Eco House Project1

ECO HOUSE DESIGN PROJECT
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Joung Hun Youm(H00112903)
Emily Taylor (H00112903)
Contents
Section
Page No.
The Brief Site Analysis Climate Analysis Occupant Analysis House Design Eco Services Strategy Carbon Accounting Ecological Footprint Appendix References
3 4 12 19 27 34 45 46 34 46
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The Brief
Design Brief Statement
This project endeavours to create an affordable dwelling of 100m for a family of four consisting of 2 adults and 2 children in Elgin, in the Moray District of Scotland. The development must be resilient in the face of global climate change, resource depletion and rising energy costs and should be future proofed to at least 2050. Maximum use of the surrounding climate should be key to the design and a transformation towards a sustainable lifestyle encouraged for its inhabitants.
Design Criteria Climate Change Resilience

The dwelling must be adaptable for current and future weather conditions and an increase in the occurrence of extreme weather events. Particular consideration must be given to flooding from the nearby River Lossie. The thermal comfort of the inhabitants must also be taken into account for both winter and summer extremities including the predicted rise in global surface mean temperature brought about by climate change.
Resource Depletion
The design must incorporate all appropriate renewable energy generation technologies to allow for the occupants to avoid the increasing likelihood of fuel poverty in an era of rising fuel and energy costs. The choice of construction materials must also reflect the escalating scarcity of raw materials. Materials should be sourced locally where possible and have a minimum amount of embodied energy unless providing the dwelling with a reduction in energy use. They should also be recyclable, easily maintainable and replaceable.
Eco-Services & Biodiversity

Buildings currently require access to services such as electricity, heating, ventilation and water. Our dwelling must make use of the eco-services provided by the surrounding climate detailed in passive solar, ventilation and water strategies. The proposed development must have a minimal impact on the natural surroundings and where possible strengthen local biodiversity.
Sustainable Lifestyle & Innovative Approaches

The new dwelling should act as a beacon of sustainability and encourage a transformation to a more sustainable lifestyle from its inhabitants and as a passive reflector to the surrounding community. Lower consumption levels, reduced transport and carbon emissions must all be taken into account. The design should avoid a bolt-on approach to sustainability and include methods that will be as durable as the building in the face of an ever changing economic and environmental situation.
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Site Analysis
The site of the proposed new dwelling is located in the Bishopmill area of Elgin, in the northern west shoulder of the town. Elgin has a population of 20,929 (according to 2001 Census) and is situated in the Moray District in the North East of Scotland. Our site, 66 Duff Place, Longitude 57.4N Latitude 3.2W, sits on the northern bank of the River Lossie within the rivers flood plain. Currently the site sits empty other than two timber storage sheds.
Figure 2.1 Google Earth Site Image
The topography of the site is uniformly flat at 25 metres above sea level. 1 km beyond the north-west of the site the land rises fairly steeply to around 65 metres above sea level. As the site if flat and clear,
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no demolition or cutting and filling of land would be required for development, saving on cost and construction time.
Density & Local Amenities

As shown in the Neighbourhood Building Use Analysis diagram (Fig. 2.3) and Panoramic Site Image (Fig 2.4) on the following pages, the surrounding area to the north, east of the site are residential with a mix of low and medium density housing and a large nursery school is located to the west. To the south runs the River Lossie and its banks contain a high level of biodiversity. Several large old trees run along the bank of the river along the south boundary.
The site has good access to local services (Fig. 2.2) within a 1500 metre radius, including schools, leisure facilities, shopping and wider transport nodes (i.e. bus and train stations).
Figure 2.2 Local Amenities Radius Diagram
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Figure 2.3 Neighbourhood Building Use Analysis diagram
Figure 2.4 Panoramic Site Image
Transport & Permeability
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The layout of the immediate local area is geared towards car use, with many interlocking road networks. Pavements accompany many of these roads and pedestrian throughways are provided at the nearby school and between some low density dwellings. There are also some larger scale hard landscaping (i.e. car parks) which would currently direct any flood water towards the local sewage system which could hasten the drainage network reaching full capacity during flood conditions.
Directly opposite the site lies a natural footpath which runs along the northern bank of the river and provides direct access to local facilities such as the schools, leisure centre and supermarket. The access provided by this pedestrian route could easily compete in terms of journey duration with car travel. As shown already, Elgin is well supported by an efficient rail and bus networks and access to the nearby A96 trunk road which provides a fast route to the nearby cities of Aberdeen and Inverness.
Green Spaces & Biodiversity

