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A Novel Hybrid Isolated Generating System Based on PV Fed Inverter-Assisted Wind-Driven Induction Generators
S. Arul Daniel and N. AmmasaiGounden
AbstractIsolated renewable energy systems based on hybrid wind-solar sources are considered as feasible and reliable options instead of wind-diesel systems. An isolated hybrid scheme employing a simple three-phase square-wave inverter to integrate a photovoltaic array with a wind-driven induction generator has been proposed for the first time. A dynamic mathematical model of the hybrid scheme with variables expressed in - synchronous reference frame has been developed. The model is implemented in the power system blockset platform and a comparison has been made between transients simulated and transients obtained in an experimental prototype. Close agreement between experimental and the simulated waveforms has been observed, which validates the model. Index TermsHybrid wind-solar system, inverter, photovoltaic array, wind-driven induction generator.

I. INTRODUCTION

NOMENCLATURE , Thermal voltage (in volts). Quadrature and direct-axis machine currents (in amps). Current at the operating point of the array (in amps). Reverse saturation current (in amps). Light-generated current (in amps). Short-circuit current (in amps). Per phase inductances of stator, rotor (referred to the stator winding) [in henries]. Per phase magnetizing inductance (in henries). Real power delivered by PV array and IG (in watts). Real power fed to the load (in watts). Series resistance of the array (in ohms). Quadrature and direct-axis machine voltages (in volts). Open-circuit voltage of the array (in volts). Voltage at the operating point of the array (in volts). Load voltage per-phase (in volts). Load resistance (in ohms). Resistances of stator, rotor (referred to the stator winding) [in ohms]. Angular speeds of reference-frame and rotor (rad/s).

, ,

Manuscript received December 4, 2002. The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology (formerly Regional Engineering College), Tiruchirappalli 620 015, India (e-mail: daniel@nitt.edu; ammas@ nitt.edu). Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2004.827031

T is well known that renewable energy sources are attractive options for providing power in places where a connection to the utility network is either impossible or unduly expensive. Photovoltaic (PV) generation systems and isolated wind-electric systems are considered among the renewable systems to be viable alternatives for the designer of such remote power supplies. Nevertheless, systems based on either wind or solar energy are unreliable due to seasonal and diurnal variations of these resources. Earlier, wind-diesel systems were employed to overcome the diluteness of the renewable resources, but the recurring need of the diesel oil and frequent maintenance requirement of the diesel-generators made such a system to be inappropriate for off-grid supplies [1]. The control of such a scheme is also far from straightforward, especially where there is a high wind penetration [2]. Furthermore, it decreases the advantage of clean and nonpollution energy achieved from the renewable sources. A system that is based fully on renewable resources but at the same time reliable is necessary and hybrid wind and solar systems with a small battery storage meet these requirements. Recently, a hybrid scheme employing wind-turbine permanent-magnet (PM) alternator and PV array was proposed, in which the sources were connected in series through dcdc converters [3]. Subsequently, a simpler configuration connecting the sources in parallel was attempted [4]. Further, for supplying ac loads in these hybrid wind-solar schemes, the varying amplitude varying frequency of the stator voltage of the PM alternator and the variable dc voltage of the PV array have to be suitably conditioned using complex power-electronic interfaces [5][7]. However, for any off-grid system, it is desirable to install components and their associated controls that are maintenance free and economical. In this situation, schemes employing wind-driven induction generators with a simple power-electronic interface have been attempted. Though induction machines are robust, inexpensive, require little maintenance and possess higher power-weight ratio over dc and PM alternators, wind-driven capacitor-excited induction generators are not preferred in remote power systems due to their unsatisfactory voltage regulation and frequency variation [8], [9]. To overcome these limitations, instead of providing reactive power using a three-phase capacitor bank, inverter-assisted induction generators (IGs) were proposed. Earlier, Enes et al. proposed IG schemes with PWM inverters where the excess energy was sent to the utility grid to maintain the stator voltage and frequency constant or a speed governor to control

