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Network
takes the whole life time of the network. Before the2G and 3G network is launched, all the work is focused on estimating how the network should look like. After the network launch customer intake and behaviour will decide the network development direction. The most demanding tasks are to gather all the required information for the planning work and making the network roll-out decisions based on all these estimations, operator demands and assumptions of future costs. Cost estimations are usually very sensitive to the changes in basic assumptions and it is crucial that all assumptions are recorded to the network roll-out plan. Network roll out is the foundation to establish a 2G& 3G network. In this project we will design a network theoretically as well as practically. the whole planning of a network give details about the frequency need, type of media required , type of antennas , orientation ,how was the clutter in that area, How many sites we need to establish a good network etc
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Main Planning: Site survey, digital map, link budget, coverage plan, capacity plan
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1.3.4 ASSET
Asset is also a rf planning tool .it is a GUI support tool. This software is used to design a network . it provides a step by step procedure to design a network . following can be done by using ASSET.
Adding site and site database Analysis for all sites. Use to analysis network with and without frequency hopping turn-on Used for predictions for coverage Frequency re use pattern Layer configurations Coverage threshold and types
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Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G Easy to export and import data from different softwares.
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5. Planning 6. Performance
NSS is involved in the maintenance of the Switch, over which all the calls of the customers are routed in the Network. BSS is involved in the maintenance of the GSM Network. It involves all daily routines like Preventive Maintenance, Weather proofing, Site Expenditures, Fuel availability, Power availability, etc. These people if required also do any reconfiguration. OMCR is there for the maintenance and operations of the radio. Any alarms in the Network are raised in OMCR, notification for which are then are sent to the concerned regions. EFD is the front desk for the Engineering department. Any customer complaints or queries from any other department have to go through this for evaluation. Planning Department is involved in the planning of the sites ,survey, drive tests,optimization etc. Performance department is there to keep a check on the Network performance and to enhance the performance whenever required time by time. Network rollout project comes under the PLANNING and BSS department. The data collected by the planning team is send to the BSS department .
Network planning team: network pre planning and post planning and giving site proposal as an output. Site acquisition team: responsible for actual site location finding via technical survey, lease contract etc. Construction team: responsible for construction work of site and stability check. Telecom team: responsible for installation and commissioning of site and also for acceptance test.
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Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G 2. Neighbor planning 3. Parameter planning
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Market Analysis 1. competitors analysis 2. potential customers 3. traffic 4. network coverage 5. user profile
Customers Requirements 1. Coverage department 2. Capacity department 3. Quality department 4. Financial limitation 5. Future deployment plans
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2.1 ABOUT 2G
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital. Both
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systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system. 2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, and 4G; however, 2G networks are still used in many parts of the world.
2.2 ARCHITECTURE
Mobile The GSM mobile station (or mobile phone) communicates with other parts of the system through the base-station Base station system SIM (SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE) The sim determines the identity number and calls billed to subscriber. The sim is the database on the user side. Physically it is chip,which user must insert into the mobile phone before it can be used. The sim communicates directly to the VLR and indirectly to HLR
BSS Base transceiver station (BTS). The base transceiver station (BTS) handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The base transceiver station is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) Base station controller (BSC).
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The BSC provides the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS. It provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data and control of RF power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of BSCs are served by a MSC. Network Subsystem Mobile services switching center (MSC). The MSC performs the telephony switching functions of the system. It also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel signaling and others. Home location register (HLR). The HLR database is used for storage and management of subscriptions. The home location register stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location information, and activity status.
Visitor location register (VLR).
The VLR database contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the mobile services switching center (MSC) in order to service visiting subscribers. When a mobile station roams into a new mobile services switching center (MSC) area, the visitor location register (VLR) connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile station from the HLR, reducing the need for interrogation of the home location register (HLR). Authentication center (AUC). The AUC provides authentication and encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The authentication center (AUC) also protects network operators from fraud. Equipment identity register (EIR). The EIR database contains information on the identity of mobile equipment to prevent calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective mobile stations.
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In order to ensure coverage and to avoid interference, every cellular network needs planning.
Frequency planning
Parameter planning
System tuning
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Capacity Coverage Grade of Service (GoS) Available frequencies Speech Quality Index System growth capability The traffic demand (i.e. how many subscribers will join the system and how much traffic will be generated) provides the basis for cellular network engineering. Geographical distribution of traffic demand can be calculated by using demographic data such as: Population distribution Car usage distribution Income level distribution Land usage data Telephone usage statistics Other factors such as subscription charges, call charges, and price of mobile stations
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the name implies, this plan is later used during system installation. In addition, a document called Cell Design Data (CDD) containing all cell parameters for each cell is completed. System installation, commissioning, and testing are performed following final cell planning and system design.
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3.1
Network requirements
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Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G Database Antenna patterns Path loss predictions
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3.1.1 Database: Several types of databases are available, depending on the scenario a computation should be done. Following types of data is available Topographical Database 3D Vector Building Databases 3D Indoor Databases
Topographical Database The topography has a significant influence on the accuracy of the propagation model. Shadowing by hills is quite important and therefore highly accurate databases are required. Databases can be purchased in different resolutions from several distributors. the USGS(United States Geological Survey) has been offering topographical databases for a large area of the earth (except the polar regions) This data can directly be converted with WinProp to WinProp's data format. So WinProp can be used together without any further costs for topographical databases.
Topographical datbase
To increase the accuracy of the prediction, the land usage (forest, open area, suburban, urban, dense urban, traffic,...) at the receiver pixel can be used for a specific additional loss to be added to the receiver pixel. In WinProp this loss can be defined frequency dependent, i.e. different losses for different frequency bands.
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Besides the loss at the reciver pixel the clutter database can also be used to define the ground properties (for ground reflection or scattering) Topographical data is than converted into clutter file format. So that analyzer can estimate all the related information of that particular region .
3D Vector Building Databases Vector databases are the most accurate type of building databases for urban scenarios. These vector databases should therefore be used in (dense) urban areas to get the highest accuracy in the path loss predictions.
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The objetcs (i.e. buildings) in the database should be compatible to the following requirements:
Polygonal cylinders Arbitrary number of corners (supported during conversion) During computation WinProp uses inrternally max. 256 corners and removes redundant corners if necessary. Flat rooftop (uniform height of building) Individual characterization of material properties for each building Vegetation blocks (parks and trees) - also defined as polygonal cylinder Additional consideration of topography possible (either building height relative to ground level or absolute to sea level). If CNP for combined urban/indoor analysis is selected, indoor walls can be considered additionally (this is optional). In CNP mode also non-falt-rooftops can be modeled.
3D Indoor Databases In indoor environments an accurate description of the walls and objects inside the buildings is very important. WinProp uses full 3D vector databases (palanr objects with polyginal shape) for its accurate propagation models to describe the scenario (walls,...). The databases should have the following features:
Polygonal shape of each object Arbitrary number of corners can be converted - WinProp uses internally max. 256 corners and removes redundant corners if necessary. Flat / planar objects Individual characterization of material properties for each wall Additional subdivisions (e.g. doors, windows,... max 256 subdivisions per wall possible) with individual material properties possible.
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ISOTROPIC ANTENNA: An isotropic antenna is a completely non-directional antenna that radiates equally in all directions. Since all practical antennas exhibit some degree of directivity, the isotropic antenna exists only as a mathematical concept. The isotropic antenna can be used as a reference to specify the gain of a practical antenna. The gain of an antenna referenced isotropically is the ratio between the power required in the practical antenna and the power required in an isotropic antenna to achieve the same field strength in the desired direction of the measured practical antenna. The directive gain in relation to an isotropic antenna is called dBi. HALF-WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA: A half-wave dipole antenna may also be used as a gain reference for practical antennas. The half-wave dipole is a straight conductor cut to one-half of the electrical wavelength with the radio frequency signal fed to the middle of the conductor. Figure illustrates the radiation pattern of the half-wave dipole which normally is referred to as a dipole. Whereas the isotropic antennas three dimensional radiation pattern is spherical, the dipole antennas three dimensional pattern is shaped like a donut.
When choosing an antenna for a specific application, the manufacturers data sheet must be consulted. The data sheet contains information including antenna gain, beam width (vertical and horizontal), and graphs showing the vertical and horizontal patterns. The patterns displayed are those of a directional antenna. The antennas gain is approximately 15 dBd.
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3.1.3 Path loss predictions: For the installation of mobile radio systems, wave propagation
models are necessary to determine the propagation characteristics. The path loss predictions are required for the coverage planning, the determination of multipath effects as well as for interference and cell calculations, which are the basis for the high-level network planning process. signal path loss is a particularly important element in the design of any radio communications system or wireless system. The radio signal path loss will determine many elements of the radio communications system in particular the transmitter power, and the antennas, especially their gain, height and general location. The radio path loss will also affect other elements such as the required receiver sensitivity, the form of transmission used and this planning process includes the prediction of the received power in order to determine the parameter sets of the base transceiver stations (or access points)..