As well as the semi-rich green space provided by the residential areas private gardens and nearby school playing fields, a strong wildlife corridor runs along the banks of the River Lossie and is adjacent to the site. Several deciduous healthy trees run along the southern boundary of the site which could provide significant wind and solar shading in summer whilst still allowing precious direct sunshine to penetrate the site during the winter months. The trees would also reduce the risk of landslide on the site, particularly during flooding. It is assumed that the ground water levels on the site are reasonably high therefore pile foundations would be required for any development. Both transport networks and green spaces are indicated in the following two neighbourhood analysis diagrams (Figures 2.5 & 2.6).
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Figure 2.5 Neighbourhood Transport & Permeability Analysis diagram
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Figure 2.6 Neighbourhood Green Space Analysis diagram
Flooding
The first record of flooding in Elgin was September 1755. There have been more than 20 recorded flood events since 1755; 11 of these in the past 50 years - notably in 1997 and 2002. In July 1997, over 1200 people were evacuated from over 400 homes, whilst flood damage in November 2002 is estimated to have cost residents and businesses millions of pounds. During both the 1997 and 2002 flood events, the A96 trunk road was closed for over 48 hours, whilst the Inverness to Aberdeen railway line suffered considerable damage and was closed for several weeks. The losses due to the 1997 and 2002 floods are estimated to jointly exceed 100 million. The most recent flood was September 2009. February 2011 saw the Moray Council begin a 86 million, 4-year flood alleviation and mitigation scheme to hold back flood-water from the River Lossie. According to SEPAs river level data the highest level on record was 3.745m in November 2002. As indicated in the site plan, any new development would be situated on the edge of the rivers flood plain. The frequency of these floods will only increase and therefore must be allowed for in the house design.
Figure 2.7 SEDA Flood Risk Map (http://www.sepa.org.uk/flooding/flood_map.aspx) overlaid 66 Duff Place, Elgin
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Climate Analysis
Temperature & Comfort Level
Present Day Elgin climate is temperate maritime, with cool summers and relatively mild winters due to its proximity to the Moray Firth and North Sea. Mean temperature peaks in July at around 19C and drops to a minimum mean temperature of -3.3C in December. These means are shown in the Nicol Graph for 2010 in the following page (Fig. 3.1). This indicates that even in the warmer summer months, heating may be required to maintain the appropriate indoor thermal comfort temperature. It should also be noted that we assumed a minimum comfort temperature of 19C. What is also evident is that this heating could also be provided by daily solar radiation levels. 2050 When attempting to predict Elgins climate in 2050, we have assumed that the temperatures would be approaching the equivalent of London in 2010. The resultant Nicol graph is shown in Figure 3.2. It is evident here that with substantial rising mean temperatures, particularly in summer, overheating must be allowed for and cooling provided. The building however will still require significant heating during winter months.
Solar Energy
The sun path diagram (Fig. 3.3) taking into account the sites longitude and latitude indicates the following: For the building to maximise its potential solar gain any site massing should be geared towards an elongated shaped running for east to west which would in turn maximise any south facing elevations. Thankfully this suits the shape of the site. In terms of roof design with particular consideration given to the installation of PV or solar thermal panels any pitch should be angled to run perpendicular to the summer azimuth (Fig 3.4), in this case 33. Special care must also be taken with regards to overheating in summer on the south and west elevations especially when combined with the predicted temperatures of 2050. Although some shading will be provided by the trees running around the sites southern boundary, careful care must be taken with glazing design and shading should be provided where appropriate.
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Figure 3.1 Nicol Graph for Elgin 2010

Figure 3.3 Sunpath Diagram (www.jaloxa.eu). For 57N & Total Monthly Sunshine Duration, Met Office Nairn Weather Station
Figure 3.2 Nicol Graph for Elgin 2050
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Figure 3.4 Solar Altitude & Time/Orientation Data 57N
Sunrise Sunset Approx. Solar (Time/Orientation) (Time/Orientation) Daylight Altitude (Hours) (Degrees)
WINTER SUMMER
08.45am, SE 03.00am, NE
15.15pm, SW 21.00pm, NW
6.5 18
10 57
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Wind
The prevailing wind in Elgin is from the southwest. As the northeast of Scotland is relatively close to the track of Atlantic depressions, it is one of the windiest parts of the UK. The frequency and strength of the prevailing winds is greatest in the winter half of the year, particularly from December to February. Figure 3.5 highlights the variation in monthly mean speeds and highest gusts at Leuchars.
Figure 3.5 Monthly Mean Wind Speed and Wind Rose Data
There have been several noteworthy gales affecting the northeast of Scotland, accompanied by property damage and disruption to travel and power supplies. The penetration of westerly winds into eastern Scotland is controlled to a large extent by topography, with the central lowlands assisting, whilst the higher ground either side providing shelter. As Elgin is in the lee of the Grampian Mountains, it experiences diminished south-westerly winds as air is deflected by the high ground from the Cairngorm Mountain Range to the west.
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Rain
Much of eastern Scotland is sheltered from the rain-bearing westerly winds by the Cairngorm Mountains. The Moray Firth receives less than 700mm of rainfall in an average year, whilst the exposed southern Grampians receives over 1500mm per annum. These values can be compared with annual totals around 500mm in the driest parts of England. Overall, rainfall is generally well distributed throughout the year. The frequency of Atlantic depressions is normally greatest during the autumn and winter but, unlike other parts of the UK, Scotland tends to remain under their influence for much of the summer too. The wettest months tend to be in autumn and early winter, whereas late winter and spring is normally the driest part of the year.
Rainfall (mm)
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rainfall (mm)
Figure 3.6 Total Rainfall Data Levels, Met Office Nairn Weather Station
Figure 3.6 shows the annual rainfall in the North-East of Scotland, peaking in September. Periods of prolonged rainfall inevitably lead to widespread flooding, especially in winter and early spring when soils are near saturation and snowmelt is a significant contributing factor, especially in this region. Rainfalls of about 75mm in 48hours in November 2002 resulted in the River Lossie bursting its banks and flooding Elgin, causing significant damage.
Snow & Air Frost

