PRELUDE TO SPARTACUS: THE,RoMANS IN SOUTHERN THBACE, 150 70 B.C.

sing Andriscus' revolt

a.ftcr. rtre Macedonian -rr;ht;;;i""olv-ed, Slri.*d when outside the frontiere of Macedonia primal5. Maedr rema.lned

there had been constant friction. ln 211 phiof Immphorynnal o; but four yeaG latert I the Maedi were ag_ ain threatening M-acedonia- L)n a famous ;";io;; 181 philip invaded Maedica and marched his-troops to the top of .Mt Haemus, _ pri hably in this case Vitosha ot tt - in the vain hope of iatching Danube and the seas surrounding the Batkan i*ninsutar z. "!U-p". iti wE inciaentat" ly, Livy's_ account of this exploit that inspired petrarch to,*"ira Ut V"r_ to'yl in_Ap_dt 1336 - ttrus initiathg the history of modem mountaineer_ urgr .t.) ln 172, the Romans welcomed a Maedian htiance agalnst King perse_ pydna-

U1d9r PhiliF V and Perseus -. seized the Maedian town lip

the

F. W. W A L B A N K (GREAT BRITAIN)

'

1.

Gauls-,and Thrarians, and Ziegterl has argued plausibly that Spartacus himself was a prisoner taken from the Maedi of the ientral Strymon vaUey. Against barbsJians the Romans did not observe tlte rules to which tlrey usuallfr corfonned in Italy or when fighting against more civilised peoplei. As Rich2 has recently pointd out, there was probably no formal deciaration . 9f w-ar in such cases, though oflicially this may have been rcquired. Against the barbarians,' writes Badial3, 'where publicity need noi tre feared and where incidentally the gradual advancing of trhe trontier did not, on the whole, lead to any major new comnitments at aDy one time, Eo flrat the whole process would :lot easily become obvious - there, policy .tf,as openly brutal and aggressive and triumph-hunting an accepted technique., This was so in southem ard central Thrace, rvhere Roman expeditions were often provoked by invasions into Roman territory - but could in any event be represented as retaliation or as a prcventive strike. We need not become sentimental about these wars. As in those of the whit settles against the North American lndians4, both sides displayed great savagery - even allowing for some natura.l exaggeration by the victorss. But Indians and Thracians slike x,ere gradually pushed back or immobilisd. Undoubtcdly the Thracians themselves oftn took tfie initiative, since their economy vras largely gesred to plunder. 4,6 Herodotus tells us6, when describing ttle ideals of ttrL thracian aristocracy, 'to do nothing is the finest thing, to work the land the most dishonourable; but grardest of all is to live by war and plunder.' Professor Danov? has observed that Seuthes ll described such a way of life to Xenophon8- In con equence, the Thracian tribes adjoining Macedonia, and in particular ttre Maedi, were involved in wars against Macedonia ot Rome for about three hundrcd
Yea$g.
SPARTACUS. Symposium rebus Spartaci gestis dedicatum 2050 s. Sofia. 1981.

The slave-revolt led by Spartacus underlines ttle close relationship between Roman imperia.l erpansion and ttre intemal problems of late republican Italy, since it was the direct result of t:eating conquered lurds as a source of enrichment tttrough plunder and sale prisonels. The earlier Sicilian slave-wars tf,re mainly fought by Greek-speaking Etaves who tried to orcanize treir slave-stat oI the Seleucid pattem. But Spartacus' followers iere largely

" they h8d inheritd the ierennial stmggle against the Thracian tribesl 6. It was_ a otruggle fought wiUi great savagery ru$leesngs-. 'The only 31d. .way to subdue *iese exiepti"naff1ruet f&s,, wntes !'lorusr /, 'was to employ their own metlods. prisonen wire therefore torturcd with fire and steel; and, what appeared most frightful to these ba$arians was to have tleir hands cut off and then to be timed l,oose, obligert thus to survive their punishment.' This w8s the trcatment,."h"t t i.ir,irr" :j-o"lyr, g--"luli"q Scipio Aemilianus and Julius Caesar, meted out, to the Maedi and the Serdi irr 3G28 B-C. after which the Maedi are scarcely heard of again as a separ-at people18. Thse Fotr&ted.nrls r.r. * *",o fo.pl*do and agood way of keeping Roman koops exercised. . SuU4' writs Appiant g, 'attac.Ied and ravaged t}le tribes.adjacent to Macedonia, who were constantJy invading the p-rovince, thus giving his army practice and enriching them at

cedoni4 and eoon leamt that with

in 149 the Romans at last estabfiit

it

eO

piort"e in fr{a-

Afl,er suppres-

to endow the building of the famous porhcus Minucia at Rom12 2. The hoEtility of the Thracian tribes towards Rome ie J,l.r.n Ly lhe help which $ey usually gave to her enemies. In the war of 150-49, whrctr ended rn.the. setttng up of the province of Macedonia, the pretnde! Andriscus was helped by the Thracian chief,l,ains Teres and Barsabas and aftr his defeat he found temporary refuge in Thrace23. The Thracian triLe, *ur"-"-fro tn" -a emy-of the client-kingdom of perga-tnum. ln 14b Attalus II oveithrew Diegy"nlis, th king of the Caeni who, in alliance with prusias oi nitnynia-.'rras t aras$ng tie creek cities of the Chersonese,.including Lysimachia2 a The pergai
mene forces were^probably commanded by Strato-, the general ot tne.CnerL_
nese and Thrace26.

In 109-106 M. Minucius Rufus triumphed aftr victories over tle Scordipd the ::rl jlf D*hr. ure upperBessi; he- also cimpaignea againii rt e-iAUaty ana Lhe (xrysae on Hebrus20. Clearly he had not restricted himftlf b the defensive action in ttle Axius valley wirich is cornmemlratea on an irr_ scription iror! luropus2l, but had gcni on to leao punitive i, many.parts of Thrace. Tire plunder ?hich Minucius tirereby gain'ed was used "ip"aitio,r.

the same time.'

Ae !:odi::i in central Thracc,.bur probably also d;dr withir,e ri'sing in t},e I nracran Ohertonese mentioned in a long inscription from Sestus2SJ which refers to Thracian attacks on the town_after ,the kings haa tumeJ into gods,, that is, aftr the death of Attalus III. Cosconius wasierfraps opeiating in tfre
15

lhe _!o-mal- goveqors-of Macedonia - especialy after the alath of attalus III in 134 or 13326 and the bequest ofiis kUgaom to Ro-. th" gor"._ nor of Macedonia from 138 to 1BB; M. Cosconius2-?, not or y iought a;ainst

But from 146 onward Thrace waithe responsibitity of

14

lor_help29, probably againsi Thracians aliied to Aristonicus, ihe pretender to the Pergamene throne. From t,Lis time onwards therc is constant figbting between l{oman troops under ihe Sovemor of Macedonia and various Thracian tribes. Much of the evidence is laconic and does not indicate wherc the fighting took place. But dearly one root frequently used in both directions w:as ttr_-at atong tle Brcgalnitza into the-AxiuE valley. Tipas, the king of the Maedi, probiably' came this way in 119 when, along with the CettiCscordisci, he invaded Micedonia and ki.lled the praetor, Sex. Pompeius, somewhere near Stobi. Knowledge of l,hese-events depends on an inscription rccording honoun votd by the people of lete to the quaestor, M- Annius, who defeatid Tiras after pompeius'-death30. Five-years later, in 114, Macedonia became a consular province for seven_yea$31. In that year C. Porcius Cato rook the offensive3f againsl, the Scordisci, though without success. He was later condemned for extortion, but his two successols in 113 and 112, C. Caecilius Metellus and M. Livius Drusus, troth triumphedSS. ln 109 M. Minucius. whose widespread exprdiiicns iuto Thrace I have already menlioned34, may have used flre BregalDitza roule to rcach the Scordisci, the Dacians and the Tribaili; bui neither his. rout -nolthose of the later govemors of Macedonia who were constanfly fighting the Thracians during the twelve years from 9? ro g5l4 can oe icieniified with certainty. For sk years C. Sentius remained govemor of Macedonia (93-87)3b, hut by t,l.e end of that priod the Thracians had found a new charnpion - Mithridates VI of Porrtus. If the attacks of Sothimus who eluded Sentius and invaded Greece, and whcm Gaebler took to be a king of the Maedi36, were in 88, it is likely that he was incitd by Mithidates. By 8? Sentius had been expelled lfom Macedo,nia and it was only with the savage reprisals of Sulla and his lego,us, Hortnsius, in 85 ihat the tabtes were tumed37. In the lucrative canlpaigr. - probably up the Strymon38 -- which I have alrcady mentioned39, Sulla defeated the Maedi, the Dardani and the Sinti, bur a year later the first two of those tribes arrd the Scoxii:ci irivaded Greece, where they reached Delohi, and botl: the Maedi and the Dardani escapcd the revenge of the propraetor, L. Comelius Sulla Asiagerrus, by briberya0. So enoed over ten years'aimost continuous miliiary activity, wirich ma,y also naJe inciuded Thracian atlacks on the mainiand possessions of Thasos41. In 77-76 the proconsul Ap. Claudius Pulcher dieci fighting in Rhodope; accoding to Obsequens the Maedi wele amorrg his ioes42. liis succesior, C. Scribonius Curic, proconsul in Macedonia from 7i [o ?2, was the first l{oman to bring his troops to the Danube{3. If Zreeler rs right44, it was probably under .4p. Ciaudius that Spa.rtacus fell into Roman hards.
2.

Chersonese rvhen Macnaeon, son

of

Asclepiades, came from Cyzicus

to

ask

oi these campaigns cannot be located. They led rc no extnsion of Roman territory, rhough ihey broughi looi to the state and to individual general$ (and thei! troops). In conrrast to this iierce but indecisive fighting, it is however possible, thanks tc iwo recently discovered inscliptions, io irace more clearty the stages by which the Romans extended their control and frootiers a.long the Thracia! coest of the Sirymon.
As
have sald, most 16

As Dr. Papazoglorr has shown4 5, the newly-creatd province of Macedonia, *'hich was pethaps definitively organized in 14646, excluded the Maedi and took in the Strymon va.lley only up to a point a little north of where Sandanski now stands; tiris inland frontier was taken over Macedonia prima, which had also left the Maedi outsidea 7 . The limits of Macedonia along the coast are more controvet5ial. It is clear that the province was regaded as a jumping off ground for military action against t,l-e Thracian tribes; indeed Cicero asserts48 that 'such vast barbarian tribes lie in its pro::imity that generals operating in Macedonia have a.lways equatd the limits of the province with ihe limits imposed by their swords and javeliru.' Therc is some rhetoric hcre; at any rate the boundary of t}te province along the nortfi Aegean shor was now established at the Hebrus. The proof of this lies in a passage of Strabo4g supporbed by new evidence conceming the important road running eastward from ThessalonicaThere had been a road through coastal Thrace from the HeUespont westwards at any late since Persian advance into Macedonia and Greece eady in t}}e fifth century50. According to Herodotussl, the Thracians revered ihis road, neither destroying it nor planting it with crops - which suggests thai that was,what they would normally have done to a road built through their territorys2. It survived for centuries, and was probably the.ancie,rt royal road leading to Parorcia in Thrace and nowhere deviating towards the coast,'S3, which Philip V divertd in 185 to take in some oi the land and settlements belonging to Maronea; and in 188 Manlius Vulso had met with disaster retuming along tttis road from Asia with his Galatian plunders4. lt was probably primitive by Roman standards, and any eastward extnsion of the frontier of Macedonia was likely to require its reconstruction. It is clear from two passages in Strabo that the via Egnatia, wbich crossed the- Balkan Peninsula from Ap<-rllonia arrd Dyrrhachium, was laid down as far as the Hebms at Cypselabef ore Polibius'deattr(whichprobably occurled shoruy after 118)55.In the first of theses6 Strabo says that the road was marked out with milestones as far as Cypsela, which was 535 Boman miles from Apoilonia, and this figure he converts into stades: 4,280 on the usual reckoning of 8 stades to the Roman mile, but with an additional 1?8 stades to allow for Polybius' ratio of 8r/3 stades to i,he Roman uile, thus giving a total of 4,458 stades;7 . 'fhis suggests tbat Strabo took his figures foi the via E$ratia from Polybius; and that is confirmed by a second passagesS in which he discusses the distance frcm the Adnatic to the Black Sea in rounded-off figures. Ir is his use of approximations in this passage that had led scholars to misunderstand what he is about. From Apollonia to Byzantium - qualified as meaning the Cyanean rocks at the Black Sea end of the Bosphorus - is given as 7,500 stades; arrd this total is made up of three elements: (a) 4,280 stades from Apollonia to Cypsela (on the usual latio of 8 stades to a Roman mile); (b) 180 stades for the adjustmeqt to the more accurate Polybian ratio of 8r/3 stades to the Roman rnile (180 is clearly a rounding-ofI of the more exact figure, 1?8); (c) 3,100 stades, Artmidoms' distance from Cypsela to the Black Sea. These three figures add up in fact to the ?,560 stades, but Sirabo, who is here interested or y in round figures, has levelted ris off to
7,500.