Propagation Scenarios
Satellite scenario Rural scenario Urban scenario
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Satellite scenario: Geostationary satellites are defined by their height (e.g. 36,000 km) and their longitude. All LEOs and navigation satellites are described either by the Two Line Element method or for the GPS satellites. Antenna gains for the satellite transmitters are considered in the path loss predictions. The satellite radio transmission to the mobile terminal is strongly affected by the variation of the received signal power because of the presence of fading phenomena Rural scenario: Propagation of electromagnetic waves in areas with a low density of buildings depends mainly on the topography and the land usage(clutter). The vector data of the buildings must not be considered in such scenarios
Generally the usage of topography and land usage without any further vector building data is recommended if the transmitting antenna (basestation) is located on a hill (or very tall building/mast) and if the propagation in the vertical plane between Tx and Rx is dominating. Urban scenario: Propagation of electromagnetic waves in urban scenarios in the frequency range above 300 MHz is influenced by reflections and diffractions at the buildings. Therefore a detailed vector data base of the buildings is required.
Indoor scenario: Propagation of electromagnetic waves inside buildings in the frequency range above 600 MHz is influenced mainly by the walls (and large furniture elements). Diffractions around corners as well as waveguiding in corridors (due to multiple reflections) are dominating the propagation inside buildings.
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Time variant scenario: Wireless communications in time variant ad-hoc networks is very challenging. The increasing demand for mobile multimedia and safety applications in timevariant environments requires new concepts for the development of such wireless systems. Time variant scenarios can be found in several environments:
car-to-car (or car-to-infrastructure) communication scenarios used for driving assistance systems MESH and sensor networks in time-variant scenarios Wi-Fi hotspots in railroad stations, airports or city centers Stations and underground stations with moving trains Airports with moving airplanes Elevators inside buildings
Car-to-car communications
The main difference in such applications compared to the classical network planning is the time variance of these scenarios. The locations of transmitters, receivers, and obstacles are time-variant (i.e. moving). These effects influence the propagation and lead to time variant channel impulse responses. Doppler shifts and the directional channel impulse response are mandatory results when simulating such time-variant scenarios.
Propagation model:
Propagation models are essentially curve fitting exercises. Propagation tests are conducted at different frequencies, antenna heights, and locations over different periods and distances. The receive signal data is analyzed using mathematical tools and are fitted to an appropriate curve. Formula to match these curve are then generated and used as models. Some of the major propagation models are: Long-distance propagation model Longley-Rice model (irregular terrain model) Okumara Hata Cost 231-Hata (similar to Hata: for 1500-2000 MHz band)
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Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G Wolfish-Ikegami Cost 231 Wolfish-Xia JTC XLOS (Motorola proprietary model) Bullington Du Path loss model Diffracting Screens model
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Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G k6 Hata multiplying factor k7 - diffraction loss (model-dependant) Clutter loss Clutter attenuation adjustment
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The traffic demand (i.e. how many subscribers will join the system and how much traffic will be generated) provides the basis for cellular network engineering. Geographical distribution of traffic demand can be calculated by using demographic data such as: Population distribution Car usage distribution Income level distribution Land usage data Telephone usage statistics Other factors such as subscription charges, call charges, and price of mobile stations All the above mentioned data will be collected using the network planning tools. Tools are the software packages that help for planning the network. Some of the software packages used in cellular network planning is Networking planning system (NPS/X) Network measurement system (NMS/X) developed by Nokia Cellular planning with NPS/X is based on utilization of digitized map and measurement results. The design database includes the parameters of the base stations, antennas, propagation models and system parameters. Planning process can be divided into three parts:
1. Capacity Planning 2. Coverage Planning 3. Parameter Planning
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3.3.2Capacity calculation
The capacity of a given network is measured in terms of the subscribers or the traffic load that it can handle. The former requires knowledge of subscriber calling habits (average traffic per subscriber) while the latter is more general. The steps for calculating the network capacity are Find the maximum no of carriers per cell that can be reached for the different regions based on the frequency reuse patterns and the available spectrum. Calculate the capacity of the given cell using blocking probability and the number of carriers.
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Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G Finally the sum of all cell capacities gives the network capacity. Spectrum efficiency = S / (n X A X B) S - Total spectrum available n - Reuse factor A - Cell area B - Channel bandwidth
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Erlang B table To calculate the capacity of the given cell using blocking probability and the number of carriers we need the well-known Erlang B table or formulas and the no of traffic channels for different number of carriers. The result we get is the traffic capacity in Erlangs, which can easily be transferred into the number of subscribers. Erlangs = n X t / 3600 n = no of calls attempted t = total duration in seconds
3.4
COVERAGE PLANNING:
The first step in coverage planning is to create a preliminary plan based on the calculated number of base stations from the dimensioning phase, which is agreed with the operator. The BTS locations are theoretical in this phase, because they have not been verified in the field. The usage of omni and/or sectorised antennas is part of the planning strategy. Omni cells can be used in rural
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or other sparsely inhabited areas, where there are not high capacity requirements. As stated before for base stations having sectorised antennas, it is easier to give coverage to precise locations. The next step is to start to find actual base station locations, which is a task of the site acquisition team. To find an optimal BTS location is an essential but complicated task. What makes it complicated are the many practical requirements and especially the transmission that need to be arranged. When the actual BTS location has been found the preliminary location changes and the plan is updated and the cell coverage areas are calculated again using the new parameters. All the preliminary BTS locations are gone through in the order the actual BTS locations are found and the coverage areas are always recalculated. Normally the plan is divided into smaller segments, each consisting of some base stations located close by. The segment can be drawn on the map as a geographically logical area, with the particular base stations inside the area. The aim is to find actual BTS locations segment by segment and to finalize the preliminary coverage plan one area at a time. When finding the actual base station locations it is important to reach the planning requirements. The coverage and capacity requirement needs to be reached with the actual BTS locations. When calculating the cell coverage with a planning tool the calculation range has to be wide, especially when the later interference estimation needs to be accurate. The common way to show the calculated coverage for a certain area is to view a composite plot with specified thresholds. In this type of presentation it is easy to see possible gaps in the coverage area. The objective of coverage planning phase in coverage limited network areas is to find a minimum amount of cell sites with optimum locations for producing the required coverage for the target area. Coverage planning is normally performed with prediction modules on digital map database. The basic input information for coverage planning includes: Coverage regions Coverage threshold values on per regions (outdoor, in-car, indoor) Antenna (tower height limitations) Preferred antenna line system specifications Preferred BTS specification Activities such as propagation modeling, field strength predictions and measurements are usually referred to as coverage planning. 3.4.1 Coverage predictions The possibilities for rough coverage calculations based on propagation curves formulas. These average values are not enough for the detailed network planning; therefore many computeraided tools based on digital maps usage have been developed to improve the quality of the predictions. 3.4.2 Digital maps There are different types of information that can be digitized and used for coverage predictions. The most important from the network planning point of view are topography (terrain heights), morphography (area types), rods traffic density. For the micro cell modeling, which is required in a dense urban environment, more information and heighten resolution maps should be used. Information about the buildings and streets is essential, so the pixel size from 5m to 25m is reasonable. The streets can be stored and used in vector format.
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After creating the project file, the second step is to extract network data such as the site, carrier and neighbour databases into MCOM. MCOM offers a user-friendly Import Wizard to help you to perform these tasks. In the Import Wizard, the following import types are supported: Import MCOM Text Database files; Site data, Carrier data and Neighbour data. for more information about this format. Import Carrier and Neighbour data from one or more BSC dump files, either from the OSS or FIOL terminals. [GSM only] Import Carrier and Neighbour data from one or more MSC dump files, either from the OSS or FIOL terminals. [TDMA only] Import MCOM Version 2 MapInfo Database files (e.g. Msite.tab,Mcarrier.tab and Mniegh.tab) Import Site data from EET's Site Database. Import Map Vector Data Importing MCOM Text Database On the Cell-Planning menu, click Import Wizard Select MCOM2001 Data Text file in the import types list. Select the import files (Site data, Carrier data & Neighbour data) and click Next Select the output directory and click Next Select the size of the antenna and carrier font Enter the Offset for X and Y if required For Carrier file import, you can choose to update the BSC and CI fields in MCOM2001 Site database from the Carrier database clicking Create New Folder button. Importing Site data from EET's Site Database. Since most Ericsson customers use EET or TCP as their Cell Planning Tool, MCOM2001 provides an easy way to import the site database directly from EETs Site Database. Following are the steps: On the Cell-Planning menu, click Import Wizard Select Import EET Site Database in the import types list and click Next Select the EET Site database and flag type files and click Next.