For snow to lie for any length of time, the temperature has to be below 4C. Snowfall is usually confined to the months from November to April, with upland areas frequently having falls in October
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and May. On average, the number of days with snow falling is about 20 per winter along the coast, with over 100 in the Grampians and Elgin area. This is echoed by the number of days with snow lying being less than 10 along the coast but over 60 days within Grampian. The South-West of England has less than 3 days of lying snow per year. Figure 3.7 shows the monthly averages of days with sleet/snow falling and lying at Dyce. Snowmelt has a significant effect on the level of the River Lossie in Elgin, and plays a major role in the levels of soil saturation and therefore flood risk to the region. Snowmelt often is a key contributor to flooding in the area, as the ground is frozen during winter and therefore impermeable, forcing the snowmelt to run as surface water and ultimately flood the region.
Figure 3.7 Total Days of Snow & Total Days of Air Frost, Met Office Nairn Weather Station
Days of Air Frost

25 20 15 10 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Days of Air Frost
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Occupant Analysis
Family & Space Planning Requirement
It is essential to build this eco-house in line with the lifestyles and activities that need to be housed. Our family consists of a mother, a father and two children a boy and a girl. The children are aged 16 and 12 respectively, and both attend the local secondary school, Elgin Academy. The father is 45 and is self-employed, running a local computing business in Elgin and mainly works from home. Space should be allowed for a small hybrid vehicle for the fathers occasional business trips around the region. The mother is 43 years old and works part-time in the local nursery, located opposite the site. A sample of the daily activities of the family is shown in figure 4.1 on the following page. The house requires 3 bedrooms one master, two for the children. There will be two bathrooms within the house, one being an en-suite to the master bedroom and the second as the main bathroom in the home. The father needs a flexible working space in which he can work from home comfortably. This space could also double as a spare bedroom available for visitors. Due to mother and fathers flexible working times, the family is able to spend a lot of time together in the evenings, thus requiring a kitchen/dining area as well as a lounge. Furthermore, utility and storage space is needed particularly with reference to any additional equipment associated with renewable technologies. Unheated storage would also be beneficial for the storage of bicycles and gardening/workshop equipment. The total heated internal floor area is to be kept to a maximum of 100m. This space to include the following: Lounge (including dining) Kitchen (including dining) Utility Room Master Bedroom with en-suite 2 x Single Bedrooms Bathroom Flexible Workspace / Guest Bedroom Bicycle Store/Garden Equipment Store Space for Services Storage
Our design intends to elevate the dwelling significantly above the external ground level to reduce the homes vulnerability to flooding and repair maintenance costs. This will have implications on future adaptability should the house require wheelchair access for an elderly future occupant. Space should therefore be allowed for the possible installation of a lift or hoist mechanism
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7-9am Mum
Get up 7am, shower and eat breakfast, go to the local Work from home in the Work form home. shop for the newspaper and home office. return home, begin work. Get up 8am, shower, have breakfast, go to school. School Get up 7.30am, shower and style hair, have breakfast and go to school. Get up 7am, shower, get children up, have breakfast. Work Go to work. Finish work at 1pm. Go home.
9-11am
11-1pm
1-3pm
Have lunch, do some cleaning.
3-5pm
Pick up the children from school (on foot).
5-7pm
Prepare dinner.
7-9pm
9-11pm
11-1am
Have dinner together Find a quiet spot in at 7.30pm, watch the house and read, Sleep. soaps. go to bed by 11pm. Have lunch with wife, drive into town to visit Return home, work in Work in the home his business to ensure the home office. office. smooth operation. Finish School, play football.
Dad
Eat dinner with the family, spend time together.
Go back to work in the office.
Sleep at midnight.
Boy
School
School
Come home, shower, Eat dinner, go back to listen to heavy metal bedroom and use the Listen to music. music. computers.
Sleep at 1am.
Girl
School
School
School
Finish school, play in Help mother prepare Eat dinner, watch the orchestra then dinner, talk on the television with meet mother. phone to friends. mother.
Sleep
Sleep
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Figure 4.1 Family Activity Chart
Household Loads
We have carried out a predicted load assessment for the dwelling allowing for the use of inefficient and efficient equipment in summer and winter see figure 4.2 on the following page and our load assessment tables in Appendix A. The purpose of this is to demonstrate the potential energy savings available through the use of low energy white goods. The whole house dwelling load (fig 4.3) will also be useful in determining the suitability of PV panels as a renewable energy source. As shown the peak loads can be found in the kitchen by the inclusion and use of various equipment including: cooker, kettle, dishwasher, fridge freezer, toaster and microwave. By replacing inefficient white goods with low-energy A+ energy rated equipment a considerable saving can be made on demand. This could also be effective in other rooms including lounge and bedrooms. The flexible office space would also provide the house with an increased base load; however this demand could be met by any daytime solar PV electricity generation.
Smart Metering & Energy Monitoring