of the via Egnatia

2
CnapraR

Both these

passages lefer to Polybius' ratio and prcsuppose the existence as far as Cypsela. Neverttreless it has recen y been argued

t7

the via Egnatia was built at least as far as Thessalonica shcruy after Macedonia was made a province a.nd virb,lalty certair tllat it did not stop there but continued to tlle Hebrus at Cypselq which constitut d the provincial boundary. This is not the usual view. Geyer in his RE articte on Macedonia63 asserts that when the province was set up its frontier was the Nestus. That river was certairly the boundary of Macedonia under Philip II and Alexander64. But that this was no longer so in the middle of the second century is clear from Strabo's statement, that both after ftldna, when Lhe p.ol6",c were nade independent, and afte! the defeat of Andriscus, the froniier of Macedonia was t}!e Hebrus65. His st4tement is confirmed for 168 by Lily6o, *5o declaring that Macedonia Prima included the area between the Strymon"r*, and the Nestus, adds'accessumm huic parti trans Nestum ad orientem ue$us, qua Perseus teniusset uicos castella oppida praeter Aenum et Maroneam et Abdera'67. Diodorus68 also includes d npia &arcli* @i Niotol isiw& in Macedonia. Finally, Strabo states specifically that the via Egnatia is marked out with milestones from Apotlonia piTq Kugilan xo,i ,,ESgou lrotc.poi a distance of 535 m.p. The nahrra.l conclusion is that the road was built from Apollonia (and Dyrhachium) to Cypsela from the outset. The province of Macedonia extnded to the Hebrus (or beyond) at any rdte to the end of the republic. As A. H. M. Jones has pointed out69, Pornpey received help in 48 from Rhascuporis, a prince of the Sapaei, .ex Macedonia'?0 alld it is clear from the events preceeding the batdi of philippi in 427 1 that Rhascuporis' kingdom embraced the arei between the Nestujand f.he Hebms, ir:cluding ihe tcritoris of the Corpili (a sept of the Sapaei)?2. The simplest expLanation of this is that Rhascuporis' king<iom was inctuded within the province of Macedonia. The via Egnatia was named after the govemo! who built it; and his governoFhip is likely to have occurred soon after the setting up of the province, since the road was essential fo! communicattons at the westrn end and for defence and aggression east of Thessalonica There are plenty of gaps for Cn. Egnatius' govemorship between 146 and 133; on present evideDce he could, for example, have been Metellus Macedonicus' immdiate successorin 1457 3. He is perhaps to be identified with the Cn. Egnatius C. f. Stell (atha) menti oned in the letter of the praetor P. Comelius Blasio to the Corcyraeans? 4. Blasio's praetoEhip is probably to be dated, not in 1?5-160,7 5 but mther in the late 140 s.7 6

by Hammond59 and Radke60 that this road was not, tluilt until aftr Polybi, us' death. Fortulately the discovery of a milestone6l, inscribed in what appear to be the lettr-forms of the second half of the second century 8.C., at the crossing of the Gallikos, about seven Roman miles west of'Ihessale nicq has produced welcome confirnation of the evidence in Strabo. This milestone, found approximately ia siru, records the ligure of 260 in Greek and Latin numerals; and thi6, added to the seven m.p. from thet to Thessa. lonica matches exactly th figurc of 267 m.p. for the second Apollonia-Thessalonica which Strabo attributed to Polybius62. Hence it is now certain that

3.

In 14O tire Hebrus lepresented the eastward limit of Roman terdtory. This was no longer true after 129 when, following on the supprcssion of Aristonicus, the European trritoies of PergamumT 7, the so-called 'Chersonese ard the places in Thrace,'which had probably been organized as an administrative arca by Antiochus III of Syria and had become an Attalid possession in 188, were annexed by Rome. It has usually been assumed th8t thi6 territory was assigned to tle govemor of Macedonia? 8. Kahlstedt? t has indeed shown that some of the evidence sometimes adduced in support of this view falls short of proof; but he has failed to validate his conteniion that until ttre time of Augustus and Tiberius the Chersonese was the responsibility of ttre procoDsul of Asia, for when StraboSo asserts that owing to the prorimity of the two towns Sstus was assigned to the 6ame govemor as Abydus,oizro raic ilztipors 6rcgl6ttaa ity uhe tds rir,/oriac it follows (1) that he is rcferdng to a period earlier tlan the time at which he is writing (and probably before Augustus' provincial arangement) ard (2) that Sestus was, at that time, treatd differcntly from the rest of the Chersonese. At what date this special a[angement was made for Sestus is not recorded8l. Noi only Sstus, but probably other cities of the Chersonese as well remained nominally free, though the royal domairu of Attal.rs Secame ager publicusSz;but separated from the province oI Asia not only by the Heuespont but also by the territories of the free cities of Cyzicus, Lampsacus and llium83' it is likely ihat they were placed lrnder the general control of the govemor of Macedonia. In rupport of this hlpothesis we can now adduce new evidence relating to what happened thirty years latr, when fresh circumstance-s led the Bomans to advance the boundaries of Macedonia still further into Thrace- This evidence lies in a newly discovei'eC insciption at Cnidus84. According to Iordanis8S, under T. Didius, praetor iD Macedonia in 101 and propraetor in 10086, 'the Thracians \'r'erc subdued and their tnitory reduced to a prolince.'This vague statcment, whictr if it stood alone would merit litrle crcdence, received some confilmation frorn the pilacy lalv discovered at Delphi and passed towa.rds the end of tOl,87which rccorded an extension of the province of Maccc.ionia into Thrace under T. Didius, though owing to a lacuna in the txt ii was noi kno',n \^,hat part of Thrace was reie;red to. The new Cn! dian iascription, which contains either a copy of the piracy latv in a vadant translation or, less probably, a simila! instrument, now makes it possible to fill the lacuna in the Delphic inscription. The part of Thrace conquered and arnexed by T. Didius while govemor of Macedonia in 101 was an arca called lhe Caeneic Chenonese. The name was not previously known; but the Caeni a-re of course farniliar. Pliny8S refem to a regio Caenica along vlith a town Elaviopolis. Unfortunately Flaviopolis has not been identified with aly cer" tainty and there may be confusion in Pliny's text8g; but Ptolemy tells us !ather more. From several imperial inscriptions90 it appears that t}te strdregioe into which the kingdom of Thrace had been divided continued to exist as administrative divisions of the Roman province of Thrace. Ptolemy lists fourteer such itrategiaegl. Of those along the Aegean coast the most east elly is Caeniae and its eastem limit is indicated by Ptolemy's remark that 'along the seacoast from the city of Perinthus as far as Apollonia (lay) the strutegia of Astice '. The Astae were evidently neighboux of ttre Caeni in the
19

18

lf
I

ri.
earl!' second century- B.C. too. since both tribes shared in the attack on luanliusrvulso somewhere west of Cypsela, ,, fri. Jr-l"r-"y ftom Asia rn J..!0"'. Ptolemy indicatd that in imperia.l tims the hinterland of tsyzantium and the coast from Perinthus to Apollonia t!"* LT a.major shifr in triUar tirritories belong toitre art e. Uenc", urrt"", tei;;";". idO ;:6.'ar,a tr," g"Llg1-:-t^"lTe was writins (and for this there rhe caenelc Lnersonere ot the new Cnidian inscription can hardly be .the peninsula tlerstooil if tlre 'l'l:racian Chenonese was ol that province rhar if iD 133 ir had heen^lready contTolled by the governor t"f; ;;.-;;;;il;,icui'tt u gor"r, nr-.rr oI ilsra.
4.

isno;il;;6,

ti."

know more clearly how T. Didius., annexation of the caeneic Chersonese in 101 is retateJ to In" piracy law, wficfr wa.s probably passed at rJle "ii"i ilulilr".#ii,.*o i" ,r," very end of that year.9; Thqle seems no doubt, however, that thi ann"*uti"n oiii"-6u"r,"ilLi,"'rion"r" toor. place within the general contexi cf U. eri".-ir"I rates of the eastem Meditcrraaean in 102.101. "^",ipicnl';'."i;,., t,n" in_ Th";;iph:";;:-tnidian ",scriptions tosether reveat ihat various friendlt p;;;l;: i;;, ffiiingssa in the easfm Mediterranean were enlistd t. .ilri.*rr,g tt common menace. A,nonz thesp ucre Rhodes, cyprrli. -cy.en'i.i "iri"6"r-at""l"" re*2 na.;u
were required to .*"_ ." o",lrriiiii,t"r,ng ,r,r, ll^].at-: ltgr r,nav $ould carrv out the iniunctions contained in the documenf^s. SuU-sequenr sovemors or 14"""6on;"i oo incruding rh.;; ;i ;b;:;;;'io*pro.""o

.t"i i,ii b;;sH;j'"#l ti,""t]i'", oi munication "o.,,_between cypsela ana *re Trrracian Lr,i".iJiJ iiil p."ria"a grcater-security for the inhabitants of tirat peninsufa.' PerhSps the Caeni had Ueen couaborJil! *itiijre . certain. of_this until we pirates; uut we cannor bc
f

from .panium tfanaaus t, tr""ouri"j rands received by Eumenes ai Apamea extnded a.tong ;1,-;-:1T.lI1l the.to the neighbourhood of Bysarrthi. rroponus coast. But on the wesr the-:u: any such coastal extension-and it i""_i rir,"ry rr,"t -,r.:.:-"^:1d:1"^"_:f rne uaenerc uhersonese was on the.north-westem part of the cheEonese (in a wide sense). cenr,erins on r.he valrey of th; ;;e;-M-eLliji ir and to inciude t,e rige of the hiui ,ouif, oi.if,u mi#m't#is.rt"naing or xe.u, ""ii and Malkara and, no dou-bt, *re region u"t*"", i'r,"* w8rd. to. Bisanthe. By this annexatio" T. Didir.-;;;;r;J
,,,nf^d!,fi

Diegyris, it,"ni"ii&f,iaep"na"nt ilT1*}:y:B under.territories ""J;;;; Attalus were under threat. urE vlersonese and other inherited from o*..

Bosphorus, as iLs ,uppt.e]sl'tt1"eems more titreextension inland of the Thracidri Chersonese proper, taking "aiioo in the land occupied by the caeni. rt was ttriiriu.nr'tl,ii"iit""ii"a _a a"-

lltlt"ry.g9*n. the the ry rnar rr was !,o

frirl*.'lf l"a etta*

. .Ihe an_nexation of the Caeneic CheEonese facilitated communlcaLrutts with rhe che^onese proper, and though sti"u. irJ"iil"'ili#Lries rater thoughr of the eastward exrension oJ tf,e via ng".tii * ?rfi.iiig the pro_ pontis to Byzantium,r04 Cicero.speaks ott oi li," *iy- io irr"'il"rrerporrt crossing. In 56, in his soeech on t}te consular "r prorince",rds t-omitAning tf,at the via Egnatia was subiect to harUarian attac't<s anJ-a* l"jiii#i_ scattered a.lons it, he refers ro rhe ro"d a. ,o,rr'rumlil*ii-itli'i"?a ""*p, th."ugt Mat,edonia to the Heltespont.,'ura.ilra nostra luJe'p"i"lui"'"ij'",ri"ij esr usque ad llcltespontum mititafis,. In addition t" *"-isi_i .".-_rii""fri'"., tl" ."nexation of rhe new .ei.rirories comptered ;;;;;;r,"s of the inrrior. anc especialty those of theth" ;;;i ;;;;;;;r", oi"it*," UU"" H"b;; irit"y", fr,r. &cess to the
Aegean.