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1. " choose to not to redraw certain object by ticking the No Redraw checkbox 2. " use the existing size value in the database field Ant_size or Font_size 3. User can also select a group of cells required to be redrawn using the Redraw Selection tool button.
MCOMSite database. This new cell do not has any Site object until provide the coordinates in the Edit Site control. This new cell also does not contain any carrier data until you edit the site in the Edit Site control. Delete SiteDelete the selected Site in the list box. Once deleted, MCOM will remove the carrier data and STS label data from the MCOM Database. Find the siteOnce click MCOM will centre the map to the selected site Edit SiteOnce clicked, the Edit Site control will be displayed.
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Change the Site information such as Site Id, Site name Move the site using Position Site function. After clicking the Position Site button, click a new location on the map to get the latitude and longitude. Press Apply to move the site. Add, delete or Edit the cell information Commit AllSave all changes made in the MCOMSite, MCOMCarrier, MCOMSTS database
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the combiner. Attenuation factor for Filter combiner = 2.1 dB, for Hybrid combiner = 4.8 dB. R.F Link Budget for FILTER combiner Note: Enter all losses as negative values Uplink downlink MS/BS transmit pwr 33 43 dbm MS/BS transmit 33 48.2 dbm
ERP
BS comb. loss BS cable loss BS connector loss BS antenna gain MS antenna gain MS cable loss BS diversity gain Fade margin Body polarization Max path loss Path imbalance MS/BS rcv sens.
db db db dbd db db db db db db dbm
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The cell planning process results in a cell plan with nominal site positions. If the operator has access to existing locations, it is necessary to adapt the cell plan according to these locations. For this reason, it is important that the cell planner has a basic knowledge of the locations that can be used. The on-site cell planning work that takes place is called the Radio Network Survey. There are two type of site surveys Anchor site survey Sharing site survey
ANCHOR SITE: anchor site is of two type : nominal site and blind site. Nominal site following data will given to the rf engineer
Latitude and longitudes of that place which has been selected for the site . Search ring : In case the given points are not available then that the area around the given latitude and longitude is the search ring. So that rf engineer will search out new place. Normally this search ring is of 50 to 300 mtrs. Hot spots : two or three latitudes or longitudes for the same place.
Blind site: For the survey of blind site the there will be no data given to rf engineer.
He/she will have to go a place and find the two or three hot spots for the site.
SHARING SITE: survey for already established site where we want add our network.
These types of sites are basically search for the capacity addition.
subject to permits from civil aviation or military authorities (i.e. obstruction lighting may be needed). Permission to use the site or a lease contract must be agreed upon with the owner of the site. Besides the need for the permits, the following must also be taken into account:
Access roads - The site must be accessible to installation personnel and heavy trucks and if there is no road leading to the site, a helicopter might be needed for material transports and for mast or tower installation.
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Material transport and storage - The site must have an area suitable for efficient unloading and handling of goods.
Space requirements - For an outdoor site it is necessary that the ground area is large enough for the radio base station and tower or mast foundation. Power cables must be installed and a mains power source must be found in the vicinity of the site if mains power is not available at the site. For an indoor site, the RBS equipment room must fulfill a number of requirements concerning mains power connection such as grounding, power outlet, and space for transport network interface products.
Antenna support structures - These must be provided. They can consist of several short pipes on a roof, a guyed mast, or a self-supporting tower. The term tower usually refers to a self-supported structure, while the term mast refers to a structure supported with guy wires. Transmission access - A number of Pulse Coded Modulation(PCM) transmission lines are needed. Two types of transmission network standards may occur. The first case is 2 Mbit/s PCM with 75 ohm unbalanced or 120 ohm balanced lines, the second case is 1.5 Mbit/s PCM using 100ohm balanced lines. Antenna feeder routes - Indoors, the antenna feeder paths must have proper cable support facilities, preferably a cable ladder. The antenna feeder may also be placed in available cable chutes inside the building. Outdoors, feeder cable paths from an antenna supporting structure fall into two categories. Cables can be installed on cable ladders above ground from the antenna or through underground cable ducts.
5.3BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
It is likely that the system operator has a number of alternative buildings which may be used in the cellular network planning phase. One reason for this is to reduce the initial cost. The following aspects of site selection must be studied: Position relative to nominal grid Space for antennas Antenna separations Nearby obstacles Space for radio equipment Power supply/battery backup Transmission link Service area study Contract with the owner 5.3.1 POSITION RELATIVE TO NOMINAL GRID The initial study for a cell system often results in a theoretical cell pattern with nominal positions for the site locations. The existing buildings must then be adapted in such a way that the real positions are established and replace the nominal positions.
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The visit to the site is to ensure the exact location (address/coordinates and ground level). It is also possible for more than one existing site to be used for a specific nominal position. 5.3.2 SPACE FOR ANTENNAS The radio propagation predictions provide an indication on what type of antennas can be used on the base station and in what direction the antennas should be oriented.The predicted antenna height should be used as a guideline when the on site study starts. If space can be found within a maximum deviation of 15% from the predicted height the original predictions can be used with sufficient accuracy. If it is possible to install the antennas at a higher position than the predicted position, the operator must ensure that there is no risk for co-channel interference. If the antennas are to be installed at a lower position than predicted, new predictions must be carried out based on this position. It is not necessary that all antennas in one particular cell have the same height or direction. That is, it is possible to have cells on the same base station with different antenna heights. This can be the case if space is limited in some directions. There are also cell planning reasons for placing antennas at different heights. This includes coverage, isolation, diversity and/or interference. 5.3.3 ANTENNA SEPARATIONS There are two reasons for antennas to be separated from each other and from other antenna systems: To achieve space diversity To achieve isolation The horizontal separation distance to obtain sufficient space diversity between antennas is 12-18 or 4-6 m for GSM 900 and 2-3 m for GSM 1800/1900. Typical values of separation distances between antennas to obtain sufficient isolation (normally 30 dB) are 0.4 m (horizontal) and 0.2 m (vertical) for GSM 900. 5.3.4 NEARBY OBSTACLES One very important part in the Radio Network Survey is to classify the close surroundings with respect to influence on radio propagation. In traditional point-to-point communication networks, a line-of-sight path is required. A planning criterion is to have the first fresnel zone free from obstacles. (NOTE: The fresnel zone is the area in open space that must be practically free of obstructions for a microwave radio path to function properly, some degree of fresnel consideration is required in the immediate vicinity of the microwave radio RF envelope/field.) It is not possible to follow this guideline because the path between the base and the mobile subscriber is normally not line-of- sight. In city areas, one cell planning criterion is to provide margins for these types of obstacles. If optimal coverage is required, it is necessary to have the antennas free for the nearest 50-100 m. The first fresnel zone is approximately five meters at this distance (for 900 MHz). This means the lower part of the antenna system has to be five meters above the surroundings 5.3.5 SPACE FOR RADIO EQUIPMENT
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Radio equipment should be placed as close as possible to the antennas in order to reduce the feeder loss and the cost for feeders. However, if these disadvantages can be accepted, other locations for the equipment can be considered. In addition, sufficient space should be allotted for future expansions. The radio network survey includes a brief study with respect to this matter. A more detailed analysis takes place when the location is chosen to be included in the cellular network. 5.3.6 POWER SUPPLY/BATTERY BACKUP The equipment power supply must be estimated and the possibility of obtaining this power must be checked. Space for battery back-up may be required. 5.3.7 TRANSMISSION LINK The base station must be physically connected to the BSC. This can be carried out via radio link, fiber cable, or copper cable. Detailed transmission planning is not included in this course. 5.3.8 SERVICE AREA STUDY During the network survey it is important to study the intended service areas from the actual and alternate base station locations. Coverage predictions must be checked with respect to critical areas. 5.3.9 CONTRACT WITH THE OWNER The necessary legal documentation must exist between the land owner and the proposed site user, e.g. a contract for site leasing. Even though cost is a major consideration in the site acquisition process, cost is not discussed as a factor in this course.
The data is pre-processed before it is stored on either the hard drive or a diskette and presented offline after the survey. Results can be presented with respect to median value, standard deviation, and number of measuring squares along the test routes. The recorded files can be imported into EET and displayed on the map. The residual values (i.e. the difference between the prediction and the measurement, can also be displayed. If there is a difference, the path loss parameters in the prediction model can be adjusted according to the measurements.