All metering equipment would be new generation smart metering allowing inhabitants to monitor their energy use and re-establish a link between the products they use and the energy involved in their operation and encouraging a more energy conscious lifestyle. Our home would be equip with a realtime user friendly portable interface which allows inhabitants to keep track of all utilities including electricity, water and gas provided though any micro-renewable technologies including PV and heat exchangers.
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Figure 4.4 Example of Real Time Energy Monitor www.ewgeco.com
Figure 4.2.2 Total Kitchen Electrical Loads
Figure 4.2.1 Total Lounge Electrical Loads
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Figure 4.2.3 Total Office Electrical Loads
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Figure 4.2.4 Total Master Bedrrom Electrical Loads
Figure 4.2.5Total Bedroom 1. Electrical Loads
Figure 4.2.6 Total Bedroom 2. Electrical Loads
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Figure 4.2.7 Total Bathroom Electrical Loads
Figure 4.2.8 Total En Suite Electrical Loads
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Whole Building Total Electricity Loads Summer

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Total Power (Watts)
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Time of Day (Hours) Inefficient Load Efficient Load
Figure 4.3 Whole Building Total Electricity Loads Summer & Winter
Whole Building Total Electricity Loads - Winter

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Total Power (Watts)
23:00
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Time of Day (Hours) Inefficient Load Efficient Load
23:00
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Housing Design
Solar Shading Analysis & Lighting Strategy By inputting the site longitude and latitude into the Google SketchUp drafting tool we were able to produce an accurate indication of the shadows present on the site in the peak of both summer and winter. We were also able to determine the impact on shading of the deciduous trees along the sites southern boundary. The results can be viewed in figure 5.1 on the following pages. As shown there is still a substantial amount of summer sunlight available free from shading from the southern aspect, even with the nearby trees. This impact of the trees would lessen if the house is built upon a raised elevation. The trees shading impact will be lessened in winters as they shed their leaves, allowing the building to make maximum use of the low winter sunlight. Any sunlight available from this elevation could also be stored in any internal elements with high thermal inertia. The western elevation would be at risk of overheating due to exposure to sun. Careful consideration must be given to any glazing and shading facing the west.
Figure 5.1 Solar Shading for 66 Duff Place, Elgin
June 8:00am
December 10:00am
June 12:00pm
December 12:00pm
June 19:00pm
December 14:30pm
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By combining the familys daily activities with the sites sun path, we are able to determine the location of each room in accordance with their time of use and subsequent lighting demand. We have presented these requirements in a graphic form to demonstrate our strategy for the houses room layout and how our design could utilise the maximum potential from natural lighting. This is shown in Figure 5.2 below.
Figure 5.2 Room Use Combined with Sun Path
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Material & Resource Use Waterproofness and Toxicity