Io, _lgro,, and Syria. Thi governors of Asia and them and. they.

riii.."aon-i1 r,"J'"p"",n"

arr.

ni.
2|

The _province of Macedonia w r no*"nar" area as far as perinthus; and the characier of

trrirories.l Fu her ro" the it was' help of allied states against the pirats -. ,.t,"rgi, "oiieiiEriiJlliio,,." ,r," "outir *" i.r"*'iro"*"ti" C"iai_ inrription that Lycaonia and Cir'tctu *ere JieaiS, p..ri"I"", tir'i'ii'iar ," ,rr" govemor of Macedonia to Drotect arrd consolidite nornan'Jo*", ufong rt" Thracian coast rvhere T. Didius h.q r.1"

tn rhe Caeneic Chersonese. alrea,r., alnq)(;d'byi. J;ir.. ;;;i; glru".n,ng rt i" province along r,r,ith Macedoniit u and remaining there for not less thar_r 60 ' days in each year they were ro rake ,rup" o"i ,","nu" b ticani t.1.o2 to secuie ""ir"""ri"# i;ie,'a;;';iiu-,^.,i'no." ug" alnsl evlctlon, hlndrance or ini[stice. ard before leaving to dcmarcarc toe 0s new

l?-"lllt:^',P,tl,l

t;ii;; ;y

ii"

ljreadt;;;;-;'ii"',ir#,IL'.r c*emu."""l rifdr,li" the;;p;;s; jr r.i"1""itu u"_ "r*ra

of rhe Caeneic Chersonese f;;';;ti"r;;i"dr_"" Tl:]l:! f'.,?ry concemed with raids "f o, uuus ce, may be of thiskind;r1S bui it may also be direcred asainst rhe sreed of Romars ;J ltat;;, *lr"-ii.oili;"a determination to secure native land in the eastem prrrlr"", -iujiiu,f e*rr, ,,ur"" hy fair means of foul. As Crawfonl has i;l;;; which tribute drawn from the easr could find itsiay tu"i i"I i"" *"y in "bserved:i to?frJ u."u fro_ which it had been removed - a fiscat """;.;iry-,f fi; i"* "i#i,ir" **t.,
27

At any rate the. Iorays which conrinued th...ifi 1;;l;;";"-r""i.j "piron"." tributed. to an acrive stave rrade in this region. a;;;;i;r;; r#'i.llJ"o,. """;;; ot war and indeed the wars were forrght parly t" ,r"f, i."Ir. o,r, ,t trade $cnt on independently oi "t1-.i. "pi,rt."t,,,o," ".rp"ig"ing.'iik" i['"'iirt""i"""f"i"_tr"o" i" early modem rimes.r06 Across the sirai"h *A._. children were sold into slarerv hy their parenls in ".";;;;;; ordei pay rhe inreres{ on toars adva-nced uv *,L.r,roi,"oi,iif;; tL raise rnoney to l"r#i"";prg".. "f,"fi1g;jrii Nicor:redcs I of B,rhynia rejected lliarius. reqr*t i."i -ani tt ci^bn alleging that most of his subjecls laa U"dn seirea " 3i^""a f,V rf," publicdni I 0 8 As Rosto'rzet1 ,lo1ui. r os Ur" -taa[_1i il'iiii'i'r'ui'-Jutio, .,rure ettlrel the r.rarlike neiehbours of Bithynia or thel."j pi""",.f"ri"f rantrr,,rds and "li"f "ven rhe klne hi.s"lr ;;;;';;;:r;'ft;;:i"T':'israves are ,rd.lt ;r lrelph ::.-was a .lose link ie irsc rip t ion c ontaining a decree 1, ji io""i,rr r r.,. 11.r":n re too betrveen nimcy and slave raiding. Siral"i.r r ae"cr.ites the har'r. of several rribes betoiv the C;;;;;; ;;'ii;#',ii"o,o"r. ,roiry the lJlack Sea coast and ransomtng 1or, presurnab)y. selllng ) their captives. Strabo notes that in areas uDder the control oi fo"a t", g<l t., the. ai,i ,)f rhosc qho are wrongerl. .,.h;;;; "il.ii"ir"r'tf,"-tut H.." ,;;;;;i,"rv ltlllp h.,p tra:, arailrhle o$.ing to tn* carelessless of lhe "'r'iili',. eoverno:.s . The ctause in the Cnidian jnscriptionl l2 ,"qriri;;ti;';;;;;or of Mace. donia to protect the friends ana al'lies Rr; ["i;?;5i r"ir"ir," ,"rry
1.,

and .l.^ !-t::'s sncw. ho\4.ever. the co,rstant raiCs backwa:ds and forwards across tlr? !ronLIer ..:.Olainr that the Thracians did notacquiesce in thismove; and indeed rhe ftomans mav have preferred a distu.b,il -i;;;i;;r.

r
I

go on;.but

populations and allied govemments.

made
a-

it

$as bittrly, though not always successfully, resisred hj. local

NOTES, ,K. Z i e t e,.. Die Hrtuhfr von Sparrstus. _ Herme6t 83, 19SS, 248_50, .E --'-"'-* "", '"' ,orla,l,o, lo Mu*tun in plu!. _ ,J. W-, i-c h. Dectaring t{ar in theCraj.8.3. Roman rrpubtic in th pedod of transmarine . t expansron. - Coll. Latomus. vol. 149- Brusk I q?6 r'^ ''E. B a d i s n. Rom.n Imnpyiati$n in tfr. t"-n"prtfi. Oxford, 1968, I l. asee D. B r o w n. Burv -', Hearr at wo_r.ra.a x,[". r,",j.J.].riii] p"*i-. rcr.. ror eramprc, the irorior.stories or Diegyr;" r,b il-ililiirilir_rs. oHerod-v 6 7Ch.. M. D a n o y. Attrhrakien. Brtin_Nex, yorl, 1976, l7l. . 9X e n. Ansb. 2. Ag-4gSee B. G c , o v. Der Thratische Stamrn-der Mrden. _ Ih: Omagin lui Con6tah. , emend'h6

---^-fI:!1:].*1, one of large contribution to the flow of slaves to the wesl. bpartacus was many,. and he is unique only to the exknt that his. initiative. and gifts of leade;Iip ,e.".ea frirn' pia"J i"iirtorv. tt u *"" jority of barbarian sLaves 6old in Greece came either " irom asia tUintr arra Sy_ Thrace, the lower Danube ur;-;;;h';;;";;"o?ii," 1a gr. s l-r Fgpogch supplemented Tt tt wesiifre."-r":"r""i !e1 i_por" the red wig" }1:.f?: lh:^x33T bo; and rs ThraciansJ ,u"- by J",".in-roil_ "o_"oy pornr ro a genem.l typeca.Etine 16 The name of Thraex, familiar

fr".

;t

i*Xr"a

ur"r

d T"lv 9t ttre physicaly stronger rhraciair;ilil;.X ;;;; Maedi in particulsr, tley were perhaps among ttre trltes att'actEJ'tv li]i"r""nt., v"r_ ' ro Lucullus, the proconsuiof Maceidonia in ,riii fi ;;f;ri.oi,..", rn"ntion only ttre Bessi - for his victory over whom ie trlu-pi,"j: with rhe Haemimontad, rhe Scodis;i anJ th; C;;k ;i',i"r;ffi" tog"ti,", Btack Sea do.the.Maedi figurc in the brief :l*!11j Nor m the ,sixties and 'fifties. As refe;;;;;;;i;io l"L, rr,r"_ lan campargns I have already mentioned, their last appearance in the historicsl -recoro is as victirns oi t"h;';;;;"r, pun_ ishment meted out to them by
M. Licinius Zrai"r,'p.LoiiujTr"il"""ao"i" from B0 to 2g B.C.120 Summing up this brief survey of Roman activity in Thrace during the ha.lf-century or morc followinp tLe annexal,ion of Micedonia as-a-province, the Romans may be said toi"r" puoreJ-"'d;j-;"il;. 'il: i.]t"rto, or Thrace was the scene of constant pir"itir"lrpJilir_'"i'i?ig.Ji l'i pr,rnaer

q:i#:"T["##.u","#':treJi*:,:,t*ra

ji:il*lx*ti

;:,;:i{i:ii!:*ti.i.,,,1#;:,1:x}t.r"rfi-,"rii::,m;l"i'.an,.ph,ip

* *'if j I Jilot;?l;.ri?.' r1r1 lt:t !.o r.y b xxrv. 4. - s I r a b o. vrr. s. r. (. 3 13. "o, -,,, uii i'" i'"j"' l''l lJ,il ::i*: ftt", ::? t I T".ix,"i5;:fl,"1;,* *, , ) "' l!L i v v. xL . Is.6. IbOn the boundaries of M,"edonia prima see L i v y. XLrv. 2r. t*6; D i od. XXXr. q.-8; below, D. ;.
ford. 1921.8

,,ll

g t y u. X. 41. 4i L i v y. XXvIlr. 5. ?.

rbcf. A. H.

for

tions during the pirate war of M...Lntonius n rbiioi.'it,ii ii coasta.l plain and so blockins the dygl sql1sts, tfrl n..#ir"i"
politicat ends that the Romani
such examples

"."ai iizing the .y,,g againsr the Thracian trihes i mititary tchnique ;;;;i;;;; ",,pf ln'ir,u'rurl,ni,.. wals_and later to be used in Britain i" ti,"t, uitrr.,"" l"ii S".if"ri n".tn or the Forth. It is in
of continuity ,n Lr"i""r"r.""ti#'a].""*a to r"""a i;;; ;;;;'r. iriIr"'pitifi"ioXilt".,

on the hinteaana *re ch;rr;;;:"';;'il;"'J"qui.ea "o.,continuous provinciat tritory extending b"y;;;-;h" H-,-* -'lij'* l* " the north shore of the propontis. Tht;tir;;-il* ^ ;*i_1iii"aii"n", ,".,,, from.a clear poricy of territorial annexatiion but were rather a response ro outside evenls - the bequesr of pclgalurn i, faS ;J it" a,.ir.tJa

r-",., in ijsl-iof,o-;-;'A,;;;i iiiu".,. ,n"v m il"ig-"ii".?"piillii,Ji*ij."a*,r; to the north as fer as Bisanthe.-J trinauy, in iot, ri,i*i. oraiu.,'ii"y -oi solidated their hotd
added the rhracian chersone*

and immobilise rhe narive peoples and t, or the province. During ttre same period tr," ."""["r *"" sr"d*rr]ir":r.iir*,"d i" It is now possible to a"t""iir,r""-.irlii""t,.-rl?. "r"" i,."i""*. ri*,, ,1.:fl_"_"Lt_-,1; province rn sellrng up the the Romar:s occupied th-e coastal ilain-as far as

p;";;i';;;;;d.ffitilrs

Qrpsela and the Hebrus.

[,:il,th""t#ft1,:;#'l';r':;[,,:Tp1ff .il, Tffx*xlJ" j"*,;] il' "na'#;,, ,rilll;,j r5u? ' E e ' s 't);rydd , 5, 1s52. 5-16; cs. r. and L. R o b e r r, BuI. "o,r. 22v. ..prr. II. 8. si cic. ?hrt. lL 34isHA comm. l6. 5. zrD i ) d. xxxtt. ls. 6. z r rrrcs_and B;;r,"";lt;; j;;;p';i v. . p a r. r r"x 28.2; 13. llrEurrop rv. l3rLiv v. per. so,rl"i, i.'iiri. io. r, e o,. ph y rY..FCH, 260 F 3 19r
{$

IYA p p. Mitlr. 5s. ZUThe sources for Minucius'.

9r"*."r,r.rl'biii.vi,i:u:'ii:,ir?iillxliu"i,Ao''n'"0

l?Ftorus. I. g9. z. ltsct D i o. LI. 25. 4 ror s^,

ff.

M. J o n e

s_

Th.) cities of the eastern Ror'lln provinces, ed. 2. Or-

'n1"trtiainspainl

0","...,3tr8 %#l,hr.
,",,,
,,.',iuo.",Jf :

6; D i o
t

c xx\rn. 14-15:srrabo.xrri.4.2c624;forth.l
H'
Ben g

iJ&.'lrr"26ln fa'our ot 134 sce A' N s.hprwr n_ Wh il lolia, 16J 88. - JRS, 67, 197?, 68. n au.