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Measurements must be performed to verify the time dispersion predictions. In addition, if there are quality problems, time dispersion measurements must be taken to verify that time dispersion is actually causing the poor quality. The equipment used for time dispersion measurements consists of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter sends a short pulse, the signal is received and the pulse response is evaluated in a controller. In this way, the time delay and the carrier to reflection ratio can be found.
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Result
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at 30 deg deg
at 60 deg
at 90
At 120 deg
at 150 deg
at 180 deg
At 210 deg
at 240 deg
at 270 deg
At 300 deg
at 330 deg
at 360 deg
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5.5.2SURVEY FORMS
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Check the shelter space, stability and planned antenna height and planned orientation if there is no space in shelter outdoor BTS can be purposed
Check the microwaves orientation and also on which lack of tower is mounted
Take the photographs at 360 degree angle of the clutter so that orientation can be finalized. Fill the given form and make the report as per the format.
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mount the GSM antenna. But we should also considered the second highest building so that the coverage can be given to the top floor of the highest building. All the buildings with the basement has to be taken care of so that tilt can be finalized. Our site should be near to the +ve clutter so that maximum coverage can be provided. While performing the survey information should be collected like type of area, types of clutter, major competitor, approximate population. After this orientation of GSM antenna should be estimated. All the information should be gathered and filled properly so as to have no confusion.
Height Of The Building =G+3N where G is the height of ground floor and N is the no.of floors in that building Length Of Feeder Cabel = height of antenna + 5m
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Following figure show the frequency allocated to each site . theses can be scanned by using mcom tool
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Half rate channel, Lm This channel can be used for half rate speech (6.5kbit/s after speech coder) or data up to 4.8 kbit/s.
Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH): Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) Used for signaling during the call set-up or registration, up and downlink. Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) Control channel associated with a TCH or a SDCCH, up and downlink. On this channel the measurement reports are sent on the uplink, and timing advance and power orders on the downlink. Fast Associated Control CHannel (FACCH) Control channel associated with a TCH, up and downlink.FACCH works in bit-stealing mode
6.4.1DUPLEX DISTANCE
The distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies is known as duplex distance. The duplex distance is different for the different frequency bands Standards GSM900 GSM1800 GSM1900
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Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G Duplex distance 45mhz 85mhz 90mhz
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6.4.2CHANNEL SEPARATION
The distance between adjacent frequencies on the uplink or the downlink is called channel separation. The channel separation is 200 kHz, regardless of the standard chosen from the ones mentioned above. This separation is needed to reduce interference from one carrier to another neighboring frequency.
6.5FREQUENCY PLANNING
The main goal of the frequency-planning task is to increase the efficiency of the spectrum usage, keeping the interference in the network below some predefined level. Therefore it is always related to interference predictions. There are two basic approaches to solve the frequency assignment problem. Frequency reuse patterns Automatic frequency allocation Some softwares are used with automatic frequency allocation algorithms for finding the optimum solutions. The frequency allocation is generally guided by the following information: Channel requirement on cell basis according to the capacity planning Channel spacing limitations according to BTS specification Quality of service requirement which is conserved to acceptable interference probability Traffic density distribution over the service area Performance of advanced system features (frequency hopping, IUO, etc.) The frequency allocation is based on cell-to-cell interference probability estimation according to the network topology, field strength distribution and traffic load.
This results in customized frequency performance of the selected radio network elements The starting point of automatic frequency allocation is much better, since the exact site coordinates and BTS characteristics are available. Usage of propagation model based on digital maps, we are able to obtain interference predictions very near to reality.
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The frequencies can be divided into different frequency groups. This introduces the terms reuse patterns and reuse grids. The most common reuse patterns in GSM is 4/12 and 3/9. 4/12 means that the available frequencies are divided into 12 frequency groups, which in turn are located at 4 base stations sites. This assumes that the base station has three cells connected to it. The frequency groups are often assigned a number or name such as A1, B1, C1, D1, A2, .. D3. 3/9 means that the available frequencies are divided into 9 frequency groups located at 3 sites. Problem with C/A might appear in certain parts of a cell, arising from adjacent frequencies in neighboring cells. Example: channel assignment of 24 frequencies in a 3/9-cell plan. Frequency groups channels A1 1 10 19 B1 2 11 20 C1 3 12 21 A2 4 13 22 B2 5 14 23 C2 6 15 24 A3 7 16 B3 8 17 C3 9 18
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6.5.2 INTERFERENCE
There are three types of interference:a) co-channel interference b) adjacent channel interference c) intermodulation/noise interference
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Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G The carrier to interference ratios for co- and adjacent channels are specified as :
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C/I = 9dB minimum (co-channel) C/I = -9dB minimum (adjacent channel) The definition for co-channel interference in GSM system is that a cell on the same channel can cause interference, if the serving cells signal level is only 9dB higher than the interfering signal. For adjacent channels, interference can be caused if the neighbouring cells signal level is 9dB higher than the serving cell. Due to fading an additional 12 dB margin has been added to support good quality call:C/I = 21 dB (co-channel) C/I = 3 dB (adjacent channel) There are various methods of combating interference :a) Down tilting Antenna b) Reducing Antenna height c) Reducing power of BTS/MS d) Using uplink/downlink adaptive power control e) Using uplink/downlink DTX (Discontinuous transmit) f) Frequency hopping g) Sectorising sites h) Using smaller beamwidth antenna i) Improving on the frequency plan j) Optimising the various handover parameters k) Microcells
Interference calculations
The reference interference ratio is defined in GSM as the interference ratio for which the required performance in terms of frame erasure, bit error rate or residual bit error rate is met. The reference interference ratios for BS and all types MSs are the following: Co channel interference: C/Ic <= 9 dB First adjacent channel interference: C/Ia1 <= -9 dB Second adjacent channel interference: C/Ia2 <= -41 dB
Co channel interference
The carrier to interference (C/I) ratio at a given mobile receiver can be calculated as follows: C/I = C / (I1 + I2 + .. +Ik) Where k is the number of co channel interfering cells. For regular grid case it is possible to simplify the calculations by using the popular path loss expressions.
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The reflection outside the equalizer window should be regarded as an independent co channel interferer, therefore the same reference C/I <= 9 dB should be used.
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6.8.3Synthesized hopping
Synthesized hopping is available in configurations, which have at least 2 TRX per sector. It enables each TRX to change frequency on successive time slots, so that given carrier can hop
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quickly onto many different frequencies. The carrier on which the BCCH IS transmitted must remain at fixed frequency to enable the MS to measure correct signal strength. Both random and cyclic hopping can be used.
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Offset
An offset is used to make a cell appear better (or worse) than it really is by increasing/decreasing measured signal strength. The offset is a cell-to-cell relation and is always unsymmetrical.
Hysteresis
A hysteresis is used to prevent the ping-pong effect, meaning several consecutive handovers between two cells. The ping-pong effect can be caused by fading, the MS zigzagging between the cells, or by non-linearities in the receiver. The hysteresis is a cell-to-cell relation and is always symmetrical.
Identification
Parameters used to identify, for example, a cell or a location area in the network.
Penalties
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The penalties are used to punish a cell in the locating algorithm. When a cell is punished, it appears worse then it really is. This is to avoid handback in case of an urgent handover or to avoid several repeated handover attempts in case of signaling failure.
Thresholds
Thresholds for cell ranking, call release, and access can be set.
Common channels
The common channels are used for signaling and ca be divided into broadcast channels (BCH), continuously sending information from BTS to MS, and common control channels (CCCH). The Broadcast channels send information on the cell properties such as synchronization, frequency correction, used frequencies and power levels, neighboring cells. There are three different broadcast control channels (BCCH). The common control channels are used when establishing a signaling connection between the MS and BTS. The paging channel (PCH) is used when BTS wants to contact the MS. The MS requests a signaling channel on a random access channel (RACH). The signaling channel is allocated to the MS by using Access grant channel (AGCH)
Dedicated channels
The dedicated channels are divided into dedicated control channels and traffic channels. Call set up signaling and location updating procedures are performed on stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH). In case of a call setup the connection is transferred into a traffic channel (TCH). Both SDCCH and TCH have a parallel slow associated control channel (SACCH) which is used for transfer of measurement results from MS to BTS and power control commands from BTS to MS. During the short messages are transmitted over SACCH channel, while the fast associated control channel (FACCH) is used to transmit the handover commands to the MS.
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The BTS sends the raw measurement results received from the MS (downlink) and the results of its own measurements (uplink) to the BSC every SACCH multiframe period. The BSC does not support the measurement preprocessing in the BTS.