Modern construction philosophy is based upon the idea of ensuring water never gets into the structure. Although sound in principle, it is somewhat unrealistic to assume that water will never get in. Within a buildings fabric, the main source of moisture comes from the lifestyles of those within it breathing, cooking, washing, etc. It is far more important to ensure that buildings are properly designed and accurately detailed and that particular attention is paid to materials used to allow water to safely escape from the building. Thus, the materials outlined here have been carefully chosen with this in mind. All materials have been identified as having a low level of toxicity, both within construction and within their lifetime. This ensures an environmentally safe building and the health of all occupants within.
Lime Rendering
Lime is the traditional binder that has been used for centuries to make mortars, plasters and renders. It is a lime-based cementatious mix applied to external surfaces of traditionally-built stone buildings. Lime putty mortars offer advantages over cement based mortars for the external rendering of buildings, especially when decorated with a
breathable paint such as lime-wash. Their porosity allows the structure to breathe, can accommodate general movement better and their self-heating nature reduces cracking problems. Lime putty mortars gain added strength by carbonating over many months with atmospheric carbon dioxide. Whilst pure lime putty mortars are suitable inside or for sheltered locations, its recommended that for exposed elevations each coat of lime mortar has a
Figure 5.3 Spray application of Hemcrete Lime technology.
pozzolan added. These are burnt clays that react with the lime to give harder more frost resistant renders and historically ranged from volcanic ash, crushed bricks and other forms of burnt clay. Limebased materials can create healthier living environments, is attractive, creates less waste and has a proven durability. Furthermore, lime based materials have a low embodied energy, much lower than the equivalent cement-based mortar. In addition, it will reabsorb some of the CO 2 that was emitted during the manufacturing process on setting. This idea of locking up CO2 within the structure of walls offers an all-round positive result. The thicker the walls are, the more CO2 gets locked up and the better the insulation levels and thermal mass of the building will be. Lime hemp walls offer excellent insulation and thermal mass to achieve exceptional performance. Using hemp in this way will help to reduce the demand for aggregates and offer new opportunities to farmers. Timber Composite Walls
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Construction for this development will predominantly be timber a renewable carbon neutral material. Timber is organic, non-toxic and naturally renewable, and has the lowest CO 2 cost of any other commercially available building material. It is highly insulated and airtight, thus reducing carbon loading throughout its lifetime. Its environmental excellence has long held prime position for ecobuilders; every timber frame home built saves approximately 4 tonnes of CO 2. If all new homes built in the UK since 1945 had been timber frame, more than 300 million tonnes of CO 2 would have been saved. A standard timber frame achieves U-values between 0.30 and 0.27, offering significant carbon savings in daily use. Timer can be sourced locally from Moray Timber and John Gordon and Son, ensuring a low transportation cost and feeding the local economy, and has an embodied energy of 10MJ/kg.
Modular Housing Modular housing is sectional prefabricated housing consisting of multiple modules, which are built in a remote facility and then delivered to their intended site of use. The modules are factory produced, and supply ready to use rooms up to a maximum size of 4.8mW x 12m L x 4m H. The individual sections are pre-prepared and tested in factory conditions, connected to services and tested on site to make up complete houses. They are extremely cost effective when compared to traditional means of construction. Scotland has a tradition of prefabricated timber kit housing but construction is still site-based with consequent deficiencies in quality and performance. The inherent recyclability of modularized construction means that at the end of their life the modules can be demounted and reused as complete units on another site. There are a number of construction companies in Glasgow and Edinburgh which would build and supply modular homes.
Rammed Earth construction Rammed earth is a technique for building walls using the raw materials of earth, chalk, lime and gravel. Earth was the principle material used in Scottish construction until the 18 Century; it is an ancient building method that has seen a revival in recent years as people seek more sustainable building materials and natural building methods. Rammed earth is essentially moist sub-soil rammed between shutters to form solid, monolithic walls. It can provide good thermal and acoustic insulation, durability and has the ability to regulate internal air humidity and quality. Rammed earth walls are simple to construct, non-combustible, thermally massive, strong and durable. It contributes to the overall energy-efficiency of buildings, as the density, thickness and thermal conductivity of rammed earth makes it a particularly suitable material for passive solar heating. Warmth takes almost 12hours to work its way through a wall 35cm thick.
th
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The process involves compressing a damp mixture of earth that has suitable proportions of sand, gravel and clay into an extremely supported frame, creating either a solid wall or individual blocks. Correctly built rammed earth walls can withstand loads for thousands of years, as many stillstanding ancient structures around the world attest. As rammed-earth structures are locally available materials, they have an extremely low embodied energy (0.45MJ/kg)
Figure 5.4 Rammed-earth solid, monolithic walls.
and generate very little waste. The soils are typically subsoils low in clay (between 5%-15%), and the topsoil being
retained for agricultural use. Where soil excavated in preparing the buildings foundation can be used, the cost and energy consumption for transportation are minimal. Due to the nature of this material, it needs a water-free environment to set and cannot withstand prolonged periods exposed to water. Thus, it would not be suitable for the piled foundations of this development, as there is a constant risk of flooding. The piled foundations therefore will have to be concrete, to withstand high volumes of water in the event of flooding. Rammed earth is better suited to be used as internal thermal mass to act as a thermal store within the external building envelope.
Sheeps Wool Insulation

Sheep wool is a natural, sustainable, renewable, theoretically recyclable material and totally
biodegradable that does not endanger the health of people or the environment. It provides optimum performance in terms of sustainability, thermal performance, breathability and moisture control. It also has the ability to recover after compression. It can be cut to shape with a blade, contains no irritating fibres, helps to reduce condensation by absorbing and releasing moisture and is easy and safe to install. It is readily available from most local hardware shops, as well as from the surrounding grazing-farms. The embodied energy of Sheep Wool Insulation is 15kWh m-3 (54MJ m-3), which is less than half of that of cellulose insulation and one sixth of that of mineral wool.
Figure 5.5 Sheeps wool insulation.
Timber Double Glazing

