenal hormones Modied ganglionic sympathetic neurons called chromafn cells release epinephrine(80%) and norepinephrine (20%) in response to sympathetic stimulation Epinephrine effects: stimulate heart, stimulate metabolic activities: skeletal muscle- mobilize glucogen reserves, accelerate ATP production; adipose- promote release of fatty acids; liver- promotes release of glucose Norepinephrine effects: stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure
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Insulin and Glucagon Effects

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SCCC BIO132 Chapter 18 Handout