Die stratesie in der herrenistischen

e. Rornan invotvemnt rn Ana.
1

iiI';"{ft'"l,l,li}"CR"?iilllEY;51'*
22

34 r and e-1 1' IV. 1 s37' J:.i:,23.t !t-:?rd -..:l,TT33q zoocls r,'. !!lcn, iv. e_ rusylj 700:134 I- I andnor r1r rhe dare is r?^(!o^Di[enbergerandtsri . N. c. L. .riir," H a m m ond. A history o[ Macedonia. oxford. te?2.184, u";n_L.j ai.*"'Lii.i',i.i, n"."" troops ststioned ih advanced posjrions which were concentlated by ;;;;;;.. M. Ar. nrusi bul rhe rroops Et.ationed tn rhc borders of Mscedonia ir-rOi inii-.-iXxr. S. St o: adduced as a pardlet, for rhese are cteaily Macedonian. :1":]9 ""1 The Roman6 tfr "'' ^" no troops in r.he independenr republics afr.er the fal or;t";;;;;;: rrSee Th. Ch. S a r i k a k i " Op.^cir. {n. 2o). ss_63 tor;hesovernorshipof C. c'p'i'i""

"r

t'r:

jsci

; rGR,

rv

l].

rzE u t r o p. IV. 24, be um iniutit.

rire-':ij, Dr'ii,i*-i.,"* 1'rz-

23

lr
33Faeti triumph. Degrassi, Insc. ltal. XIII. 1 pp. 85 and 561. 34above, p. 3 nn. 20-2L 3sseeTh. Ch. sa ri k a k is.op.cir-. (n. 2o),69 72. 360ros. V. 18. 30;Gaebier. zertschr.Num. 23, 1902, 170, n. 3 37L i v y. P"r. 83; P I u t. Sulla 23i E u t r o p. V. ?. 1; on Hortensius cf. Cran.

'l
,il), 1;S, r). lrr. T he Nestus cf. P to L lll. 13. l-ttli:i!- G. \, e r. ItE l,,iak.doDia..ot. ;6.1. 6ls t r a b o. VIl, i. I c- 323i (r- Vll.
6eems

[ohav.bcnthe frobti.r

fgs- 33. 35i see P. C o I I a r t. Art..i1.(l1 again late., uDdcrtheempire.

Lic. 35 B. g8ftis foUo*s iorn oE Fint, ft rn which he stlrted, somewhere betweeo Macedonia ai)o d**ptyer ei; and the Hellesport;eft r the ravaging of the land of the Maedi Md*'ro,/d, (P I u t. Sulla, 23). 40A p p. tu. 5. In this parsage I accept the emendation ol ra@Aoatujt to tE,t;d d),i, ; the Thracian attack on Dlphi was 302 years aftt tJle Celtic lttack on Rome in 387. For discu&sioa sce G. D a u r. Delphes au l1e et au lr si.cle. Paris, 1936, 392-7; Brought n, MRR, II.59, n. 2;Th. Ch. Srrik ak:5. . Op. cit- (n. 2Ot,14 nn. 1-2. Not all Thracians were hoctile to Rom at this time. Sadalas, the ling of the Odrysae, remrind faithful to the Roman ellianceiE the inscription from Chaeronea, honouring Ametocus, son of Tere6, whom Sadaks h.d evidently sent out to serve undr Sull, (HoI Ieau x. Etudes,I. 143-60). 4lSae R. K. S h e r k- Roman docurnents from the Creek east, Baltimore, 1969, no. '11 (letter of Dolabella, c. 80-78 B- C.). 42ob"equens, 59; cf. E u t r o p. VI. 2. 1: Th. Ch . Sarikak is. Op,cit.(n.20), 79-81 43E u t r o p. VI.2.2;;luf. Fest. Brv.7;l o r d a n i s- De su.nnra tenrpcrum nel oriSinc actibusque gentis Romanorum, 216 (Mon. cerm. Hist. V. I, p. 2?); Th_ Ch. S ar ik a k i s. Op. cit. (n. 2O),82-5.
44See above n-

39,qbove. n.

tg.

tiSS t r a b o. VII, fs. 48 (4? Loeb.), ,,l;lt,o;. ... ti: Mcxz'oiq; Ettti oato iilttot, itt-, d,pei)""to llieoea 't'ouuio, *ri rci ulru iy Yre$o,pilttzo, ; fg. 10. bbl- i v v- XLV. 29. 6. 6?Tt ii,ian passage is ambigt/otrs since it is not cleai * hether ihe words 'praetr " ... Abdera' are to be taken *'ith taccessurum huic parti'or with'qua Persu6 tenuisset uicos caslella oppida'i but pra"let must here mean'except'rather than'as well a!'(which isrvhatitseemstomeanin L i v 1', xXXVIu, 56.3-5 see my nore on P o ly b. XXI.46. 1U in Commenta.y on Polybius, III (in the press), since rpe &now that Abdera (L i v y. Xl.lll. 4. 1r-12 ), Aenus and Maronea (P o I y b. XXX. 3. 3, 3. ,) wre all declared ftt.

195{, 48, is in error in shting that the three towns were included in Macedonie Primaisee N r e s e. Ces(h'chte der griechischen und heuenistischen Shatn. Gotha. 1903.III. 180. t ED r o d. XXXI. 8. 8, the words alie i rltnc " All6ry!.o zai Magnnat ni -limt n"i' . cannor bc used to interpret L i v y- XLV. 29. 6 (se previous note) sinc

U.Kahrstedt.BeitraBezurGeschichtederThrakischnChersones.Badn'Baden,

;c; "'a t).i' 69Op

4!F.

l.

46On this question re M. c. M o r g a n. Q. Melllus Macedonicu! and the pro- Historia, lA, 1969, 422--46. a/S tra b o. Vll, 7. 4. c 323;fgs.33,35;P.Co ert.Les milliaires de la Via Egnatia- - BOH, 100, 1976, 179, n. 18. Se above n. 15 for th boundaries ofMacedo.
vince Macedonia nia Prima.

P a p a z o g I o u. l, nom antique d Sveti Vraa (Sandanski), BCH, 8?, 1963, 537.

inst Jones'view in art. cit. (n. 56). 74. 70t- u . .. RG. III. {. 3 7Il "p p." BC., IV. 87r s.e T. R i c e H o I me s. Thearchitectof the Roman Empirp, l. Oxford. 1928, 82-3, and map facing 81 for the situalion of the Sapaei and CorDili ' l9see C}rr. M. D J n o v. op. c't (',. ;), 134. /JWe know ol no nahed soverro! of Macedonia between Metellus and Licinius Nen,a, whose praetorship is to be datd 143 or 142 (since in it a revolt of a Pseudoperseus

is wescelins s of the MS;3?ir z(i "mendation cit. (n. l6 ), 8, 1 would no longer hold to the objections which I

raised aga-

wa-\putdou,nbyL.TrmelliusScrofa,hisqtraestor;cf.Livy.Per.53)iBroughton.

48c i c. Pis. s?. VIt, ?. 4. c. 322 i se betow n. 56. 19S t . b " ". ]!See Chr. M. D a n o v.op. cit. (n. 7 ). I 4lorHerod.Vll.
DJL

iv y. XXXIX.27. I0;cf XLIL 5t. i4L iv v XXxVIll ,lo 6 ff

55Even-if

115. 52So, rightly, S. C a s

o :r. Ma.edonia, Thra(e and

I yrra. Oxford.

1926, 43-

5 {on Paroreia)

39. 8 on the s[ing rp of:niiesrohes alon! the via Domi posthumor.s additirn, it may r!ell derive from a manuscript Dor lft by Polybius himself (see F. W. U a Iban k Co$menrary on Polybius, III (in the prss), a_d^diiional note on lll. 39. 8 r. DbS t r ! b o Vlt, 7. 4. c 322. for what follows see my note on,Thoriginal x-

tia in southern G.rul is

f o lyl-'. Ill
a

MRR.l,{i2;Th Ch.Se kakis.op.c,t. (n.22).38 9,1?0. i 4SEG, IIl. 451; P. K. S h e r k. op. cit- (n. 4r); cf. G. R o m i o p o u I o u, BCH. 98. 1t7,1.811. i5S" tl n t I e a u x. Etudes d dpigraphie et d'histoire gques, V. Paris, 195?, 438 -46i BI-ou gh to n lvlRR, I 438. /bH. B. M a I r in glt. NC, 9, 1969, 103-4;M. H.C rdw forC. Roman Rpu. blican C^oinage. Cambridge, 19;{, L 239-40, no. 169. r/Pol)'b.xvlll 51 3:OCIS,339, jins 12 ff.icf. H. B e n g t s o n. Op. cit.. rn. 1i I,ll. 22; l.Sc(. rorc)(amplF. H. Ben g r son. Op..ir. (n. 2n). ,232,n. 2 ,eOp ctr n t6.:rl 3 when, for exanrple, Cicero ref.rs to Piso's r.raladminjstra. \'ls prrt of Pisos province.
nIS I r
a l, o. \lll. I ?2. .. 591. ' (,ClS 339. the Sesrrsn decree honouring

tir)n 1n the iihcrsoncse (Prs. 66). rhis cannot 5e passed as evidence that the Chrsonese sin(o he also.efcrs to outrags in Pyzantium, whkh sas a

tutoftheviaEgnatia.'-LiverpoolClassrcalMonrhtt.2.t9;7,;3
superseded in some details by the present paper).

(rhough rhi; nore is

57O U e r I u m m e r, RE,'Egnatia via'. col. 1990. inexplicably takes the 1wo fi' 8!res to rpresnt the distanco starting from Apolloira aDd that slarting from Dyrrhachi um; yet Strabo explaiDs clearly that he is concerned with two melhods of converting m p. into stades, and that the junclion of the two branches is equidistant from both ports. 565 t r a t o. VII. ts. 5? (56 Lo.b). 59N, C. L. H a m m o nd. Thewesternpartof theviaEgnatia. -JRS, 64, 19?4,

Menas, son of Menes, and daring shorLl\ .tfrer rh! *!,,1:. ol .'\rislonicus. speaks of Menas' undertak;ng embassies a",i; L, : n1.n,.,;;|,i.:,i1rt,;-i-,,tit":ia;'hou\i(t.,ti:tilt z,.tto nd; _.1oiozdt'ic tr"totitot; b'rl rhis N:!\ \err narural iD the immediat circumstance! of the bequest {nd the revol' ar.i "," .1 ,r,rr r., itr'Ilv rh.,t SesLus was aarached from rhe outset to the prolince of -Asi.. 'rt' c ,1c [.sr agr. ll. 50. ,\ll2licos agros in Cherronesoi lateEthis area. not ne

192-4.

60G. R a d k e. RE, Suppl. B., 13, 19?3, Viae publieae Roftanae: Via Egnatia,

.ps.,,!,rusltheasrrpublrcr.p".$.lr'.roAg.ippa\iandrrDio.tir _9b. .\-.9orr,. dor . . . See lurlhfr A. H. M .l o n e s. Op. cit. (n. 16), 1683For rhe eviderrQ s"e A. l.-. s h e r w i n-w h i r e. Arr. cir. (n. 26).69. n. .tE Onlr- liir lliunr is lhere some doubt whether its freedom was earlier than th Sulian

col. 1667.

61ri. R o m i o p ou I o u. Un nouveau milliAire de la via Egnatia. BCH, 98, 19?4, 813--6i cf. P. C o I I a r t. Les milliairas de la via Egnatia, ibid.l00, 1976, 181-3, 187 197- no- 1. 62po tyr. xxxlv. 12.3. =sr.rabo, vlt,'; 4 c.322

8 llt. H a a I l, l,l. H. C r a w f o r d, J. R e y n o I d s. Rome and the aste.n poqp6,,r the cnd ". Ihe.ccond .enrurl B. C -JRS.64. l9?4. 195-:20. ol

n"l o r tl a n r s De sunrma temporum uel origine actibusque sentis Romanorum, 2rg (l,Ion. Grm. llist. V. l. p. 28). ad postiemum a Marco (sic!) Didio et ipsi (sc. Thr:cesJ subacli, et k)ca eorum in provinciam redacta, iugum excpit Romanum-'

lr

H;iyjffi i;N;l,f*$','t*,"1 *r**fi-r,,*r

*T*$.i"i;#:[ffi #f'li-ii},,*:r:T:"f
ii*.T;:.',M
Hc
r a w I o t d, J- R n o r d v s. Art. cit.(n. 8{),2r3.