The BSC does the preprocessing of the measurement samples namely the book keeping and the averaging. The BSC is able to maintain a table of maximum 32 measurements results for up to 32 adjacent cells per call. After the averaging the BSC makes comparisons with the thresholds related to both power control (PC) and hand over (HO) algorithms. The BSC determines the RF output power of the MS and the BTS on the basis of the results received from the pc threshold comparison process. The HO decision is based in signal strength (RXLEV), quality (RXQUAL) and distance measurements. Another possible criterion is the power budget (PBGT) or umbrella condition fulfillment from an adjacent cell. The HO command is given over FACCH, which uses TCH temporally. Handovers can be done to TCH and SDCCH. The intra BTS handover can occur either to a timeslot in a new carrier or to a different timeslot in the same carrier. The intra-BSC handover to performed autonomously by the BSC. If there is an inter-BSC handover to be performed, the BSC sends the list of performed cells to the MSC and MSC performs the handover according to that list.
BSS Parameters
The following figure showing the example of general parameters on how the structure of the network is defined BTS BS identity code (ncc&boc) BTS ID
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Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G Cell ID Location Area ID mcc Number Of Blocks For Access Grant No Of Multiframes Between Paging Number Of Retransmission No Of Slot Spread Trans Max Queue Length Time Limit Call Time Limit Handover Queuing priority call Queuing priority handover Ms Priority Used In Queuing Queue Priority Used Radio Link Timeout IMSI Attach Detach 165535 0999 lac065535 07 2.9 1,2,4,7 3-12,14,16,20,25,32,50 0100% 130s 130s 114 114 Y/N Y/N 464 Y/N
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7.1
DETAILED NETWORK DESIGN:
Detailed network design begins after the survey. The data collected during the survey is used in detailed planning of the network. The tool used for the detailed planning is ASSET tool of planning. This tool will gives the final design to the BSS department for the construction. Here is the procedure of the detailed site design. 1. Adding sites-: For a new project user will need to firstly lay down MSC and BSC in hierarchical order. the panel at the left side of the ASSET window.
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Fig.7.1 The above window shows the addition of MSC, BSC to the particular site.
After site creation following window will appear. It has all the details of the sites under BSC.
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3. After cell creation we will add the data which is to be implemented. Then we wil add cel
configuration, neighbors of that particular cell. In cel configuration we wil add the type of antenna used, type of feeder used, azimuth required for the particular cell . feeder length etc.
Fig 7.4 cell configuration 4. Next we will add the hoping, carriers and antenna /trx.
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5. After adding all the data to cell we will analysis it and if required we will change or modify it . the analysis part is done by array creation this is done by using ASSET tool.
Fig 7.5 array creation for analysis In analysis part we will analysis the frequency hoping, minimum signal level at which a cell is considered to be serving cell, prediction models. 6. For any modification click on setting ->option Eg. we want to change the carriers the following window will appear.
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8.2.1NETWORK DIMENSIONING
In the software , it is easy to create new sites or move old ones. All information about the sites is stored in the site database. It is possible to make changes to one site, a group of sites, or all sites. A height path profile can be displayed between any two points on the map. This is very useful for microwave link planning.
8.2.3 PREDICTING
When the sites are created it is time to initiate a prediction. It is possible to predict one site, a group of sites, or all sites. The result of the prediction is the pathloss from the sites. After predicting, arrays for coverage and interferences (C/I and C/A) can be created. The signal strength and interference levels are calculated for each pixel. The advantage of having both prediction and array steps in this procedure is that it speeds up the calculations.
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If the user would like to change, e.g. the output power at one site, there is no need for a new prediction because the change does not affect the pathloss. The user only has to create a new array. Creating arrays is just a matter of adding dB, so it is not very time-consuming. On the other hand, predictions are more complicated.
8.2.4 TOOLS
Using EET, the user can spread traffic on the map to plan for capacity. The traffic can be displayed with different colors for different amounts of Erlangs/km or the user can highlight the cells that do not meet the specified GoS. It is possible to import data from a test mobile and display the information on the map. EET can import radio survey files which can be used to tune the prediction model for the area where the network is to be planned. Data can be imported and exported to OSS.
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The MS can simulate GSM 900 power class 2 to 4. It is possible to lock on a single frequency. The MS can test each time slot on a selected frequency to verify that all TCHs are available and functioning. The PC is used for presentation, control, and storage of the measurements. For the serving cell, it is possible to display, e.g. RxLev, Rxqual, TX power, TA, Base Station Identity Code (BSIC), and ARFCN. For the six strongest neighboring cells, it is possible to display RxLev, BSIC, and ARFCN. The information can be displayed in real-time or recorded and replayed. The GPS receiver gives the position of the measurements. When the satellite signals are shadowed by obstacles, the GPS system may be used for dead reckoning. The TEMS measurements can be imported to EET with the use of File and Information Converting System (FICS). This means that the measurements can be displayed on the map so that, e.g. the measured handovers can be compared with the predicted cell boundaries. FICS can also convert to EXCEL and word processing packages.
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8.3.1TEMS TRANSMITTER
For the generation of test signals, it is suitable (however not mandatory) to use one or several TEMS Transmitters. The TEMS Transmitter is a small unit that transmits in the GSM downlink band. The output power is adjustable between 17 and 27 dBm. A complete editable BCCH is transmitted while the other 7 time slots contain an unmodulated carrier. In absence of TEMS Transmitters, a Test TransMitter (TTM) can also be used. This is a narrow band Continuous Wave (CW) transmitter with a maximum output power of 43 dBm. Additionally, the regular transmitter can be used for this function.
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This particular feature helps to reduce the possibility of incorrect cell parameters and increases the efficiency of personnel as the number of cells in the network increases as shown in figure.
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8.7.1CELL SPLIT
It is clear that a smaller cell size increases the traffic capacity. However, a smaller cell size means more sites and a higher cost for the infrastructure. Obviously, it is preferable not to work with an unnecessarily small cell size. What is needed is a method that matches cell sizes to the capacity requirements. The system is started using a large cell size, however, when the system capacity needs to be expanded, the cell size is decreased in order to meet the new requirements. This normally also calls for using different cell sizes in different areas. This method is called cell split, and is illustrated in Figure 1 through Figure 4.
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Initially, the largest possible cell size is used considering coverage range (Figure -1). Next step is to introduce three cells per site (Figure -2), using the original sites and feeding the cells from the corners. This represents a cell split of 1 to 3, (Figure-3). Now the number of sites is still the same, but the number of cells are three times as many as before.
The following step is to do a cell split of, e.g. 1 to 4 (Figure -4). As seen from the figure, the old sites are still used in the new cell plan, but additional sites are now required.
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Cell split 1 to 3 (Figure-3) requires three times as many cells. After the split, the capacity is three times higher per area unit, and the cell area is three times smaller. The antenna directions on the site that existed before the split must be changed by 30 degrees
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Fig-4 cell split 1:4(phase-3) Cell split 1 to 4 (Figure-4) requires four times as many sites. After the split, the capacity is four times higher per area unit, and the cell area is four times smaller. There is no need to change the antenna directions in a 1:4 cell split.
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Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G BTS radio performance specification Conformance test specification for testing of radio aspects of base stations Specifications for radio performance aspects from the system point of view 3GPP Core Network group is responsible of:
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Mobility management, call connection control signalling between the user equipment and the core network. Core network signaling between the core network nodes. Definition of interworking functions between the core network and external networks. Packet related issues. Core network aspects of the lu interface and Operation and Maintenance requirements 3GPP Terminal group is responsible of: Service capability protocols Messaging Services end-to-end interworking USIM to Mobile Terminal interface Model/framework for terminal interfaces and services (application) execution Conformance test specifications of terminals, including radio aspects
3GPP Services and System Aspects group is responsible of: Definition of services and feature requirements. Development of service capabilities and service architecture for cellular, fixed and cordless applications. Charging and Accounting Network Management and Security Aspects Definition, evolution, and maintenance of overall architecture.
Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G 384 kbits/s urban outdoor 2048 kbits/s indoor and low range outdoor UMTS network services have different QoS classes for four types of traffic: Conversational class (voice, video telephony, video gaming) Streaming class (multimedia, video on demand, webcast) Interactive class (web browsing, network gaming, database access) Background class (email, SMS, downloading)
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UMTS will also have a Virtual Home Environment (VHE). It is a concept for personal service environment portability across network boundaries and between terminals. Personal service environment means that users are consistently presented with the same personalised features, User Interface customisation and services in whatever network or terminal, wherever the user may be located. UMTS also has improved network security and location based services.