Timber double-glazing is a form of insulated glazing, whereby double glass window panes are separated by air (or other gas) filled space to reduce heat transfer across a part of the building envelope, as well as offering noise mitigation. The insulating efficiency of timber double-glazing is determined by the thickness of the space containing the gas of vacuum. Too little space between the
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panes can result in conductive heat loss between the panes; while too wide a gap results in convection current losses. Vacuum Insulted Glass (VIG) or evacuated glazing can be used to dramatically reduce heat loss due to convection and conduction. The U-value of this is 0.35 Km /W. As timber is being used, longevity of the windows is guaranteed. Timber framed single-glazed windows have the lowest embodied energy, whilst double-glazed units have a short energy payback usually about one year. There are a number of firms within Elgin who supply timber-double glazing.
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Local Materials
Elgin is well supported with the availability of local materials. Local manufacturers can provide stone and rock, granite, sub-bases, granular fill, topsoil, limestone, sky marble and decorative stone from Leiths Ltd, based in Aberdeen and Forres. Quarries in Moray provide limestone, chalk slate and stone. Timber could be provided from Moray Timber and John Gordon and Son. Utilising these local materials would dramatically reduce transport costs.
In particular, this development would make use of local slate, from the New Forres Quarry. Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock. Using this grey slate for the roof of this design would allow the building to blend in with its surroundings. Slate is particularly suitable as a roofing material as it has an extremely low water absorption index of less than 0.4%, and this low tendency to absorb water also makes it very resistant to frost damage and breakage due to freezing. Slate has an embodied energy of 0.1-1MJ/kg.
Building Envelope
Cold Bridging
Cold bridges can be one of the most awkward design issues of a building. Through our design and material strategy, we have minimized the use of materials which are highly thermally conductive, for example metal or solid masonry. Any detailing associated with the construction of the building would ensure that any breaks in insulation would be at a minimum, particularly around areas vulnerable to cold bridging such as corners of walls and junctions to floors and ceilings. Windows would also be set back from the external leaf of the wall and materials with high thermal performance would be used at lintel and cill positions and window and door jams. Cavity insulation can considerably improve the thermal performance of a wall, as well as a high level of airtightness to prevent any cold air getting in but not so airtight that mechanical ventilation is required (i.e. passive housing standards). In this instance, rammed earth will offer a level of thermal and acoustic insulation that will counteract cold bridging and offer a high level of durability.
U-Values & Airtightness
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Although we considered integrating Passivhaus standards into our design, we were deterred by the requirement to include mechanical ventilation (with heat recovery) to provide the necessary air flow within the building. However we have used Passivhaus as a basis for our U-values and air infliltration rate, as shown in the Figure 5.6 below:
Figure 5.6 Predicted U-values, Air Tightness and Insulation Buildup
2007 Standards Wall U-Value (W/mK) Roof U-Value (W/mK) Ground Floor U-Value (W/mK) Windows U-Value (W/mK) Air Tightness/Infiltration (m/hour/m @ 50Pa 0.30 0.20 0.25 2.20
2010 Standards 0.25 0.18 0.20 1.80
PassivHaus Standards 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.80
Proposed Elgin Ecohouse 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.70
10.00
10.00
1.00
0.50
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Eco Services Strategy