I l4.q.rt. cit. (n. r06).a8-49:rh

;gg;s.

;'

;."i,.;i'.;;

?i;,i"*l,,,iT,iliy !J.",m"lfl*".i1,[.ffi :il"fff ;l;

nffi [i141,fi5ifrir;rffi;*#$x:;*m]r*ffi :
*"r*",,[fi;i?,+ff l,:Ti""**hlilfi.]1'si?%r:u.ll:ft pil.iilTr

ffi 'q.t:Tlffi ;-ilt:fr f#,t'*::;'**ir";*

*.*,'''^gf i',Ti".,"i,'i*f$,"H{fi;,..$;r,;f

,*r*,*j-ri*r,,,,.,

::l

"::**li$*iih1,l*i#

j:,:rir*jrr:!:.r"**,iii:n,::

;:

g}$$-*,,fli"m,*gm

*rgffiffi
:. ":.."

d{,Ht",fr *fi$fl i,,ffi*;lq[*-$+*'i'i'i-,,'i"i-'sir*.";

;:lglii##u'rll#,,!.,.i't:;ll;id."liriilli.i1';c;,,^;:fr ;o4-.-s

""",T,i{{{:}i,:ill}i,"*?::r;'il:*:h:*:::"r';;';"ir,"r"i'rr.-

**iil$;lti::-,:""j;

:::,'"{ffi i+i$ +'l,i:[th-

He,,enistic wor,d, """. tr'fl fii"T:i,:it i:"fiA :: jbe

:ffi

.;

**.i:*i*gtr*lt$***':,,.'l;:lmrri]"..j,"il
26

Studia

in

honorem Georgii Mihailov

ANTIGONUS GONATAS

IN THRACE (2$-N1

R.C.)

FRANI( W. WALBANI( (Cambddge) When Alexander's empire was divided up after his death, Thrace was seParated was a he tage that had. to be fought suggestedr, it was Probably that struggle which kept i"i-"rd. C"otei Mihailov has

t orn i'it"""ao"i",nd allott;d to Lysimachus.'It

the founh end "i i*l."it"r-J""f the early conflIits of the succissors By the new foundation of -of had coifirmed bis hold on Thrace and bis Jri"* Luiirni"r,u, i-.i-i"rrli" (309i8) was intended to be the capital of a kingdom stretching across in ,t'. Sii"iii ria coritroueo by a ruler "with one foot in Europe -and the otherhis in 28I led to the disintegration of eSu.:' r-rrirn""r,ui; oeatt it Corupedium i.i."a.- i"O botb the Greek citiei of the cqasr and the local Thracian dynasts orroitrritv to assert their freedom,3 Seleucus, the victor, clearly aimed ".ir7J,-rr" 6,jtaet ptin, for he hoped to combine Lysimachus' realm (which since ;i;;";;; stretching far

zgii"irriLJ trr" *iole'of Maceclonia) with the seleucid Po-ssessions. *-to -ttlu- S""""* would have reunjted a )arge section of Alexander's
i!l-",iJr'"

emPire- But

*"t ii*it clown by Ptolemy Ceraunirs as he crossed-over-into Europe and and the it" Sioitr-"ontiroed to bi: the boundary between the Seleucid. realmThe four ii""J.- .f whoever succeedcd in winning the north Balkan peninsula lhat of Corupedium and ,.i?i,rliJ sepiiate seleucus' victory over-Lysimachus' atto prove decisive for the it Lysimicheia were i-rti".rr.- c"i"i". over the Gauls of iriri". i,i u.itt Macedonia and Thracei and as a tribute to lhe scholarhiPlike who has done so much to further Thracian studies, I should ii.ot"t*i f.Aiftrifor, Antigonus' connections with Thrace during these, for him, all impodant t" "i"-ir" yeaIs.
1.

Fotlowing the death of his father Demetdus Poliorcetes in 283 Antigolus was a given E Lineaom - if we except the Greek cities over which he had been left for the east in 28116.The Greek and Armenian TV"li'Iiit il ilin bemetrius years iex'ts of the kinp. lists in Eusebius (based on Porphyry) assign Gonatas ten rfi" ,"blesa and they explain the disciepancy from the facl lhat he -ii" iir- a. v.iti in ct"... "uelore conquering Macedonia They are thus ;;i-;;;;r-;";

linn-Jltt ori

following Demetrius' ;;;;. ;;i i;;, zSilo uut ttorn 2832 (he Macedonian vearyea$ and how soon he i.rri'rilgil.j wr'iiii-s antieonr. haiboured during thase unknown But .J"r.i" a.Jra.a i" eo all out ior the conquest of Macedonia is was entirely.to the his in 281 ii"""ii'*lrJh 6rri*Eo on I-ysi.act'ul defeat and deathhis eyes on Macdonia and advantase and it is clear rhat over next few years he had il;;;;; r,. lirn"rt.o a series of incursions into Macedonia and the area around

the

Straits.

503

An important text for these events survives in a fragment of Philodemus

,[sQl

reading, 90) in Antigonus' first year as king of Macedooia. As part of the argument disqediting these unreal figures the papyrus ftagments give a brief and often illegible ac.ount of certain events occur ng durilg the relevant years, which would have precluded the write! from writing in the terms recorded in the "letter" eitlrer in the (Athenian) archonship of Euthius (now fixed as 28312) ot in that of
Anaxicrates (27918). Henca, the argument runs, the letters must be forged and the conclusions resting on them must be rejected. The p nted text, based on the two papyri, unfortunately contains restorations which depend on Mayer's assumptions about the contents and these ha\'e iutroduced some elements of confusion. Mayer prints the relevant passage as follows:

rd:v Ercouxdrv, which is preserved in two papyri (1. Herc. 155 fg. 8.5 and 339 col. 5). This fragment, which was published by A, Mayero, contains part of a demonstration that the exaggerated figures.for the length of Zeno's life Siven by Demetrius of Scepsis (101 years) and Apollodus of Tyre (98 years) derive ftom forged letters purporting to be part of a cofiespondence between Zeno and Antigonus Gonatas (cf. Diog. Laert. 7. 6 f.) in which Zeno claims to be 80 (or, according to another

unattractive suseestion that oDe should read ro0 p[i1 d]v[o]IcpBdverv Only the i""JGi" p"p]iss is involved here sirce in pap' 339 the whole of the relevant ohrase is illesible. ---Wt " r, we ire dealing witb in this Passage is a very brief proof of- lle Pr oPosixon th"t ui * ti-i U"tore 277 was Antigonus in a position of power in-Macedonia such as *"rfi-uffo, tirn to speak of hirns;lf (as he apPears to db in the forged letters)o-ut -particular ". two dates are singled(line l0). In ali the Mdcedonians t, ""*;;a;i ;;;;'i;i; ;;irn;"silute. rt'" Iirst is lhe Athenian archonship of Eutbius (283i2), rrt',[L is ttrus corifirmed as the first regnal year (i.e. from I Dios) of Antigonus. followinp the death of Demetrius Poliorcetes in the year 28413: as Chambers has shownreJit was indeed from 283/2 that Antigonus later decided to date his reign' The same claim was eouallY impossible for the year of Ana).icrates, 27918 This was the iirst Macedonian 'v.ui;n iutti.tt the thron! was unoccupied, since Ceraunus had oerished in Januaiy/February 279, fighting against the Gauls. and Melea&er and

dr[or]p6rpcvtog [o0rdv] ron p[(o]v )"oppdverv irpcvtog xon p[(d]v [rlt1v floou].elov xai perd dlv Auoupdlou 're]reu[Tlv fovcrfl xol lll.ox[_ rop6l1[ovr'] ai orov6[a]i ( rQ ) fovcrfl zcL [Acz{vtrrv d1v 5 xqdqoog rflE Morc[6o]viag dxninret rd[Iuv eiE d1v] 'Aoirlv. lO llrepov E[reoLv 1] [v(xlocrg Ke]"'l 'Aoafiv- e?0' 6teoov E[teolv vl fvixnoac kel.] rotg ro0 pc[olr]"[c]icrv More[66vov iiplotol . roig 6vov^ iipfioro],. Pc[oll]'[e root' ett' rin' Et0i cirot' rtt' Bn' Eri0iou vodlruac Eourti uCv LlJrE EO.UT(I) IV elhc <oor' etr' dn' Ei0iou ypd[rpog 6cur{r ptsv elre neiO [eo0ou] Moxe66[vrov otrllr]B6lv] rdwaq, ).[6yrr]v 6aurdv [dp1er.v triv Mcr]xe[66v]rov, oi1[rro] 6'l eile r[6t'rivrroE Bc]ou].[eiav,]. elk' tn' r[6t' rivrroE Bn]ou].[
'Avcrfr,x[pdroug d^yqopw.

ooo

[yey]popru[o

Antioater had toeether ruled only another three and a half monlhs'" I hc a.nrment is hiehlv-comDressed and,'whether deliberately or not. does not mention Fi'ni"., c.rur-o"i bv nime. lt concludes that in Euthius' archonship Antigonus did noi ooir.tt Macedonia nor (probablv, since the text here is considerably restored) JiO h. y", have any kingdom aL al[. Whai reasons wer given.for excluding the u."horsirip of Anaxikrate-s we can only surmise, since the text breaks off at that ooint. Bui before that the arqumenl ii supported by four sratements. The last of [rr".". etg' imoov. . . iipEqio (or dpxerdi). lt is generally and Properly agreed' must reter 10 Aitisonus' victory at Lysimacheia in 277. (But clearly ooe may not
rrse

iarlier.) Before'the mention of Antigonus' beginning to rule Macedonia three ottei fi.ts are Usted: (l) lines 2-3: someone prcvented someone else from taking poiiir.ion of the kingdLm. In the context the person Prevented must.be AntiBonus lnd rhe t<ingdom -Macedonial Presumably the person- Prevenling him was
s'ince this was before Lysimachus' death at Corupedium in January/ FiU-arv 281 0ine 3). (2) lines 3-4: aiter Lysimachus' dearh Anligonus was granted i*frictt rnusr,'toeiiaUv, have had the'effect oI debarring him from proceeding

the restored ph-rase Eltcouv y'l as evidence that somethjng happened three years

..

lrii.u.hrt.

