New Rivals on the World Stage -Portugal and Spain had been first Atlantic nation to take advantage

of age of exploration, starting in the late 15th century; both had become great colonial powers -By the 17th century, their European neighbors (France, Britain, Netherlands) became their rivals and this rivalry had an impact on the rest of the world Africa: The Slave Trade -Although primary objective of Portuguese in sailing around Africa was to find sea route to spice islands, they soon found out that profits could be made in Africa itself, so did other Europeans -Portuguese built forts on both western and eastern coasts of Africa and tried to dominate the trade in gold but during mid 17th century, the Dutch seized many Portuguese forts and took control of much of Portuguese trade across Indian Ocean -Dutch east India Company, trading company established under govt sponsorship, also set up a settlement in South Africa, at the Cape of Good Hope -Eventually though, the settlement in the Cape of Good Hope became permanent colony -Dutch farmers, the boers, began to settle in areas outside the city of Cape Town -The areas moderate climate and freedom from tropical diseases made it attractive for Europeans to settle there -European exploration greatly affected the people in Africa living on the coastline, not others -Trade in slaves increased during the 16th-18th century. Origins of the Slave Trade - Slavery had been practiced in Africa since ancient times, primary market for slaves was the Middle East, most used as domestic servants -First Portugal replaced European slaves with African domestic slaves; discovery of Americans in 1490s and planting of sugarcane in South America changed situation because the new sugarcane empire led to the need for manual labor slaves -The growing of cane sugar demands skill and a lot of labor, new plantations required more workers than small American Indian ; African slaves began to be shipped to brazil and Caribbean Growth of the Slave Trade -Trade in slaves grew dramatically and became part of the triangular trade connecting Europe, Africa, and American continents that characterized (represented) the new economy -European merchant ships carried European manufactured goods to Africa where they were traded for slaves; slaves then shipped to Americas and sold -Huge jump in 18th cent-> from 1 mill to 6 mill th th -Altogether between and 16 and 19 century 10 million slaves were transported to the Americas -The reason for this was the high death rate-> journey of slaves from Africa to America was known as the Middle Passage, middle leg of the triangular trade route -Many died because of horrible conditions on the ships and because of disease, no immunity -Before coming of Europeans in 15th cent, most slaves in Africa were p.o.w, or servants for local rulers -First, local slave traders obtained slaves needed from nearby supply but as demand increased, they moved further inland to find victims -Local rulers sometimes protested, but most viewed slave trade as source of income and many sent raiders into defenseless villages in search of unsuspecting victims Effects of the Slave Trade -Effects varied from area to area, had tragic effect on families -Trading with Europeans for cheap goods led to weakening of industries in Africa, led families into poverty -Also led to depopulation and deprived communities of strongest and youngest people -Political effects were devastating: need to maintain constant supply of slaves led to increased warfare and violence because African chiefs raided villages for people -Benin in west Africa was brilliant and creative society in 16th cent, pulled into slave trade so population declined and warfare increased, religion declined so there was little faith and hope, art declined, human sacrifice became more common. When British arrived at end of 19th cent, it was a corrupt and savage place -Society of friends, Quakers, began to criticize slavery in 1770s and excluded from church any member who had a slave or sold slaves -Not till radical stage of French revolution in 1790s that the French abolished slavery, then the British in 1807 The West in Southeast Asia -Portugals efforts to dominate the trade of Southeast Asia was never successful; they lacked the numbers and wealth needed to overcome local resistance and colonize Asian regions -Portugals empire was to large and Portugal too small to maintain it -Spain was a rival, Spanish had established themselves in the Philippines when Magellan landed there, Spanish controlled and it became a base in the trade across the pacific -Spanish ships carried silk and other luxury goods to Mexico in Teturh for silver from mines of Mexico -Primary threat to Portuguese empire was the arrival of the Dutch and English in South East Asia, who were better financed -Dutch seized Portuguese port in the Moluccas and then pushed Portuguese out of spice trade

-Dutch occupied most of Portuguese coastal forts; aggressive Dutch drove English traders out of spice market -Dutch began to consolidate political and military control over the entire area -Dutch east India Company established pepper plantations, which became source of massive profits for merchants in Amsterdam -Dutch began to consolidate their political and military control over the entire area -In Vietnam, arrival of western merchants and missionaries was at the same as civil war because of expansion, which had divided the country in two -European powers began to take sides in local politics -Also set up trading posts, which were abandoned because of limited economic opportunities - The mainland states were better able to resist the European challenge than the states in the Malay world because of the unified nature of these states and the Malay states were victims of their own resources.