Heating, Cooling & Natural Ventilation Strategy
Water to Water Heat Pump As our site is located near the banks of the River Lossie, and on a flood plain with high ground water levels we believe it would be practical to harness the surrounding environment for heating through the use of a Water to Water Heat pump. As water is a fair better conductor than earth, a water to water heat pump has a co-efficiency of performance factor of 5. This means that for one unit of energy required in the running of the necessary equipment associated with the heat pump, 5 times an amount of energy is produced. This would involve using a carefully sized open loop system based upon the anticipated total heat loss from the building. Collector pipes would loop from the house to the nearby river, returning to a heat exchanger situated within the building. From there the newly heated water would provide warmth to under-floor heating circuits and to a separate circuit for domestic hot water requirement. This is demonstrated in Figure 6.1 below. The risk of freezing the river would be minimal as the water source is a flowing river and not a static water body such as a pond. Local environmental authorities must also give their approval before any installation can take place. In extreme situations this circuit can also be used as a cooling mechanism, where the under-floor heaters become under-floor cooling.
Figure 6.1 Water to Water Heat Exchanger Diagram
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Thermal Mass Appropriate use of thermal mass within our building will regulate and balance the thermal fluctuations present in the building. By designing a central core which is exposed to the south facing sun through external glazing we provide a mass capable of storing daytime heat gains, simultaneously providing cooling to nearby areas through convection. In the evening when heating requirements our central core mass gradually releases the heat built up during the day, providing warming to our inhabitants. One major disadvantage of typical thermal mass construction is their use of high embodied energy materials such as concrete. Here we have overcome this problem by specifying the use of rammed earth see materials section for details.
Natural Ventilation Strategy Although our home will be built to an airtightness factor of our rooms will be high enough to allow warmed polluted air to rise above the occupied zone. Our plan width is well below the maximum allowed for natural ventilation (i.e. 5 times the floor to ceiling height). In this instance a strategy such as passive stack ventilation would be excessive. With our design, single sided, single opening ventilation is effective (a depth of about two times the floor to ceiling height). Window openings and trickle vent would be carefully designed to avoid excessive drafts in winter while providing summer cooling requirements. Water Use Strategy
Storm Water By installing a rain water harvesting system, we will reduce consumption on the site for activities such as plant watering, car washing and services which require non-potable water such as flushing of toilets. We will also reduce our impact on the local storm water removal network of particular significance in Elgin. Any excess rainwater will be fed into the natural surroundings and ground water through the use of appropriately designed SUDS (Sustainable Urban Drainage System) such as soakaways.
Waste Water Our investigation did consider some form of on-site treatment such as reed ponds for the site. However due to the size of the development and the ability to connect into Elgins sewage system, it was decided that a standard method of waste water disposal should be implemented. Reed ponds treatment works are better scaled to larger development or communities and have considerable land take and embodied energy. As mentioned previously, all appliances using water will be water efficient (eco-showerheads and dual flush toilets) and grey water will be used where appropriate to reduce water consumption.
Power Strategy - Photovoltaics (PV)
35
Photovoltaic is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing photovoltaic material. Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of PVs has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured. Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in-tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations all over the world. In terms of environmental impact, a typical home solar photovoltaic system could save a tonne of CO2 per year. In our design, the roof area available is approximately 50m , and the angle should be perpendicular to the sun at its peak angle during summer, which is 57. The roof pitch should therefore be around 33 to achieve a maximum 45 angle. Approximately 80% of the energy will be used on site. The total energy generated by PV panel will be around 140W (peak) capacity per square metre, or alternatively 1kW per 7m of roof area. Therefore the total possible generation for our roof would reach 7.2kWh at peak solar output. The total annual electricity produced by our roof would be 5560kWh. This figure is in comparison to the total load of our house as 5292kWh. Therefore we will produce a surplus of 268kWh per year. This corresponds to a module efficiency of around 14% which is approximately right for typical crystalline PV panels. Some polycrystalline panels may take up a bit more space while some of the best monocrystalline panels may need as little as 6m per 1kW rated capacity. It is important to note that solar electricity is greatly reduced in cloudy conditions, requiring alternative sources of power. While many buildings with photovoltaic arrays are tied into the power grid, which absorbs any excess electricity generated throughout the day and provides electricity in the evening, such systems use a grid tie inverter to convert direct current (DC), alternating current (AC) incurring an energy loss of 4%-12%. Off-grid systems use either storage batteries, which also incur significant energy losses and require regular maintenance or engine-generators, which consume costly fuel.
2 2
36
Figure 6.2 Monthly PV Potential Data & Visualisation.
Roof Area Capacity Cost
50 m2 7.2 kW(p) 23,000
Final Design
- Plans
Solar PV Calculation - Provided by CAT

Electricity Produced Per Year
Total Electricity Generated units used directly units sold to the grid 50% of 5560 kWh = 50% of 5560 kWh = 5560kWh 2780 kWh 2780 kWh
Income Generated per year