Fortunately Mayer also gives the readings of both papy in capitals with dots under doubtful letters and brackets around restorations. Thus the word [Aox6]vov in line 4 is shown as wholly bracketed in one papyrus and in the other shows only the letters - vov. The restoration [Aox6]vtov depends on Mayer's bclicf8 that the reference is to the defeat of Agis ard the Spa ans in the evelts desc bed in Just. 24,1,6. This, however, is highly unlikcly, since Justin is there describing a victory of Antigonus allies, the Aetolians, not of Antigonus himself. It has however misled A. C. Johnson and W. W. Tam into a discussion of lAqrt,6]vtrlv as if some form of that word stood in the text. Johnsone emended it to [Mon(ed)6]vrrw - though he laterl0 preferred [ 'Ao1]v6v. Tarnrl used it to propound a quite unconvincing ahesis that it referred to a poeple, the Lacones (with an omicron) living in eastem Macedonia. "It has naturally nothing to do with Spa a," he explains; yet it was only because of Spa a that Mayer prit it in the text iwith the omiclor as-a solecism). Earlierl2 Tarn himself had tacitly emended to [Aa?d]!ov. Mayer's restorations in the later lines are based on the forged letters in Diogenes Laertius and are mainly acceplable, though in the middle of line 9 Mcrxe06vog is preferable to Maxe66vtov." In line 6 E[reoLv f] is a bold restoration, for only the is visible, superimposed above the line, Other restorations would be equally plausible. e. g. (if the reference is to Lysimacheia) 6[v @poxfl]. In line 4, ai Nachtergaello (antiaipated by Grilli)15 points out. ncrp6lovrol orovooi is the obvious transliteration rather than_ Mayer's lupix_ovr'oi onovbqi which involves an unlikely elisiofl of nopilovrou.ro In line 7 Crillil reads dqletou instead of i]p!oro, undoubtedly an improvemeot. Finally, in line 2 Johnson,rd not unreasonably uneasy at p[icr'lv, makes the bold but not

^iir"" Macedoniat. t:i tinit asainst

.,h.^rJosv
sliesests that

,{ntinoor.. was driven our of Macedonia and batk to Asia. It was after this that he bear"the Gauls and began ro rule over the Macedonians. The first problem is-to jdentify the truce granted 10 Antigonus-(line 4) .The

5-7: having conquered lvo.tv, someone. presumably

was somehow imposed on him: indeed Tartt" insisterl been defeated.and drew rhe il;,-;;"E;;?i onovbci 1src.) implied thal he had Piraeus The phrasing would lii,?.lii.-1"".rri." ii:at aileirs hhd recovered lhe necessa r."*.r". Ui iouatlv appropriate if for some overriding reason (notprevented ly a i"i""ii eirirg"l,ri iad'llad'to accePt a trace and this, b, its nature, around him ffuce ir;;;tui.fi; Mr"edonia. The most obvious occasion for^-such aNachtergael2r this ';;;"6.ii;-ir*1i." -"i iiions, -anJ uort' Heinen22 and lr .are to set it irr this context. Following Ptolemy's accession Antigonus bad

it

;nclinea

ffi;

^ii""i."a ;i;;.;;;; ;i.i." i; C,"".'",t' *hi"h uas accompanied by the anack bv Areus of i-n Aetolia 25 Tte onov6of mentioned by Philo-demus were s;;;;; ;; u. "Iti.t entered into around 280179 in response to the Gallic threat to "i"t ^t fr- tfl"n. Ptolemy 6r""...'ft. ,""*rs will have been Anligonus and the Greek states bultruce' for too.26 He certainly-ha-d a very direct interest. in a iri ,*u"ulr';".iro.O kind was a G;;;;it i,ras in the front line of attack.2' A general lruce of thisrhe effect of trJa]iionui r.toort* to such a national crisis and w-ould of course have J.lriiim err!*rrs from tuIther aciion against Macedonia so long as it remained i"-i"i"",'*r,i"'t ?,t point Philodemus see-ks to make The onov6ai cannot bc the "
s05

fr;rn unsuccessfullv and this failure no doubl precipitated the subsequent

504

109

90s r"qlouB patuqsuoc sBlssolol { eql snqr

lq8rur oqm'snqcorluv uos.snrnalss
',(ue1o16 lsure8e e,rrsuego,(ue 1no palnr q.rq^{ stlo^er leuietul qlv.' dn peq se,tt'raqlPJ srq Jo rapJnur snojaqrEe4 aq] roJ eSueAer atQeurut {ees 01 papadxo uaoq e^Bq
pscPJ Se^\ 3r{ }aEno aql

uro{ Iorluoc uI sE,,r\ seueqlsos (.Ia1el sraed dgq Supp ,(q uehlq uoijo sriuo8quy se) so?alotls se sdoorl eqt ppuuuruoc pu? allll lBltol oqt pesnJer '8llDI pelcala q8noql 'oqa,r seueq]sos urEua, ? Jo lolluoc oql lapun IIq eruopece;,1 'dr[qd .raqlorq s(rapuessEJ Jo uos eql 'reledpuy Pu? reaeeler\ raqlorq s,rur-etoti f,q iurar goqs regv pqEI eql ol soeqo rq8norq peq (647 ,tuzn:qeg 7f,.renue1 ur) ,(ua1o14 ;o qleep oqt pue uolsE^ul .I[eC "ql eJeq,4\' 'Iuopa.El I ot uoquellt ureru srq alolep o1 ae4 snuo8quy Uel snqcoBuv.ql1,r\ ecead aqa 'ereql ecuanlliul ou peslcraxe eAEq ot suees aq arllrerd u! lnq 4:dle{![un snuoSguv leql rr'suoluttuop sr rrer1l ulelsea ul lsorelur JIE pauoPueqe ^tleulloJ .snqc"rurs,{'I Jo uEd uelsv ?qt o} tlrelJ s[q pacunouel snuoalluv pu? euolql uBruopecel I oql ol rulPl. IIP pecunouar snqcolluv 'paJga ur 'lr q8norqtr 'fun1uac plrql aql Jo se8ueqc pcrtlod eql ur teer8 Jo luata uB ser'r 'se.lseudp prJnalas puB pruo8quv eql ueedlaq"cue.rJru8ts suotteler pooS ;o poued 3uo1 e o1 peraqsn qcrq^\ 'acBed srql (snqcoquy Jo ecelu pu relsrs-JlBq eql 'ellqd puB snuo8quv uea,{taq) eS"uJel.u cgseudp e q1r,,rr uolqsPJ lBnsn aqt ul pelEas sElr' lr :8az uI snqto4uv pue snuo8quy uea^\leq eppur serrr eoeed (upuec lou sI rr q8noql) dlqeqord :snqcoquy o1 peqdde e^pq ptnoqs acnrl aq1 ,(qa,r uoseer ou st araql puu epsuruad {eerC sql pue sus{leg aq1 yo saldoad aql o1 ratuep e f1r:uruud sEm {ceue rgpg aqa snutereC (ua1o1g papnlcut a^eq ol palunsse eq lsnu U 'rulq .{q lcsllE {ue }sure8e EuoparBI^I pam.es srqt eJurs 'pu? (1og,touo y eu[) 082 uI ?marC ut snuoErluy Euy'1o.rur acn-r1 E:aue3 s ot pet p?q s[neC eql uorJ lEelqt egl 'lceroc sr snuapolrqd 1o eEessed eql Jo SurpuelsJapun rno JI reqlo qcee ol uopslel ur e8uluzrpusrp s lB se. lasulaql 8u4lnd lnoqlln s{ealo el{l Suorue a8eur poo8 e elee:c o1 SupJeas uaaq e^?q 1e,tt dlpnba p1noc,(eq1 acead.{pYa.rp peq deqr teqr u?aur lou paau sql lnq ls8uq o^\1 ?qt Jo qsee urorJ seuBu"crau 009 Jo suoFnqlluoc lBcquapr psureluoo ,.6L2 Jo uunln f,1:ea ;o .raururns elut eql u! aelfdoru-req; erl6 cgsela sl ase.rqd tE slnea) eql lsu!ae pllqurasse qorqa. aroJ IeeJC eqt tsqt ^\ou:l eql lnq '(t9^xoo ,ro,rgdl) erml 8uo[ B patsEl rB,,r eq] rruouurelr'{ o1 Surp:occy
s^\ lr pue LLz o! 6Lz euof

'EttloperEhl Jo -r?In] reurloJ

sV

lo

aloq^\ eql, IeAo

e{sl

lv

'urq roJ dl?lEunuoC'pau auo ueql e:ou.(q snollsEslp puB uoqs eq ol sgi^ uSlsr slq lnq ,:eluopecEl,^l
A\ou pFoc Auelold AJoIJI^ stq Jo unsej

sv

'IElUaplJUI SB^\ ecerl,J. ruopactr 1 trsure8e flueuud patrarp se,rt uolleredo eloqm aql 'sseuosreqJ eql Jau uorlcz pe^lo^ul 1l q8noq1 .. peuaddeq peeput se - snuo8nuv rapun seqp {eerC sql or llo^u s e{o^ord plno^\ s&\eu aql tEql laBuEp lEeJ B eslnoc Jo s,{ eJeq} ereq,t{ '?reero o} etuo l" peurnlar a^Eq lsnur dur:u aq} l?aJap lPdBu eql Jo Sqlureel Eo tng elled le lsrrJ eq o1 pa:noaeepua f,uJE eql elq,\l 'EIuop?cEW paqcear eq aroJeq Ees te urq Sq8ualzqc pue laag s,frualold tno 8ur^\BJp 1e perure a.req 6e.tr {Bur snuo8rtuv suue o/rr1 oql saa^u?q uoqeloq? oc l?r$c?l dldurl lou paau srqt lrq:laag E sE lle^r sB duuE ue qlllt\ palcull? snuo8guv essuosreq3 uElJsrql eql J?au aroq.$auos lq8noJ ,{lqeqord sB/( }I 'os sl r?qr JI etuop?cer{ olur ereqceurs.(1 u6r; pacue,rpe peq,{ute1o14 sJoJeq acetd rlool tr leql stseSSns ?allPrrPu s.uouuatrAl lnq p?Plocel lou sI alDeq eql Jo uotlPcol eqI'uouluar{ o1'8urp:occz 'eqoeofl 01 - eceejC ol .tlelpqtt^{ ol ullq SqrroJ '{rEue .snuo8lluv paspda-r ,(11n;sdoccni,{ue1og }eeg srqr q}l1[ 'el$eq aql ur alor roleur e pedeld pus'lserc slr sE uoll E pue tsp,{ e qlu(i ,,lq8le,, snotuBJ el{l se lle^{ sB '(!ol4oll1do)
^\erc idrqs ssellcep puB s?urerenbumb ',,s?xIs,, peulEluoc 'tunof,.e pels.raSSBxe sdeq:ad s.uourua4 ol SulproccE 'qolq.&\ pelcBraH uorl uorpenbs alqeraptsuoa aqtr se qcRs stuaEuDuoJ pelp i(q pala,ns ueeq psq qcqL\ 'snqcerulsdl;o leq1 peulBluoa slql lcBJ ul :leau ealpeJJ? erour e peratsnur trlluapl^e dualold peltEJ {cus aqJ 16 ersv

" stt{ olreqlle sulelqord lvuratur .snqcoguy 11o;dxa ol Suidoq sem ^\euaJ snuoSouv Jl se sloo; ,{prega.r l[ lng poplo.er lou ere ]at\ eql .IoJ ssosser pulurou eql'ecBrll Jo syed paaes eleq,tuu snuo8tluy lnq:BrsV q sear Surlq8g eq1 '(,z 7o"r7) sn8or1 o1 SurprocclT Brrluod BelceroH punoJe pednoJ8 sonlc lo uoqleoc e pue erudqlrg Jo sapourocrN o1 i(1p se 'snqrolluv tsurs8e JEm E uI pe^lo^ur au"caq aq eraq^\ 'lsgeq ou eql ol senl^rpe u^\o sJq peueJsu?rl aq 'suolssessod I"arC Jeqlo sq puB qtuuoC Jo aSnlp uI sruele.IC JeqloJq-JPq slq 3ul^E?l'PuB quou eql ol pelcenp uqs erarA s3i(e s[I{ redord ec?erc ur uouc? ol Jlesult{ lcF}ser 01 lueluoc lou sEAl snuoS-4uv 'eluoparI/tl uo sldueue elelPeul,u, reql.rg duY uro4 teerep slq ,{q pa8ernocsrp q8noql * eueds .IoJ .telseslp ul paPua 'Io^e,rroq 'qrrq,{ lcpllE 0E - en8Ee--I uellolJv eq1 '!'a11p .snuoSrruv uo llerlE uE paqrtmEl'Eljeds eruEs eql tp:ssoslu"8 wruopacell ryeql peladxe Jo 8uq snolllqtlle eqt'snerv "ltrD '[urelou Jo spueq eql tE lpeJep srq dq pes?ploque 'eeeq]V uJe]seld Jo seFlc eqr pue s11odop3a1r1 'so8ly :elncrued uI'saFp IBre^eS'ecearg ul tlo^eJ eqt qU^\ eu{l srrll te peldnc?o ,{llnJ peJ ur se,tr snuo8rtuv /r'lou en,t.,(eql leql sl pootlllefl aql PUB palue:8 e,rem slsenber esaql leql des tou sa-o'p eq tnq :snqroluv tco4 dlaq FrtuEuE pus snuo8rluy uro:; uodsuer Jo ueol eql pelsanber snqr:dg '(I Z'II) unsnl o1 Surproccy sdoo{ Jo pepnuep ,futunoc eqt punoJ tr ueq/rr [?lEJ aql puB "uoclno uorsB^ur crllEC eql aase.roJ d1p:eq ppoc puB pluopscBtr l urog i(eme rq ttrlq eas ol
(roru:ol ot urelc olur re,{o passorc eq '082 {er{ ur .(lqqord'ps? 'auolJ lsuleEu dleq slq pa'l-lJllos pErI qcq^\'umtue:eJ qlrm Surleqo8eu se^i snqrrld dpua4e 1ng ':e8uzp snouqo
pslS ,(U?lenlEu sB^r oq,n 'dura1o14 dq papl^ord serroJ J4ue1sqns ,(q p?croJuler

ol l'arqr snogas E rueserd 01 peuaes e^Eq lle,t prnor ?seq qrns %il,qn,fl?ff " ot rosse?Jns e^qrceJJe se 'acsrql ur eseq dn plnq o1 sdeqred ro 6rIsV ul

ur ielsesrp s,reUel eql r5+E uuq ulol q peumleJ a^Eq II!^{ qrlq^{'sdlqs ,snulaure( Jo euos peurBlsoc leeu srq ltql sr pooqllaTfl eq1 dplcrnb tuaql ratmu pFoc puu slql .roJ s?crnoser sql psq aq Illuepl,rg dlar'rsrcep lre ol puu quou eql ut uo11us ^\eu eqt;o se11111q1ssod eql ssess" o1 lcrnb rurq s/t\oqs asuodser ,snuoSpuv 'I8z urunln" eq [I^1 alep eql n.:eraql alnr srq qs[qlse,{1p1 p1noc,(ruelou eroJeq ?luopecE] l ezras ol uorlrpedii IE^Eu pue fuelqrur 1u1o[ e Jo uroJ eqt {oo1 pue Pluopacelrll