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the amount of the generated energy was employed [10]. These schemes require either a utility network or a constant speed turbine, which makes it unsuitable for wind-driven isolated systems. Subsequently, Olorunfemi Ojo et al. have proposed a PWM-VSI scheme with a battery bank or a dc-charged capacitor [11]. In this scheme, there is a possibility of a voltage collapse in the event of the battery or the capacitor being deeply discharged due to persistent low wind speeds during a particular period of the year. The above system is based on a single resource which is stochastic, and hence, is less reliable. However, the complementarity of the wind and solar energy resources can be exploited in a hybrid scheme employing IG to provide reliable power. In such schemes, the random sources of energy, which are individually less reliable, could, as a whole, combine to have a higher reliability. In this context, a hybrid scheme consisting of wind-driven IG and PV array with an inverter interposed between PV array and IG has been proposed in this paper. The PV array charges a battery bank and feeds an inverter connected to the stator of the wind-driven induction generator. The battery bank, which is charged during the daytime, will supply the inverter during the night to provide necessary reactive power for the induction generator. In sites where winds are strongest in the winter and spring but weaker in summer when solar irradiation reaches its peak, the proposed scheme with appropriate choice of the sizes of the PV array and wind-generator ensures almost an uninterruptible supply throughout the year. II. PROPOSED OFF-GRID HYBRID SYSTEM CONFIGURATION The proposed scheme is shown in Fig. 1, where the PV array charges a battery bank. The battery voltage is inverted through a three-phase, six-step quasi-square-wave IGBT inverter and a three-phase fixed amplitude, fixed frequency supply is obtained to form the local grid to which the IG is integrated. The IG in this case is analyzed by the superposition of the fundamental voltage and each harmonic term. The fundamental equivalent circuit of an induction machine adapted for the th harmonic voltage shows that the impedance offered by the IG to the th harmonic voltage is about times as that of the impedance offered to the fundamental voltage [12]. Therefore, in the case of remote supplies, as the local grid voltage is chosen to be low (110 V/230 V), the copper losses due to the harmonics of the quasi-square-wave inverter are not significant. Further, the rotor core loss due to these harmonics is also negligible [13]. For this reason, a PWM inverter, if employed in the proposed scheme, will not considerably improve the efficiency of the system. On the contrary, there would be substantial switching losses (about 50% of the overall losses of the inverter) because a switching frequency of about 6 kHz has to be chosen for a PWM inverter to reduce the harmonic losses of an induction machine [14]. Hence, quasi-square-wave inverters are preferred for remote power supplies, as switching losses in these inverters are less compared to PWM inverters. It is also on this basis, such inverters are extensively employed in driving PV fed induction motors for water pumping [15]. In the proposed scheme, the induction generator is integrated to the inverter output and the stator voltage and frequency are

Fig. 1.

Integrated photovoltaic and wind-driven IG.

locked to the inverter voltage and frequency. The three-phase load is also connected to the inverter output and is supplied together by IG, PV, and battery or by both of the sources together or any one source and battery or by battery alone depending upon the varying conditions of irradiation and wind speed. The battery acts as a constant voltage load line on the PV array and is charged both by the IG and the PV array. Under conditions of low wind speed, the induction generator is isolated from the system and the load is fed by the PV array and the battery. The load is fully supplied by the battery in situations where there is inadequate wind speed and irradiation. During nights and under high wind penetration, the IG supplies the load, the excess energy if any being used to charge the battery. A dump load can be switched on in the event of a battery being fully charged and unable to accept this excess energy. On the other hand, during the daytime, in the event of the battery being disconnected to prevent overcharging, the IG and PV array feed the load. In such conditions, the PV array in addition to supplying power to the load also provides the needed reactive power to the IG. It should be noted that when the battery is disconnected from the system to prevent a voltage collapse, it is required to operate the PV array as a voltage source by load shedding if necessary. The battery would be deeply discharged only in the event of long duration of both low wind speed and irradiation, and hence, is not subjected to cyclic charging and discharging unlike in PV alone or wind-alone systems. This results in higher lifetime for the battery bank. It can be found that the proposed scheme requires only an inverter for integration whereas in hybrid schemes employing PM alternator, a rectifier-inverter interface with complex control is required for obtaining constant frequency constant amplitude supplies [5][7]. This inherent simplicity in the proposed scheme employing IG and PV array, makes it ideal for isolated applications. The detailed sizing of each of the element in the system is beyond the scope of this paper and the traditional and nontraditional techniques proposed for this purpose can be made use of [16] and [17]. III. MODELING AND SIMULATION OF THE HYBRID SCHEME In the proposed scheme, the PV array is connected in parallel to the battery bank. Hence, the operating voltage of the is fixed to the battery voltage and the corresponding array current in the characteristics of the array is the PV cur. It is apparent that when the battery is available in rent

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Fig. 2.