The basic Core Network architecture for UMTS is based on GSM network with GPRS. All equipment has to be modified for UMTS operation and services. The UTRAN provides the air interface access method for User Equipment. Base Station is referred as Node-B and control equipment for Node-B's is called Radio Network Controller (RNC). It is necessary for a network to know the approximate location in order to be able to page user equipment. Here is the list of system areas from largest to smallest. UMTS systems (including satellite) Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) MSC/VLR or SGSN Location Area Routing Area (PS domain) UTRAN Registration Area (PS domain) Cell
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9.3.1User Equipment
The UMTS standard does not restrict the functionality of the User Equipment in any way. Terminals work as an air interface counter part for Node-B and have many different types of identities. Most of these UMTS identity types are taken directly from GSM specifications. 1) International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) 2) temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) 3) Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (P-TMSI) 4) Temporary Logical Link Identity (TLLI) 5) Mobile station ISDN (MSISDN) 6) International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
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UMTS mobile station can operate in one of three modes of operation: PS/CS mode of operation: The MS is attached to both the PS domain and CS domain, and the MS is capable of simultaneously operating PS services and CS services. PS mode of operation: The MS is attached to the PS domain only and may only operate services of the PS domain. However, this does not prevent CS-like services to be offered over the PS domain (like VoIP). CS mode of operation: The MS is attached to the CS domain only and may only operate services of the CS domain.
9.3.3Core Network
The Core Network is divided in circuit switched and packet switched domains. Some of the circuit switched elements are Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC), Visitor location register (VLR) and Gateway MSC. Packet switched elements are Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). Some network elements, like EIR, HLR, VLR and AUC are shared by both domains. The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is defined for UMTS core transmission. ATM Adaptation Layer type 2 (AAL2) handles circuit switched connection and packet connection protocol AAL5 is designed for data delivery.
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The architecture of the Core Network may change when new services and features are introduced. Number Portability DataBase (NPDB) will be used to enable user to change the network while keeping their old phone number. Gateway Location Register (GLR) may be used to optimise the subscriber handling between network boundaries. MSC, VLR and SGSN can merge to become a UMTS MSC.
In UMTS the following mechanisms must be accounted for: Soft handover gain (typically ~5dB at the cell edge) Interference Margins (both intra cell and inter cell) Control and signaling overheads Fade Margins (to design to a given coverage probability) Special technique margins (Adaptive antennas, Transmit diversity, Smart Radio)
9.5.2 Simulation
There are two types of simulation that might be used for radio planning
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Static Simulations Static simulations analyse the performance of a snapshot of the network. A snapshot is an instance in time, with UEs in statistically determined places. One or more snapshots of the network are taken. In each snapshot a mobile or terminal list is generated. The ability of each terminal to make its connection to the network is calculated through an iterative process. Various failure mechanisms will typically be considered (maximum mobile power, maximum Node B power reached, no available channels, low pilot Ec/Io, uplink/downlink interference). The performance of the network is then analysed from the results of the snapshots carried out. Dynamic Simulations Dynamic simulations simulate UEs moving through the network in successive timeslots. Dynamic simulations look at mobiles moving through the network. A mobile list is generated and solved for the first timeslot. The simulation may consider time to be split into:
Successive timeslots are then simulated dependant upon the results of the previous timeslot.
New mobiles are simulated coming into the network and terminating their
calls.
9.6COMPARISON OF METHODS
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Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G STATIC ANALYSIS STATIC SIMULATIONS DYNAMIC SIMULATIONS
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Not very particularly with global margins (IS-95 experience) Relatively straightforward to use once configured Shortest as quick as for GSM.
Probably quite high Accuracy assuming no bad assumptions are made to speed it up
More difficult to Difficult to judge configure and more Results. complicated results. Moderate depending number of terminals . Extremely long if on multiple runs performed for statistical validity
Complexity
TimeTaken
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At the best of times, designing a cellular network is like doing a puzzle without any instructions. With 3G, you have the added complication of both the operator and customers holding back some of the pieces and planners having to force pieces to fit together because the edges are a bit rough! Flow chart for the process
Initial network dimensioning
Site selection
Site acquisition
Site construction
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10.1COVERAGE PLANNING
The link budget calculation for the WCDMA system and coverage planning for the GSM system have already been discussed. The fundamental process for coverage planning in the WCDMA system is quite similar to that of the GSM system. However, propagation models need to be adjusted to take into consideration the WCDMA technology. The cell range R can be calculated using the OkumaraHata or the WalfishIkegami models. After this, the site are a can be calculated, which is 2.6R2. However, in the WCDMA networks, some additional measurements and adjustments were done in the framework of European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research, also called COST. The validity for this extended OkumaraHata model is Frequency f: 1502000 MHz Distance R: 120 km UE height : 10200m MS height: 110m This correction factor is added to obtain the actual losses in the WCDMA environment. Similarly for the WalfishIkegami model, the COST model is applied, which is based on the typical antenna placements and has the validity range Frequency f : 8002000 MHz BS height hbs: 450 m UE height hms: 13 m Distance d: 0.025 km
10.2.1Uplink
WCDMA is an interference system limited by the air interface. Hence, capacity planning would need to calculate the interference and the cell capacity, i.e. the amount of traffic that is supported by a base station. The amount of uplink interference has a great impact on the cell capacity and radius. The interference margin () indicates the total amount of interference (including thermal noise power) in comparison to the thermal noise: u = EbRN/WN0 (1 + i)j where Eb/N0 = signal energy per bit/noise spectral density N = total number of users/cell R = bit rate W = chip rate i = other cell-to-own cell interference
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10.2.2 Downlink
In the downlink, the power transmitted by the BS is shared between all users. The capacity is determined by the power transmitted by the BS, locations of UE and interference. Thus, the parameters needed for downlink calculations include the power transmitted by BS and power allocation to the Common Control Channel (CCCH). Thus, in downlink the capacity is determined by the power transmitted by the BS, locations of UE and interference. This makes the calculations in downlink more complicated than the uplink directions, for in the uplink each user has its own amplifier to transmit the power. Thus, coverage becomes a function of the number of users. In DL the own cell interference is reduced by the factor (1 ). This is due to the synchronised orthogonal channellisation codes, which are used in DL. In the WCDMA system, the traffic can be asymmetric in the uplink and downlink directions and thus the load can also be different in either direction. The DL load is, however, higher than the UL load. The link performance also differs in either direction (the noise figure is higher for the UE than the BS). Soft handover heads are only in the DL direction. The load factor for different services has to be calculated separately. The total load is then the sum of different services in the cell area.
Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G Soft capacity/cell = Erlang B [N(1 + i) blocking %]/1 + I *[Erl] The DL soft capacity is calculated using a similar method.
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Carrier wave measurements are made from test transmitters.The measurements are plotted vs.log(distance).A straight line is fitted through the data. A basic y=mx +c formula can be used to estimate path loss. The formula can be modified to account for other factors eg. Tx height, Rx height & terrain effects
Statistical models:
Fig 11.1 DETERMINISTIC MODEL: The planning tool traces rays from each site through an accurate 3D representation of an urban area. Typically a major component of the calculated path loss is free space loss. The effect of reflections diffraction and absorption due to buildings can be incorporated into the model. POPULAR MACROCELL MODELS:
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Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G Okumura -Hata Industry standard. Not well suited for ranges under 1km. Upper frequency limit 2GHz
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Wave call
Not so well accepted. Fully deterministic no calibration required. Suitable for urban macro and microcells. Available for many common planning systems.
ADD A NEW PROPAGATION MODEL. Type - Standard macrocell Name 900MHz Set up a propagation model with the default parameters. Parameter Model type Frequency cell Mobile RX height Effective earth height K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 Effective antenna height Diffraction Merge knife edge Settings Standard microcell 900 1.5 8491.2 135 38 -2.55 0 -13.82 -6.55 0.7 Relative Epstein peterson 0
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Fig11.3
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fig 11.5
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Fig11.6
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the 3GPP standards. This means that different vendors may have slightly different parameter sets, although there may be a lot of overlap. Many of those parameters detailed here are those suggested by the FRAMES project, 3GPP standards.