.rege f,1e1u1paruul lsotup eursr a^ou lsJlJ stg '(Lgz-lqd srea,( .rno3i eseql SulJnp suopce pue ,{cqod .snuo8rtu\/ }o uollcngsuocal e loJ sploJJe ll dteq l"qalaplsuo. ot uolirsod r ur ,rou aru e^{ 'Felep q snuepogq6 3o e8essed sql peulurexa Ssr eH

ur 8uq se uoppSocer slq pre Blaqrsurls,('I lE dnoo s,.trualoq lo lureel

eq

'z 'palsJelol sEd\ epy u1 ecuese:d sq dq,u uteldxa ppoart oqi u! pePnpul ua?q a^sq lou [l^r oqar) snqcoquy q1y"r acead apeur ,nou lq p"q snuo8rluv flq?unseld 'uolsuadsns u! sB,t{ ftltrEuouI uEluopooew aql uoq,{ er[q e l9 pu? pelpa4er ppq slnPg eqt $w \LZ ut sdeqled apeu '{cEllE JelE[ e eq lsnu U log^ouo eql eroJeq [le^\'I8Z raqolcg c aceld 1oo1 ]uql oculs '.,uolsseJf,p s.reltel lqt rage {proqs ,(rua[old uo gpEtu aq q3lq,\t {ren? eql eq louuec eiiy ot eruopacell uor; uolslndxe srq pue ror,,[ ra,ro dro]cll ,snuo64uv 'p"uoquetu leql : (tDg^orro
.rallru e

'sflell

"ql reluL'{r aq} punorE Jo ur apeu luauraar8e leero praueS e erE lpg^ouo eq} JI os op o1 rult1 ro; uado ,(uan aq1 pIE1 ,{lse$ lEql 'eruopatel J }surBBB 8u}lcs tuo{ ", ihuoSrl-uv SuLluenard uroJJ rEJ ecu$ 'snqcoqrv puz snuo8rluy uee,nlaq aceed:ele1
JO

aq ol tui,ra lxeu eql - lueruntre srql uI ujeruoJ sFl $ pql aJuls 'snuoalluv ,{[uo ssoltu?ru snuepollqd - lEergl clllBC eql Jo .i\e!^ uI 6//082 uo pege

2'18, lhat Artigonus made a second attemPt on Macedonia, following his peac with Antiochus. Accordiog to Philodemus, as we have seen, be defeated a peofle whose name has survived in the papyrus on)y as ivov, but was then expelled frbm Macedonia and driven back into Asia. This implies an invasion based on Asia Minor (presumabty can'ied out with the tolerance of Antiochus) and so evidently by way of the Chersonese, in which case the people he defeated mav have been the Caeni, who lived to the nortb of the Chersonese and liter had thir name applied to it (or to part of it);as Kor]v6v would fit the lacuna satisfactorily and the maln objection to it as a restolation is a certain doubt whether one can expect a reference to this comparatively unimportant PeoPle in such an abbreviated'summary of events. No obvious alteinative presents its6[, however.n Antiochus' expulsion to Asia was only temporary, Had he remained there long, his presence wouid soon have become both irksome and threateniDg to his Dew ally Antiochus rind by 277 he was back on the European side of the Straits near Lysimacheia. It was here that he was to deliver the final blow against the Gauls which secured him his kingdom. Once again Thrace was to be the iumping off ground for

during this time, probably

ln

5.

Macedonia.
4.

in 27918, a group was left behind "ad terminos gentis tuendos" (Just. 25.1.2) aud it was probably i^ 277 that lhey affned a forc of 15,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry and, after defeating the Getae and the Triballi in Thrace, made'demands on Antilonus. Accordjng toiustin,aT he was at this time in Macedonia, but the site of the subsequent battle with the Gauls was Lysimacheia, so almost certainly he was stationed on the Thracian Chersonese. All our evidence points to his not having gained possession of Macedonia until aften his victory over ihe Gauls.a8 How he came to be in Thrace is not recorded. Perhars, as Tarn suggested,ae he had been invited over by the Greek cities who had already experienced the ravages of an earlier Gatlic band, led by Leonnorius aDd Luta us.
on his ill-fated attack on Delphi

Antigonus'crowning victorywas against the Gauls. When Brennus marched south

'

great display of wealth and then laid an ambush for them by leaving his camp apparently deserted. When night came, the Gauls plundered the camP and wer-e aiticking the ships when Aniigonus' troops fell upon them and - inllicted such slaughtei that he was able lo set himsell up in Macedonia without any fear

describes how the Gauls sent envoys to Antigonus, who aroused their greed by a

The events leading up to Antigonus' victory are recorded by Justin,e who

neighbours. This story is riddled with inconsisteDcies lt suggests -al the outset that Anfigonus showed t[e Gauls his wealth and strong forces with the -otject. of intim]dating them, oot having realised that the sight of the ch-es -would furtber inflame the'ir greed. But thenl when they approach by night, we find that the king has after all fireseen their move and, having stripped the camp in advence, has hidden his forces in a wood - presumably in order to fall uPon the Cauls when they -after some hesitation, they. overrun the camP with enter the camp. But in fact, impunity and ale attacked only *ehn they begin to plunder the ships - and tbat to6, noi by the forces lying in arnbush, but by the rowers artd such troops as had fled, along with their wives and children, The men stationed in tlte wood are not mentioned again. This disjointed and illogical narative suggests that Antigonus commanded i mainly mercenary army, whose aposkeue was stored near the ships and that he was perhari less well prepared to cope with the Gallic attack than Justin impljes. If rhrt is so, his victory wq! the fortunate outcome of an iDcident which very nearly went disastrously wrong."

henieforth

of

attacks either from the Gauls^

or from any other of his fierce

However that may be, Antigonus was victo ous and he now took possession of Macedonia. Once installed at Pella, his interest centred on his new kingdom, and his ]ands and cities irl Greece. Thmce seems no longer to have concemed him. For this there is numismatic evidence. Lysimacheia continued to mjnt coins of Lvsimachus aod never went over to coins of Artiochus I, which suggests that the aiea of coastal Thrace east of the Nestus remained a sort of no man's land between the Antigonid and Seleucid kingdoms.s2 How far Macedonian power extended to the east is n;t clear. Under Philip iI th" eastern boundary was the Nestust5r and though Philip V was to extefld the kingdom to take in Maronea beyond that river and Aenus beyond the Hebrus, it is likely that utrder Antigonus Gonatas the Nestus remained the frontier. A decree from the Macedolian city of Philippi dating to 24312, towards the end of Antigonus' reign, registers the intentiol of that city to send an escort of mercenaries to accompaly Coan theorci on the next stage of their joumey to Neapolis, which lay west of the Nestus on the coast oPPosite Thasos. That has been taken as evidence that Neapolis was not at that time under Macedonian control.Sa But, as N. G. L. Hammond has pointed out to me, such an escort would hardly have been welcomed by an independent city and could well have-prejudiced the r;ceprjon of the Coan theoroi. The assigning of these trooPs moie likely poinls ro the obposite conclusion, that Neapolis was within Macedonia but that the region betwee[ Philippi and Neapolis was dangerous to the theotoi eith?J from brigands or from Thracian- marauders-. Tbe evidence of coin hoards suggests that Antigonus exercised no influence in eithet Thrace of the Danube area, \rhere after the time of Lvsimachus and Demetrius Poliorceles links seem mainly to be with the Seleucids uid, (o som" extent, witb the Attalids.5s It seems likely too that Anligonus did not use this area to recruit mercenaries. If he did, Thracian mercena es were Paid in something other thao Macedooian coins, which is (rot prhna facie impossible- The total am;unt of Macedonian silver which can be deduced ftom tbe number of surviving specimens - on the favourable assumPtion, v,'hich is probably corect, that bot-h the Pan-head and Poseidon-head coins of "Antigonus" were emitted by Gonatas56 - can hardly have sufficed to financ the hiring of mercenaries as wiell as the payinA of officials by the government and the paying of taxes by the inhabitants of Maiedonia. It seems inescapable therefore tbat foreign trade to aDd from Macedonia must have made coniiderable use of currencies other than Macedonian and the same may have been true for the paying of mercenarjes. But of obvious which might have been used for this purpose, is a dea h of alteroative "nrrenlies Athenian silver too in Balkan hoards. Furthermole. the first reference to Thracian mercenades io an Antigonid army is under Philip V;)/ none are recorded at
Sellasia.

Summing up, Antigonus' relations with Thrace seem to have been casual and

Macedonia in a single kingdom; and Seleucus'bold and ambitious plan would have lirked both with Asia Minor and areas further east. But the successive deaths of Seleucus and Ptolemy Ceraunus and the Gallic invasion together put an end to this. Antigonus used the ahersonese as an approach to tr4acedonia, but once established ther;his ambition was to PerPetuate a dynasty in Macedonia, where his father had reigned, protectjng and restoiing its no hem and eastern limits against barbadan incursioni but with its face tumed towards Thessaly and Greece, which were secured by what Philip v calied the three fetters - Demetrias, Chalcis and Colinth. Meanwhile the remnants of lhe Gauls de{eated at Lysimacheia set up a kingdoln at Tylis in Thrace

restricted

to-thi

coast;l areas. For a time Lysimachus had united Thrace and

and this, as Georgi Mihailov has vividly demonstrated.- thrust a barrier

s09

508

between northem Thrace and the Greek world to the south, which caused a withering of those promising developments revealed at Seuthopolis, in the splendid tomb at Kazauluk and in the Panagyurishte treasure.
NOTf,S Arhenae,m 39 (1966). 35. 2 \vill, Cf E. Hi:toirc potitique du nande he lnisique (323-30 av. J. Canb: Anc. Ht't. ed.2, VILI (Cambndge. 1984). ll0.

c'),

1, (Nancy, 1979),

98;

'Mihailov. art. ot. (n.1) 38. ' See K. J. Beloch, Gricchbche Getchichte, V1.2 (Berlin-Leipzig, f927\, 115; FG.H 260 F
185-94.

1,12

Ciamben. M. AIP 15 tt954). ,19t2t. 2zs-32. ^ Phitot. 71 7

3

Through sime abena.ion bo.h Tarn (JHS 5a f1934) 67 n.2) and P. Lveque lPynhos l?ais. 195?) 574) assum the word elided to be nap[Xowo (sic). The imperfecr would of course be ,roQE{Io1ao but a pressenl tcnsc is called for here, cf. dxr[rrr!(. " An. .ii {n- 13) 288
rs re

16

I Antgonos Gonatos (Oxfotd, 1913) 477 addenda. '' So alreadv GriI', Riv. ,1. 9l {1963). 288. lj G. Nactrtirgaet, Les Caiates en Gii et tes Soteio de Detphes (Brussets, '5 An .it an I3r 284

Class. Phil. 9 1t91q.267 n.2. (1924). 68. 'o llid. 19 't rNr s4 t1914\. 34 n.42.