The d-q axis model of the proposed system. (a) d-axis equivalent circuit. (b) q -axis equivalent circuit.

the system, the inverter input voltage is same as the battery voltage, which is assumed to be a constant, and hence, the analysis is straightforward. Nevertheless, in the event of the battery being overcharged during daytime and is disconnected from the system, both the operating voltage and current of the PV array may vary with the wind speed and irradiation. In order to find the operating point of the PV array and to study the dynamics of the system without the battery bank, the PV array equivalent circuit has been suitably connected to the synchronously rotating reference frame equivalent circuit of the induction machine. A. PV Array Model The classical equation of a PV cell describes the relationship between current and voltage of the cell (neglecting the current in the shunt resistance of the equivalent circuit of the cell) as (1) Assuming

where (3) since

The above equations can be used to determine the characteristics of a panel or an array, as it is evident that the characteristics of a panel made up of identical cells can be obtained by appropriately scaling the characteristics of the individual cells. B. Development of - Axis Model of the Proposed Scheme The synchronously rotating reference frame equivalent circuit of the induction machine with stepped stator voltages caused by the inverter operation is well established and is available in the literature [20], [21]. Nevertheless, in order to represent the proposed hybrid scheme in the synchronously rotating reference frame, the equivalent circuit of the inverter fed induction machine is extended by the present authors to include the PV array and the load resistance. The -axis and -axis equivalent circuits of the hybrid system obtained by appropriately connecting the equivalent circuit of the PV array and the load resistance are shown in Fig. 2(a) and (b), respectively. The diode in the classical equivalent circuit of the PV array has been represented by a controlled current source whose output varies with the PV array voltage and current according to (3). The voltage equation of the induction machine is written as [22], (4), shown at the bottom of the page.

and

Equation (1) can be written as [18], [19] (2)

(4)

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The mechanical system is represented by the following equations: (5) (6) is the electromagnetic torque given by (6) and is where the mechanical shaft torque, taken negative for generator action. The machine voltages can be related with the PV array voltage as [23] (7) and (8) A resistive load is connected in each of the phases and the load current in terms of -axis and -axis variables is given by (9) and (10) From the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 2 (11) and (12) By assuming that there is no power loss in the inverter (13) The PV array voltage (inverter input voltage) fluctuates with the variation in its characteristics. Consequently, with the battery disconnected from the system, the inverter is not supplied by a stiff voltage source. The corresponding inverter current (PV array current) and the induction machine variables can be obtained from (2) and (13) using any of the available simulation tools viz. power system blockset (PSB), SABER, PSCAD, etc. The variation in the PV array equivalent circuit parameters with irradiation and temperature may be obtained using the method given in [18]. The developed model of the hybrid scheme has been implemented in PSB to carry out the simulation. C. Computer Simulation PSB has proven to be a convenient tool to simulate electrical circuits containing power-electronic devices [24], [25], and hence, the proposed system was simulated using this software. The model of the PV array as given by (2) and (3) has been implemented as shown in Fig. 3 in PSB using an independent , a controlled current source , measurecurrent source ment blocks, and arithmetic blocks. The output of the controlled
Fig. 3. PV array model for use in PSB.

Fig. 4. Experimental waveforms at steady state. (a) Per-phase load voltage waveform (50 V/div; 10 ms/div). (b) Stator line current (2.8 A/div; 10 ms/div).

current source depends upon the terminal voltage and curof the PV array as in (3) and it has been realized in rent the PV array model. It should be noted that the power-electronic simulation platforms viz. PSB, SABER, and PSCAD, do not have a PV model in their libraries. Models of the power-electronic switches and the - axis model in the synchronously rotating reference frame of the IG are available in PSB [26]. The PV model developed in Fig. 3 is appropriately connected to the inverter fed induction machine model and the proposed hybrid system has been simulated. The parameters and variables for simulation have been obtained from a laboratory prototype of the proposed scheme. IV. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS The laboratory prototype was constructed using a PV array , 22 V, 4.7 A) (14 panels connected in series each rated for 80 and a squirrel cage induction machine rated for 0.5 kW, 120 V

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Fig. 6. Stator line current waveform when the IG is integrated with the inverter. (a) Experimental (2.8 A/div; 50 ms/div). (b) Simulated (2 A/div; 50 ms/div).

Fig. 5. Per-phase load voltage waveform when the IG is integrated with the inverter. (a) Experimental (50 V/div; 20 ms/div). (b) Simulated (50 V/div; 20 ms/div).