12.2.2 TRAFFIC CHANNELS (TCH) Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) User data has to be transferred between the UE and the network. Therefore dedicated resources can be allocated to the UE for the uplink and downlink user data transmission. Common Traffic Channel (CTCH) Dedicated user data can be transmitted point-to-multipoint to a group of UEs. Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
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Similar to the RACH, it is a contention based uplink channel. In contrast to the RACH, it can be used to transmit larger amounts of (bursty) traffic. Transport Channels (TrCH) The transport channels determine how the content is organised to be transmitted. The MAC layer uses the transport channels as service for the lower physical layer. The MAC layer is responsible for organizing the logical channel data on transport channels. This process is called mapping. The MAC layer determines the used transport format, the used cyclic redundancy check (CRC) length, channel coding (convolutional/turbo, coding rate), etc. User Dedicated Channel (DCH), common (FACH/RACH) The MAC layer uses the transport service of the lower layer, the physical layer. The MAC layer is responsible for organising the logical channel data on transport channels. This process is called mapping. In this context, theMAC layer is also responsible for determining the used transport format. The transport of logical channel data takes place between the UE and the RNC. 12.2.3 DEDICATED TRANSPORT CHANNELS Dedicated Channel (DCH) Dedicated resources can be allocated both uplink and downlink to a UE. Dedicated resources are exclusively in use for the subscriber. Physical Channels (PhyCH) The physical layer offers the transport of data to the higher layer. The characteristics of the physical transport need to be described. When information is transmitted between the RNC and the UE, the physical medium changes. Between the RNC and Node B, where the interface Iub is discussed, the transport of information is physically organised in so-called frames. Between Node B and the UE, where the WCDMA radio interface Uu is found, the physical transmission is described by physical channels. A physical channel is defined by the carrier frequency number (UARFCN) and the spreading code (SC) in the FDD mode. Primary Synchronisation Channel (P-SCH) The P-SCH uses the first 256 chips of every timeslot. In a P-SCH a primary synchronisation code is transmitted. This is done in every UMTS cell in every timeslot. If the UE detects the P-SCH it has performed chip synchronisation. The P-SCH (as well as the secondary (S)SCH) is not transmitted under the cell scrambling code, but uses its own predefined code, which is the same for all cells in the UMTS network. Secondary Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH) The S-SCH also uses only the first 256 chips of a timeslot. In an S-SCH the secondary synchronization code is transmitted. There are 16 different secondary synchronisation codes that are organised into 64 different combinations. The 64 combinations are grouped with 64 scrambling code groups, each consisting of 8 scrambling codes. Common Pilot Indication Channel (CPICH)
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CPICH carries a predefined bit/symbol sequence at a fixed rate (15 kbps, SF=256). It is used for channel estimation and for measurement of the neighbour cells. It is also used in an initial cell search to find the correct scrambling code of a cell. It is also used as the phase reference for most physical channels. Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH) PCCPCH is the physical channel that carries broadcast channel (BCH) information. It is a fixed rate channel without power control because it must be decoded by all the mobiles in the cell. The channelization code is fixed by specification and has SF = 256. The channel bit rate is 30 kbps but in order to reduce the total interference it is sent alternatives with the SCH giving a net bit rate of 27 kbps. The PCCPCH does not have any pilot bits in the frame because the channel estimation is done using the CPICH. Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH) SCCPCH carries two different common transport channels, the FACH (Forward Access Channel) and the PCH (Paging Channel). It is on air only when it has something to transmit. There can be up to three secondary CCPCHs configured. FACH and PCH can be mapped in two different physical channels. In addition, if the Service Area Broadcast (SAB) service is implemented it requires an additional SCCPCH. Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) operates together with the Paging Channel (the transport channel is sent on the physical channel: SCCPCH). The paging indicator is sent on PICH, and the corresponding paging message is sent on the associated SCCPCH. Having one channel for indicators and one for messages provides terminals for an efficient sleep mode operation. The paging indicator (PI) uses a channelisation with SF = 256. Depending on the paging indicator ratio there can be 18, 36, 72 or 144 paging indicators per PICH frame. To each terminal registered to the network is allocated a paging group that corresponds to a PI. When the mobile detects the PI it decodes the next PCH frame transmitted on the secondary CCPCH. If the PICH is received with low reliability then the PCH is decoded. The less the mobile needs to listen to the PICH, the longer the battery life. The drawback is a longer response time for a mobile terminated call. Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH) The AICH is a downlink physical channel with SF 256 in which an echo of the preamble RACH is sent from the WBTS (WCDMA BTS). The WBTS knows that there will be a message part coming and starts to listen to the channellisation code indicated by the signature. At this point the WBTS does not have any information regarding the user. Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) The DPCCH has a constant bit rate and carries all information needed to keep a physical connection running. On the DPCCH the reference symbols (pilots) are sent for a channel estimation in coherent detection and for signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) estimation in fast power control. The power control signalling bits (transmission power control, or TPC) are also sent. The information of how data are coded is carried on the DPCCH and the Transport Format Combination Information (TFCI) is also sent as it contains information, for example, about bit rate and interleaving.
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12.3 CONNECTION SETUP Random Access Procedure The random access procedure is used to establish the RRC connection setup when the mobile wants to move from idle mode to connected mode or if the mobile is in connected mode (Cell FACH, Cell PCH, URA PCH) and it is to transmit information on uplink. The PRACH and AICH channels are involved in the PRACH procedure. In the random access procedure the UE sends a trial transmission burst called preamble. The transmission power of a preamble is estimated using open loop power control. If the mobile does not receive an indication from the BTS that it has received the preamble, the mobile will ramp up the transmission power and send another preamble. The power ramp-up step size is configured by a parameter. Only after receiving confirmation on the AICH that the BTS has received the preamble does the mobile send the RACH message part. These is also an offset given in between the last preamblesent and the message part to guarantee reception of the message. As the RACH message is short no power control is used. The mobile sends a predefined number of preambles, ramping up power in between everystep. If the mobile has ramped up the power a predefined number of times and receives no confirmation from the base station, if starts the sequence from the begining and repeats it, but the sequence of ramping up the TX power is repeated only a predefined number of times. The UE will exit the random access procedure if it does not receive a response from the base station before it runs out the maximum number of times it is allowed to repeat the power ramp-up procedure. PRACH and AICH channels are structured to a 20 ms frame with 15 access slots. The PRACH frame is divided into two access slot sets: access slot set 1 (access slots 0 to 7) and access slot set 2 (access slots 8 to 14).
Random Access Procedure: Preamble and Message The preamble is 4096 chips long. It consists of 25616 chip signatures. There are 16 possible signatures in each cell. The uplink scrambling code of a cell is selected from 16 dedicated UL scrambling codes. The RACH message consists of one or two radio frames (1020 ms). The scrambling code number is the same as that used for the preamble. The message part can have
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different spreading factors. The spreading factor is based on a selected signature and spreading factors between 256 and 32 can be used. Random Access Procedure: AICH Each acquisition indication channel (AICH) slot carries a separate acquisition indication for each signature (total 16). The acquisition indication has three different values: 0, no indication the BTS has not received this signature; 1, positive indication the UE is allowed to transmit a message; 1, negative indication the UE must exit the RACH procedure. Each slot contains a 32 symbol waveform, which is scrambled with the cell primary scrambling code. Random Access Procedure: UE Required Information The preamble scrambling code is transmitted on the BCCH (SIB5), based on the parameter. The allowed signatures are based on theBCCH(SIB5) and the UE Access Service Class (ASC). For each preamble one of the allowed signatures is randomly selected. The UE is allowed to transmit the preamble on PRACH access slots based on the BCCH (SIB5) and the UE ASC. For the first preamble one of the allowed access slots in the next full access slot set (1 or 2) is randomly selected. For re-transmission the first allowed access slot is selected. 12.4 PAGING PROCEDURES The paging procedure uses two physical channels. The paging indication (PI) is sent over the paging indication channel (PICH). The paging indication shows that the UE should read the corresponding message on the secondary common control physical channel (SCCPCH). Overview The paging procedure is required to enable the network to contact the UE in idle mode or when in connected mode the Cell PCH and URA PCH states. In idle mode the UE is paged over the whole location area (LA) in the case of CS paging or the routing area (RA) in the case of PS paging. This means that in idle mode the paging indication and message is sent on all cells belonging to the LA or RA. In connected mode the UE is paged over one individual cell if the UE is in the Cell PCH state or over the UTRAN registration area if the UE is in the URA PCH state. There are three sources that might start a paging procedure: the circuit switched core, if the UE is registered but not connected; the packet switched core, if the UE is registered but not connected; the RNC in the case where the UE is in the CELL PCH and URA PCH states. The paging procedure has two phases: the UE detects an indication on the PICH and the UE decodes the paging message from the SCCPCH and checks whether is for that UE. Cells can have one or more SCCPCHs configured. There can be one SCCPCH dedicated to carry paging. 12.5 HANDOVER CONTROL