The French and British in India The Mughal Empire -Baburs grandson brought Mughal rule to most of India, creating the greatest Indian empire since the Mauryan dynasty The Impact of the Western Powers -At first, Portugal dominated regional trade in the Indian Ocean, but at the end of the 16thcentury, the British and Dutch arrived on the scene. Soon both powers were competing with Portugal and with each other th -During the 1st half of the 17 century, the British presence in India steadily increased. By 1650, British trading posts had been established at Surat, Fort William, near the Bay of Bengal, and Madras on the southern coast. -British success attracted rivals, including the Dutch and French, but the British were saved by Sir. Robert Clive, who eventually became the chief representative of the East India Company in India. They were also aided by the refusal of the French government to provide finances to their people in India -After defeating a Mughal army in 1757 at the Battle of Plassey, the British East India Company received the authority to collect taxes from lands surrounding Calcutta. During the seven years war, the British forced the French to with draw completely from India -This marks a major step in the gradual transfer of the entire Indian subcontinent to the British East India Company and later to the British as a colony China Western Inroads th st -Although China was at the height of its power and glory in the mid 18 century, the 1 signs of internal decay in the Manchu dynasty were beginning to appear. Qing military campaigns along the frontier cost money and placed heavy demands on the treasury. At the same time, growing pressure on the land because of population growth led to economic hardship and rebellion. -The decline in the Quin Dynasty occurred just as England was increasing pressure for more trade. The 1st conflict came from the north, where Russian traders sought skins and furs -To limit contacts between England and China, the Quin government confined all English traders to a small island outside the city walls of Canton and allowed them to stay only part of the year -In 1793, a British mission led by Lord Macartney visited Beijing to press for liberalization from trade restrictions, but emperor Qianlong expressed no interest in British products Japan Opening to the West -Portugal traders had landed on the islands of J in 1543, and began stopping there on a regular basis to take part in trade between Japan, China, and South East Asia. They were initially welcomed, the success of Catholic missionaries, however, created a strong reaction against the presence of Westerners -When the missionaries interfered w/local politics, Tokugawa Ieyasu expelled all missionaries and Japanese Christians were now prosecuted. The merchants were next to go, the government closed 2 major trading posts and only a small Dutch community was allowed to remain The Americas th -In the 16 century, Spain and Portugal had established large colonial empires in the Americas. Portugal continued to profit from Brazil and Spain had a SA empire, but Spain importance as a commercial power declined rapidly in the 17thc because of a drop in the output of the silver mines and poverty of the Spain monarchy th -By the beginning of the 17 century, Portugal and Spain found themselves with new challenges to their American empires from the Dutch, British, and French West Indies -The British held Barbados, Jamaica, and Bermuda, and the French had Saint Dominque, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. Both developed plantation economies worked by slaves that made cotton, tobacco, coffee, and sugar British North America

-The Dutch were among the first to establish settlements on the North American continent after Henry Hudson discovered in 1609 the Hudson River. -Within a few years the Dutch had established the mainland colony of New Netherland th -In the second half of the 17 century, competition from the English and French and years of warfare w/those rivals led to the decline of the Dutch commercial empire. -In 1664, the English seized the colony of New Netherlands and renamed it New York, shortly afterward the Dutch West India Company went bankrupt - The English had begun to establish their own colonies in North America. The desire to practice religion, combined with economic interests, led to colonization - Both the NA and WI colonies of British were assigned roles in keeping with mercantilist theory. They provided raw materials for their mother country while buying good from the latter. Navigation acts regulated what could be taken from and sold to colonies French North America -In 1534 Jacques Cartier discovered the Saint Lawrence River and laid claim to Canada as a French possession -It wasnt until Samuel de Champlain established a settlement at Quebec in 1608 that the French began to take interest in Canada as a colony -In 1663 Canada was made the property of the French crown and administered by a French governor like a French province -It was run like a vast trading area. The French state could not its people to emigrate there so the population stayed small. They also allowed their Continental wars to take precedence over the conquest of the North American continent. -In 1713 in the Treaty of Utrecht, the French began to cede some of their American possessions to the English -The decline of Spain and Portugal led those two states to depend even more on their colonies, and they imposed strict mercantilist rules to keep others out. -Spain tried to limit trade with its colonies to Spains ship