'

An. cir. An. cit.

(11.6) 226.

(n.6)

231.

1977), 143 n.

78.

An. cir. in. loi 67 n.3.

Art. ci!. (n.5)
385-94.

Porphyry. nGia 2A F 3.10, Euseb. 1.235 Sch.; Just, 24.5.12-6.3 (omittin8 Meleager and Anristhenes); Diod. 22.4. I A.t. zit (n. 11) 34. a Heinn. H. anersKhun$en zu, he enictischen Geschichte des 3. Jah*tuderts v. Chr. Zut Geshich@ der Zeit des Ptoletuios Keftunos und zum Chremonideischen kiege (Histotia Einzelsch ft 20) (Wiesbaden, 1972), 67-8.
'zo

b ftsr. 24.1.3-4. See Chr. Habjcht, Unterstrchmgen .ur politi.schen Geschichte Athens im 3. lahrhunde v. Crr. fvestigia 20) (Munich. 1979) 83-4 and, or the revoh generally E. Witt. Hist_pot_ (n.2, l'/. 108; Camb. Anc tJr.fl. ed.2 \41.1.I16. : Cf. B. D. Mei!, Hespetia 4 (t9J5). 577. :: Cf. Just- 24.1.8: Heinen, op. .ir. {n 22) 67. - Heinen, op. cir. (n.22) 67-8, while acceptjng ihe interpretation defended here, argres thar a
rererenc atlack before Ceraunus' inlrigue to secure Cassandrea by malryjng Arsinoe, who held ir. This chronology is preferable to that in Just. 17.2.6-10, which reverses the order of rhe two events. See Heinen, op- cii.

n Op. c,t. (n. 14) r" Just. 24.1.1-2.

143.

Ikelv lhal tn a mEsing senl.nce Jutlin eYphrned llar AnLrgonu! and An-'io'hus excused A\ra' ii".."r,"".',r,.1"""" bicause"of hi" recenr dcieut. the r3lrer becaus' of his comnxtments rnin275 ar (,.lil'"ir'"i ,"* ..rta exDla,n whv Pvrrhus acconrpanied a deruend for belp from Anrigorus rhe rrme ol lhe blrrle ot Bencvcirtum (Jusr. 25'l l-2)' wrtl Ilreats' *- 'iit-Jr;4. i;l.i-r. ;raggciatcs tle scopi of the revolr. on this se will. Hist' pol \n' 21\' tt)8, canlb' in er- nitt-eii.. z,, .frt.i.itoi'noetia ana Megara senL contjngents lo ThermoPyeae In the GaUic crisis44' (n' ]J2 and l;s f'r.-s.i*h. -' ii';;'. lolb:*+r .ir mav hnve thro-wn off Anlgonus now: c[' Tarn oP' cir' 12)l9ll)'n' 155' op. rn. li lv I t1925). 561: Feigusor. Hellc'nnn A't1?ns {Lndon' to-61 gut;.6;;'s,6p. crt tn.3ll li2 who comParei Demernus allack on th Thraoan Chersoflesc shor v after IDsus {Plul. Deft?, 31.5) - ---i' O, irrd-*"i ira rhe peace see Mamnon, FG,fl 43,4 i0:JusL 24'1 1.25 1.l 0CIS219 - tnschr' 32. Ilion a2 .f. L. Robn, .Am. Shtd Paplr' 1 (1966) 1t5-21t. Paus. 10.20.5. thinks Artisonus renounced " 3i si;i'li", ip. "tt. (n.31) 114-1e. \Nitt, Hbt Pot. {n 2) 1'?109 all amb;tions in Asia. -' -Asainst Tarn, oD flt (n. 12) i68 and Beloch. op cn' In JJ IV 2 l55 ff' 5ee H Bengtson op' snrns"';i iii titl""i',ichen Zet )t (Munchener Berrrirge 32) (Munich l9aar' J36 ft'r Buri'e)is 're .it rn 3rl 117-18. -' "l!"ir -e *. Walbank. ,4lrfrrsrorr.iche Studien: Herman Bengtson am 70. Gebuft:tag .ktr$ebracht fwiesbaden, 1983), 143'4 - Setected PdPers (Cahbridge, 1985) 205-6' o6 For suseevrons sec abovc, nn.8- I0 o' :us. zi.:.t, cum in Ma(edonian revefleletur'" o ir,ii ;.pri.a b] Ihe tr(lrian decree quoled below in n 50' " 'o oD. cir. (n. 12) 165. t ii. **..t fo; Ihe baltle of Lvsimacheia 0r Ding' Ledfl 2l4li Just 25 l'l-2'7' A decree v.*j".u. ,i e'.',iu rpeaks of t-lre king as havins come inro hi\ own paxn ..,.d b, il;;lb;;;;i oJ lho'e ;;;r';;.-i;;; ffi.Bd;tli,ooov,u-", t;g rilv 6ici" a phrase commonrv used Heliclrtuslerulr)rns cl'om 250 ii;;. il;i. i;. izi iee'n. toqr; ina an arrrcnirin l,ooorarv decrce ror orr)'losPa$eJ rhan rarher ";'r" Konroteon readrns ifrii'iii i".'.;i.'i,.isl-;it ';;;k of erecring srrrai tso r,v ,'o6E roir-s BopBapous i"l'p ris r& *..,,' io," flaoLrpi-,IlFreaYuFi ipj;fti* J;,"i;i i"rSv1L 4(tIr cf.[rd,r and L Roben. Btll. cpiS' 1965. l4Z\ Jii.Lir',, ""''i'*1, ou,tnoic,c ,i'ur ar,igonutJ,,"tory *as panlv due ro a panrc among the GaL'ls and thar rhis h;'.i;;;'.d of sih'er tetradrachms showins a ** ,ttli;"i;; t; ii;;;a rin. ir,i" typott "& resis on tlre eudence on fie reverse Arhena Alcidemus on a Maced6;irD shield on the obvene and ii;;';J i;;,;;,;-;;d and on ,"aii"*.ia16."iii,.'Avlwovou.toge rerwithbro ze coins with Alhena'shead oD ihe obverse rHcad' Fu and monogram ofAnrisoous ii. .i,1,.i p"iii"ri"e',0 or cio*ning ) troptrv.rth rhe lerre-s ANSMNa a rI:60).'14-52) Bur no Ai,ii,ii ii",i,i..i'. i to*rora. i-9Ir) 232:cr. l' Merksr. 'ource Pan. ;;i;;' .;"i; i panrc or epiphanv olword ool rs hc reprelented on a Maccdorrrn corn sPecificallv ii"r.J *r'i,ii" ,lit"* rrr co'nia,ns rhe Bo.or and,tr:brpolitur: cf F Heicheurerm AJPflrl94l) 3i;-3; N;;;;"";1. o'p. i't tn. t+) I?7-q anA especiallv n zllr' Thele rs Do reason to a<socirre thete
seems

l! '

ro Lhe peace beLween Anrrgonus and Antiochus remains a possibiliry. So Nachtdrgacl, op. cit. (n. lZ) D. I9I. Tbe evideoce is jn Memnon, FGrff F 8.4-6; Just, 24,1.8*2.1. Boti agree in dating Antigonus,

On rhis see Tarn. op cii O. 12) 114; K. Buraselis, Dar hellenistische Makettonien und die . ASlis: Forschungen zw Poliik des Kostohdto! tud det drei et\en Antigoniden it11 A1tiischei Mftt und in We-srkleinaspn (Muncherer BeruaBe ?3) (Murich. I982J, 152n rr Heinen. Cf. op. cir. (o.22) 65. Wben Ptotemy Sained possession of Lysimachus, fleer is uDknown, sinc its role in the struggle with Seieucus is not recorded. It seems likely that it sailed cast to cover Lysimachud crossing inro Asia at the Hellespont; but whether ir tben sailed down the coast of Asia Minor and what happened to it after Corupedium is unknown. It probably Iell into Seleucus'hands, retumed ro the Straits at tle tirne of his.crossing to Lysimachcia and was ihen annexed by Ptotemy. Heinn, op. dt. (n.22) 65. pEl3(i(,g Eole Memnon, FGrd 434 F 8.6 Arri Ma,.ie6ovirw 6r6P!, Memnon, FG.H 8.6 'rai Ldveque. op. cil. (n. t6) 27? ff.. Heinn. op. rr. zzj 61. ro Sce L'rr 17 ? 12 ",i.

h.22\ 64. rr

tlv

dp;{p,.

bartk for Pan held-an esrrbri\hed u.iii,,e ;;;;l;,;;; i;,';-;il;"i panthe6nrt'. legend ,ru6,r,a7iu'1 with tD (ci F' Brommer' /rE supPl B'.e' ana 5l rtre Macedontan co,nage ;i; l; il; ,;r;il;;;;,,;" fii; ;-la rl. E"'.tter. Dic n iken u n.eh Nord'G echc tands lll' Makedonir und Paronia' p"ii': is*ri", lo35) ls8 flos.2 and 3 rAnvntas II) and l.l' xxx :89' '" n N;;ii. cr. i i. rire coi'ase of hc wcnP'n sttatui t'tu lrottt sete rrtr.t.rc. Ah'io'hus ttt ' (tr fa-..l"io N."i;tirrt" SoU.ty' Nr*ii.aiic Stuaies 4) ed 2 (New Yotk, 1977)' -153; will, srrr' Pol 2) i. 211. '' - i' srrabo ?. rss. 33. 35i cf. p. co an. acH i(]0 { t976) i79 n. ISlo5l no i inrc t p H.-", G. Klaffenbach. As\lreullur)den 3us Ko\'. Abh B?tl "Ta ^tal' ?ri|' '1953' no' 152L. Robert. no. "'i--ble ""' o linis 53-4r-cf. I andl'4. r.^"v ui,aBult'tiolnp'on, An htveitot)' ol Gteel coik Hoalds (New Iu. ti. r.lti.r-, v^.1 ru?l, n^. r'!R-50 851-4 859-ol. 8n6-7 {lhe laller contains lwo Attrld coini and lhe onl} 1/r s70-2.8?4 38?-8 sce C T' H n"ri.,i.l";" *.*a"J; tBakan hoard). (Diss. suNY at Buffaro N Y . R' Ehrh0rdL sl,dEr r)rand ie75; microfilm) 7e-80 i;;;; ;i b;;;,;i;-h ,d Ant)Eot t: Doson 42-a rhe" di;culsron in Mrharlov, arr. cir. (n l) '-'- t-li..t".. uit. iii. tir. srl :s-s2 wouid assign the Poscidon-head tet'adra.hms to A'ligor'us Do'on: dc"jnsl rhrs ree Ehrhardr' op cir. {n 55) "5-ll0 -*-+ ;i';;i,; ;;i.J r.rr, o. i atrt,lL,h.7he narceno\ct ot the Hc cn6lr nattd tcanbtidsc 378 les a n?c< hell.nl.rttqtPs i rParir' rqrrr '---''i?t: lti. Li*rv. nnt"ni'n stttthe Prccerrce of a citv Anrigonea near Iqdo) indic'tes' whrLher Bania ;",i;.;;";;.'ed Paeonia. a\ 14 rlosor 22-l): J' P"..'," l;,;;;;;;;;; ,ts fieedom under bropion rsr'I' 3o4: J' Pouillo'rx BCH bl;,i",;i. i;la ir, 1to:21 l:o-.0, w. Leschhon. Grund d slad, (Srurrsdrr. le84) .284-7) or remained

Ruehl ha; indicated a lacuna in Justin ar this point (17.2.13) and the word rd introducing rhe sentence suggcsts a contrast between Ptolemy, who could not plead weakness of resources for putting Pyrrhus off, and therefore sent him reinforcements, ard the orher rwo wlo have been mentioired. Ii oiher mentroired.

3?

,.lidnt p"1,?, - ":t Linsdom oi Mucedonra rr debor3hlc. rh;s lijnedom is conrrovcrsral Mila:lov. a crt. (n. J) ?lii-i 8.22. The lo(auo of qOrr. orr"ili, n.ri qa,,*opt. +o'n,r C M. Da\o| Aithtakien {Berrrn-N<w YdIl lo?ortAon 8wt'n sr;ll D'refcrs Gerovt sirc niar e:btlc \ome 200km tunher nrrth d Art. cit. (n. 1) 42 4.
511

510