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WCDMA networks have large numbers of different types of handovers taking place compared to GSM networks. A distinctive feature of a WCDMA system is the introduction of a soft handover (SHO) a situation where the UE is connected to two or more sectors simultaneously. A special case of a soft handover is a softer handover, where the UE is connected to two or more sectors from the same Node B. An intrafrequency hard handover is also possible in the case where an SHO is not possible. Usually an intrafrequency handover is used as the last chance in the case where an SHO is not possible. If neither an SHO nor an intrasystem hard handover is possible, but there are measurement reports confirming that a neighbour cell Ec/I0 is stronger than a serving cell, a forced RRC connection release takes place. In the case of a lack ofWCDMAcoverage, poor Ec/I0, quality deterioration reports from the outer loop power control function or high transmit power from either theUEor WBTS, interfrequency or intersystem handover is triggered. The interfrequency and intersystem handovers require measurements on another frequency band. If the UE is not designed with a dual receiver the needed performing measurements require compressed mode. In compressed mode the continuous transmission of theWCDMAis interrupted and transmission gaps are used to perform measurements on another frequency band. If a neighbouring cell is found and decision criteria are fulfilled the interfrequency or intersystem handover is performed. Different Types of WCDMA Handovers FDD soft/softer handover (intrasystem intrafrequency HO) FDD interfrequency (intrasystem interfrequency HO) FDD/TDD handover (intersystem HO) TDD/FDD handover TDD/TDD handover Handover WCDMAGSM (intersystem HO) Handover GSMWCDMA (intersystem HO) A specific (soft) handover situation is a crossing of an RNC border, when serving RNC resources need to be relocated. Measurement Triggering Implementation of different measurement triggering criteria in the network is vendor specific. Possible measurement triggering criteria include: Best active set cell RSCP (UE measurement report) Best active set cell Ec/N0 (UE measurement report) Uplink DCH quality (RNC measurement) Downlink DCH quality (UE measurement report) Cell load (RNC measurement) Distance UL TX power (UE measurement report) DL TX power (BTS measurement)
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12.6 MEASUREMENT CONTROL In a measurement control the RNC sends measurement parameters to the UE to command how measurementsare done. The UE then performs measurements and reports according to measurement reporting criteria. The measurement control for the interfrequency and intrasystem handover triggering mechanism is similar. There are different parameters for each type of handover, but the measurement triggering and measurement control functionality works in a similar manner. The interfrequency and intrasystem measurements require the compressed mode. The measurements on an adjacent carrier are done during the transmission gaps. The possible control parameters include the reporting interval, the number of measurements the mobile is allowed to make and penalty timers after an unsuccessful interfrequency handover (IFHO) or intrasystem handover (ISHO) attempt. 12.7 HANDOVER DECISION CRITERIA The RNC commands handover when the handover criteria are fulfilled, but there can be different decision procedures depending on the triggering criteria. For example, if the triggering condition Ec/I0 of the serving cell is poor the target cell Ec/I0 is ranked against the serving cell, but if the target cell is better the RNC commands IFHO to take place. In the case where the source cell RSCP falls below the triggering condition the handover decision algorithm compares the source and target cell RSCPs. The RNC commands handover when the handover criteria is fulfilled. 12.8 CONNECTED MODE 12.8.1 Power Control Transmission power is one of limiting resources of the WCDMA system. Common channels (CCHs) are transmitted with fixed output power and the power control algorithm minimizes the transmission power for dedicated channels. The common channels are transmitted with fixed output power. They consume a fixed amount of transmission power resources. It can be seen in the example in Figure 2.43 that the used transmission power recourses for common channels can only take 6Wout of the 20Wtotal transmission power available in the WBTS. 12.8.2 Power Control Algorithms Power control algorithms minimise the transmission power used for dedicated channels. The closed loop power control adjusts the transmission power. 12.8.3 Fast Closed Loop Power Control The closed loop power control adjusts the transmission power 1500 times a second to keep the power at the minimum required level. The closed loop power control uses the signal-tointerference ratio (SIR) to adjust the transmission power. It measures the SIR independently for each connection and adjusts the transmission power an every timeslot basis. The measured SIR is compared with the SIR target. If the target is not reached the transmission power is increased; otherwise the transmission power is decreased. In the downlink direction all the NodeBs participating with the SHO connection measure their SIR and determine their power control command. They independently adjust their transmission power according to the power control commands (TPC) received from the UE.
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To determine the power control command in the uplink direction there is an SIR target set for each cell in the active set. The UE lowers its transmission power when all the SHO connections fail to reach the SIR target. This means that transmission power is increased only if all connections are below the set SIR target. 12.9 OUTER LOOP POWER CONTROL The outer loop power control algorithm adjusts the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) target. The SIR target is used by the closed loop power control as a reference value for transmission power adjustments. The outer loop power control measures the block error rate (BLER), indicating the transport channel quality. There are individual BLER targets set for each transport channel; if the BLER target is not reached, at least for one of the transport channels, the outer loop power control increases the SIR target for the dedicated physical channels. Adjustment of the SIR target would make the closed loop power control algorithm adjust the transmission power of the dedicated physical channels. There are independent outer loop power control entities in both the uplink and downlink directions. The outer loop power control entity in the UE receives the BLER target, the initial SIR target and the minimum and maximum values for the SIR target in the radio bearer configuration message. 12.10 PACKET DATA CONNECTION Packet data is one example of non-real-time service. As currently the applications using packet data vary from email client, Internet surfing to music download the services use the packet data connection. Depending on the service requirements (QoS), the corresponding physical resources are allocated. In contrast to the real time services, the packet data as non-real-time services can momentarily lower their bit rate. Also in a case of inactivity the service can use common channels (Cell FACH) to transmit small amounts of data or can, in the case of inactivity, use the idle mode, as in packet transfer states (Cell PCH or URA PCH) where no data are transferred. Downgrading the bit rate for a packet data connection takes place when the network is having a high load, and resources used by non-real-time services are needed for real time users or higher priority non-real-time services. The target and overload thresholds define the operating space of the packet scheduler the RRM functionality that controls allocated packet data bit rates. In the case of an overload situation packet data services are downgraded until the measured load reaches the load target. If the load is on a marginal load area no action is taken as the non-real-time services are not allowed to be upgraded and no downgrading takes place. On a feasible load area packet data services are upgraded if there is a capacity request indicating that one or more nonreal-time services requires more capacity. 12.11 HANDOVER PARAMETERS This type of parameter, also called handover control (HOC) parameters, is tuned on a cell basis. It means that cell by cell a different value can be set for a given parameter. Those parameters have the specificity to be cell dependent (e.g. a parameter that sets the level threshold in the downlink in order to perform an outgoing handover with a level cause). According to the handover algorithm, each parameter and its usability can be described explicitly. ENABLABILITY Most of the handover types described above are triggered only if they are enabled by setting the enable HO parameter to yes. Otherwise they do not occur.
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PERIODICITY Some parameters drive in terms of SACCH intervals the time difference between two successive similar handover events, such as handover attempts, handover failures, power budget and umbrella handovers. PRIORITY In a lot of handover mechanisms, prioritisation is important in the selection of a target cell for handover. It is based on giving more priority to cells experiencing less traffic load. This issue is driven by three main parameters: a threshold in percentage starting from what a cell is considered as loaded; a load factor that gives in units the offset to apply to overloaded cells; a priority level that ranks primarily all of the adjacent cells. The algorithm is simple. The final priority to rank adjacent cells is equal to the primary priority decreased by the load factor for cells loaded with more than the load threshold. At the end, cells with a high traffic load have the lowest priority and handover is then commanded to cells with no load. Averaging Averaging is important to prevent repetitive handover attempts between two cells. Four parameters drive the process:
Window size gives the number of measurements that should be averaged. Weight indicates the importance given to the last measurement in the averaging formula. Nx is the total number of averaged samples that are to be considered. Px is the required number among the Nx samples that should fulfil the criterion before a handover can be triggered.
Thresholds Once the network performs averaging, it compares the Nx samples to a given threshold. Depending on the type of handover (quality, level or interference, for example), there is a special criterion that Px samples should meet before the handover is initiated. Level and interference thresholds are in the RXLEV terms whereas the quality threshold is given as RXQUAL values. 12.12 LAYER PARAMETERS Layer This defines the nature of the layer relationship from the source cell to the target cell. It can take one of four values (same, lower, upper, not used). Power Budget Margin This gives in dB how much the signal level of the target cell should exceed that of the source cell to perform a PBGT handover. Fast Moving Threshold
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This indicates the time (in SACCH frames) that a mobile should stay in a cells coverage before deciding to hand it over to this lower layer cell. Umbrella Level This is the minimum acceptable level threshold that a mobile should measure to decide whether it is still in the cells coverage area. At the end, hundreds of parameters exist that handle handover and adjacency. Each one can be tuned separately according to the optimisation need. The parameter tuning section deals with some examples of handover control parameter tuning.
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Lyallpur khalsa college Rollout for 2G &3G BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) NETWORK AND RF PLANNING BY ERICSSON SITE DESIGN BY AIRCOM NOMINAL PLANNING BY AIRCOM. CELL PLANNING PRINCIPLES BY ERICSSON 5.) WWW.SCRIBD.COM 6.) UMTS NETWORK PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
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