( -connected), four-pole, 1500 r/min. The parameters of the induction generator were obtained ( , , , ) by conducting blocked rotor and no-load tests. A resistive load of 80 per phase was connected in star across the stator terminals of the IG. A 50-Hz, three-phase IGBT inverter was fabricated and a microprocessor-firing scheme has been used to trigger the IGBTs in 180 conduction mode. The PV array voltage was fed to the inverter whose three-phase output forms the local grid to which the output of the IG is connected. The induction machine was driven by a dc motor to simulate the wind-turbine and the connected gear. Care has been taken to see that the IG is integrated into the system only when the shaft speed is greater than the synchronous speed. The oscillographic waveforms of , , the steady-state load voltage ( ) and the stator current of the IG ( , , ) are shown in Fig. 4. The transient waveforms under different conditions of irradiand shaft torque of the proposed scheme have ation also been captured and compared with the corresponding simulated waveforms. The transient in the load voltage observed during the integration of the IG is shown in Fig. 5 along with the simulated transient using the developed model under the same conditions , , , , ( ).

Fig. 7. Per-phase load voltage waveform when an additional load is switched on. (a) Experimental (50 V/div; 50 ms/div). (b) Simulated (50 V/div; 50 ms /div).

The IG current transient at the time of integration ( , , , , ) obtained experimentally is shown in Fig. 6 together with the transient obtained from the simulation. The observed and simulated load voltage waveforms, when an ad, , ditional load of 50 per phase (

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, , ) has been switched on, are shown in Fig. 7. The validity of the developed model can be ascertained by the close agreement between the experimental and simulated waveforms shown in Figs. 57.

REFERENCES
[1] D. G. Infield, G. W. Slack, N. H. Lipman, and P. J. Musgrove, Review of wind/diesel strategies, Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng. A, vol. 130, no. 9, pp. 613619, 1983. [2] A. J. Tsitsovits and L. L. Freris, Dynamics of an isolated power system supplied from diesel and wind, Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng. A, vol. 130, no. 9, pp. 587595, 1983. [3] O. Honorati, G. L. Bianco, F. Mezzetti, and L. Solero, Power electronic interface for combined wind/PV isolated generating system, in Proc. European Union Wind Energy Conf., Goteborg, Sweden, 1996, pp. 321324. [4] S. A. Daniel, K. Pandiaraj, and N. Jenkins, Control of an integrated wind-turbine generator and photovoltaic system for battery charging, in Proc. 19th British Wind Energy Conf., Edinburgh, U.K., 1997, pp. 121128. [5] B. S. Borowy and Z. M. Salameh, Dynamic response of a stand-alone wind energy conversion system with battery energy storage to a wind gust, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 12, pp. 7378, Mar. 1997. [6] S. Kim, C. Kim, J. Song, G. Yu, and Y. Jung, Load sharing operation of a 14 kW photovoltaic/wind hybrid power system, in Proc. 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 1997, pp. 13251328. [7] K. Kurosumi et al., A hybrid system composed of a wind power and a photovoltaic system at NTT kume-jima radio relay station, in Proc. 20th Int. Telecommun. Energy Conf., 1998, pp. 785789. [8] C. Grantham, D. Sutanto, and B. Mismail, Steady-state and transient analysis of self-excited induction generators, Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng. B, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 6168, 1989. [9] R. Leidhold, G. Garcia, and M. I. Valla, Field-oriented controlled induction generator with loss minimization, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, pp. 147155, Feb. 2002. [10] E. G. Marra and J. A. Pomilio, Induction-generator based system providing regulated voltage with constant frequency, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 47, pp. 908914, Aug. 2000. [11] O. Ojo and I. E. Davidson, PWM-VSI inverter assisted stand-alone dual stator winding induction generator, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 36, pp. 16041611, Nov./Dec. 2000. [12] S. A. Hamed and B. J. Chalmers, Analysis of variable-voltage thyristor controlled induction motors, Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng. B, vol. 137, no. 3, pp. 184193, May 1990. [13] B. J. Chalmers and B. R. Sharker, Induction motor losses due to nonsinusoidal supply waveforms, Proc. Inst. Elec. Eng., vol. 115, no. 12, pp. 17771782, Dec. 1968. [14] F. Casanellas, Losses in PWM inverters using IGBTs, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Electr. Power. Appl., vol. 141, no. 5, pp. 235239, Sept. 1994. [15] E. Muljadi, PV water pumping with peak-power tracker using a simple six-step square wave inverter, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 33, pp. 714721, May/June 1997. [16] R. Ramakumar, I. Abouzahr, and K. Ashenayi, A knowledge based approach to the design of integrated renewable energy systems, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 7, pp. 648659, Dec. 1992. [17] T. Markvart, Sizing of hybrid photovoltaic-wind energy systems, Sol. Energy, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 277281, 1996. [18] S. Singer, B. Rozenshtein, and S. Surazi, Characterization of PV array output using a small number of measured parameters, Sol. Energy, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 603607, 1984. [19] Q. Kou, S. A. Klein, and W. A. Beckman, A method for estimating the long-term performance of direct coupled PV pumping systems, Sol. Energy, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 3340, 1998. [20] P. C. Krause, Analysis of Electric Machinery. New York: McGrawHill, 1987. [21] B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and AC Drives. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986. [22] L. Wang and C.-H. Lee, A novel analysis on the performance of an isolated self-excited induction generator, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 12, pp. 109117, June 1997. [23] P. C. Krause and T. A. Lipo, Analysis and simplified representations of a rectifier-inverter induction motor drive, IEEE Trans Power App. Syst., vol. 88, pp. 588596, May 1969. [24] A. Kaddouri, B. Khodabakhchian, L.-A. Dessaint, R. Champagne, and L. Snider, A new generation of simulation tools for electric drives and power electronics, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electron. Drive Syst., 1999, pp. 348354. [25] L.-A. Desaint, K. Al-Haddad, H. Le-Huy, G. Syblle, and P. Brunelle, A power system simulation tool based on simulink, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 46, pp. 125254, Dec. 1999. [26] Power System Blockset Users Guide, The MathWorks, Natick, MA, 2001.

V. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH A reliable and simple scheme integrating wind-driven induction generators and PV array has been successfully developed for the first time to supply a three-phase remote load with constant frequency balanced voltages. The generation system will supply constant voltages with varying wind speed and irradiation when the battery is switched on. The hybrid system is cost-effective and requires a simple interface for integration, thus making it suitable for off-grid applications. To study the performance of the system without the battery, the - axes model of the inverter fed induction machine has been extended to the hybrid scheme by including the PV array in the model. The developed model has been used for simulating various transients. The close resemblance of the simulated and observed transients in a laboratory prototype of the proposed system confirms the validity of the simulation. It has been observed that the transient magnetizing current due to the switching of the stator on to the inverter fed by the PV array is for a small duration and its magnitude is limited by the short-circuit current of the PV array. Hence, the machine does not require a soft start facility during its integration to the inverter. The ease with which the integration has been achieved in the laboratory prototype to supply power to an isolated three-phase load from both the sources, confirms the feasibility, operational simplicity and effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The proposed - model of the hybrid scheme can be used to study the performance (viz. , , , ) of the system for changes in irradiation, temperature, shaft torque of the wind turbine, and load resistance. With the battery disconnected from the system, the change in characteristics due to temperature and irradiation and the variation in the operating point on the characteristics due to change in IG power output will cause the load voltage to vary. A dcdc step-up converter can be interposed in the proposed system between the PV array and the inverter to maintain the PV array voltage constant. The same converter can track the peak-power point of the PV array when the battery is switched to the system.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The PV panels and MATLAB software used in this work were procured under the Thrust Area for Technical Education Scheme of the Ministry of Human Resources Development, India. The authors gratefully acknowledge the same. The authors also thank the authorities of Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli, for providing the facilities to carry out this work. The authors are also grateful to T. Suresh for his assistance in fabricating the inverter.

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S. Arul Daniel was born in Tiruchirappalli, TamilNadu, India, on June 24, 1967. He received the B.E. degree from Government College of Technology, Coimbatore (Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India) in 1988, and the M.E. degree from Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli (Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India) in 1991. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in the area of hybrid wind-solar systems. Currently, he is a Lecturer with the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli, India, where he has been since 1994. Mr. Daniel was a British Council Study Fellow under Indo-UK RECs Project at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), Manchester, U.K., in 1997.

N. AmmasaiGounden was born in Coimbatore, TamilNadu, India, on October 5, 1955. He receievd the B.E. degree from the College of Engineering, Guindy, India (Madras University) in 1978, and the M.E. degree in control systems from P.S.G. College of Technology, Coimbatore, India (Madras University) in 1980. He received the Ph.D. degree from the Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India, in 1990. Currently, he is a Professor with the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli, where he has been since 1982. His areas of interest are power-electronic applications in renewable energy systems, hybrid renewable systems, and isolated wind-electric generators.

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