FiT Generation Tariff Export Income Electricity Savings Total annual income & savings 37.8p/kWh for 5560 kWh = 3.1p/kWh for 2780 kWh = 13p/kWh for 2,780 kWh = 2,102 86 361 2,549
Investment Value
Payback Time Profit over 25 years Rate of Return 9 Years 40,725 7.10%
Environmental Impact
Energy required to produce your PV panels Energy payback time CO2 emissions avoided per year Reduction in one person's average total carbon footprint 12,500 kWh 2.2 years 2,530 kg/year 28%
37
38
Final Design - Elevations
39
40
North West Elevation 3D Visualisation
41
South East Elevation 3D Visualisation
Carbon Accounting
Carbon accounting, or carbon footprint, measures the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly by a person, household, organization, event or product. The footprint considers all six of the Kyoto Protocol greenhouse gases: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6). A carbon footprint is measured in tonnes of Carbon Dioxide equivalent (tCO2e). The CO2e allows the different greenhouse gases to be compared on a like-for-like basis relative to one unit of CO2. CO2e is calculated by multiplying the emissions of each of the six greenhouse gases by its 100-year global warming potential (GWP). The carbon footprint of an average new-build 2-bed cottage without using renewable sources is 80tCO2e (The Guardian, 2010). As explained in our power strategy section, the energy load of 66 Duff place is 5560kWh/year and the PV potential generation would be 5292kWh, providing a surplus of 268kWh per year. As there is m gas on site, we are solely using electricity.
We multiply this surplus by the electrical conversion factor of 0.54 (i.e. 268 x 0.54)
Therefore, our carbon footprint is -144.72kg CO2e (0.14tCO2e)
This figure will change when including car and air travel, lifestyle choices (meat, vegetarian etc) and public transport usage. The carbon footprint stated above is for our Eco-House.
42
Ecological Footprint
Pursuing a high quality of life necessarily entails irreparable damage to the environment. It is therefore necessary to minimize environmental impacts by calculating the ecological footprint of the built environment. The key benefits of the footprint are that it provides an aggregated indicator of environmental impact; it is easily communicated and readily understood; and it allows for sustainability benchmarking. An average home for 4 would have an estimated carbon footprint of 10.7 tonnes of CO2 with an ecological footprint of 5.6 global hectares. Our eco house has an estimated carbon footprint of 4.0 tonnes of CO2 and an ecological footprint of 2.7 global hectares. See Figure 7.1 below and on the following page for more information.
Ecological Footprint for a 4-person Average Home
Ecological Footprint for 66 Duff Place
43
Figure 7.1 Ecological Footprint Data for 66 Duff Place.
Inefficient house -
Efficient house -
44
Appendix
LIVING ROOM
SUMMER - INEFFICIENT
Load Type Lighting (Bulb x2) Television DVD Player Games Console CD Player Lamp 120 330 120 220 200 25 330 110 33 0 0 120 0 0 0 0 330 0 0 143 1015 280 60 60 60 30 10 60 120 330 110 25 440 120 450 475 25 145 Totals Watts Min/Hr 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 120 19:00 120 330 20:00 120 330 120 21:00 22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
120
25
25
TOTAL ELEC. DAILY CONSUMPTION (W)
45
SUMMER - EFFICIENT
Load Type Lighting (Bulb x2) Television DVD Player Games Console CD Player Lamp 16 75 100 175 100 10 476 280 0 0 16 60 60 60 30 10 60 16 75 88 17 0 0 0 0 75 0 0 104 75 88 10 163 16 91 101 10 110 Totals Watts Min/Hr 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 16 19:00 16 75 20:00 16 75 100 21:00 22:00
145
25
2393
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
100
10
10
110
10
796
WINTER - INEFFICIENT
Load Type Lighting (Bulb x2) Television DVD Player Games Console CD Player Lamp 120 330 120 220 200 25 1015 Totals Watts Min/Hr 60 60 60 30 10 60 280 0 06:00 07:00 120 08:00 120 330 110 33 120 120 0 0 0 0 330 0 0 143 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 120 330 110 25 560 120 475 25 475 25 145 18:00 120 19:00 120 330 20:00 120 330 120 21:00 22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
120
25
25
145
25
WINTER - EFFICIENT
Load Type Lighting (Bulb x2) Television DVD Player Games Console CD Player Lamp Totals Watts 16 75 100 175 100 10 476 Min/Hr 60 60 60 30 10 60 280 0 06:00 07:00 16 08:00 16 75 88 17 16 16 0 0 0 0 75 0 0 104 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 16 75 88 10 179 16 101 10 101 10 110 18:00 16 19:00 16 75 20:00 16 75 100 21:00 22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
100
10
10
110
10
2658
Load Tables - Lounge
838
KITCHEN
Load Type Lighting (bulb x1) Dishwasher Kettle Toaster Microwave Washing Machine Iron Hoover Power Tools Smoke Alarm Refridgerator/Freezer 60 20 5 10 10 60 30 25 5 60 10 200 200 167 500 333 9 417 426 426 426 426 426 426 426 426 426 426 9 417 9 417 9 417 9 417 9 417 9 417 9 417 9 417 9 417 9 417 426 9 417 426 9 417 426 33 9 417 426 9 417 426 9 417 426 9 417 426 9 417 426 200 167 500 295 60 60 Totals 11069 Watts Min/Hr 60 1200 2400 1200 1000 500 1000 800 400 9 2500 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 60 400 200 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
9 417
9 417
9 417
9 417
9 417
9 417 TOTAL ELEC. DAILY CONSUMPTION (W)
426
426
426
426
426
426
10224
SUMMER - EFFICIENT
Load Type Lighting (bulb x1) Dishwasher Kettle Toaster Microwave Washing Machine Iron Hoover Power Tools Smoke Alarm Refridgerator/Freezer 60 20 5 10 10 60 30 25 5 60 10 183 133 183 125 350 208 9 250 259 259 584 259 259 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 259 9 250 259 9 250 567 9 250 467 9 250 609 9 250 259 9 250 259 9 250 392 29 9 250 296 9 250 1076 9 250 259 9 250 259 9 250 259 125 300 295 8 Totals 8117 Watts Min/Hr 8 1000 2200 800 750 300 700 500 350 9 1500 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 8 19:00 8 333 183 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
9 250
9 250
9 250
9 250
9 250
259
259
259
259
259
259
8394
Load Type Lighting (bulb x3) Dishwasher Kettle Toaster Microwave Washing Machine Iron Hoover Power Tools Refridgerator/Freezer Smoke Alarm 60 20 5 10 10 60 30 25 5 10 60 417 9 295 426 417 9 606 180 180 200 200 200 167 500 333 417 9 1006 417 9 426 417 9 426 417 9 426 417 9 426 417 9 793 417 9 759 417 9 926 417 9 426 417 9 606 417 9 773 33 417 9 639 417 9 1526 417 9 426 417 9 626 417 9 426 167 500 Totals 11189 Watts Min/Hr 180 1200 2400 1200 1000 500 1000 800 400 2500 9 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 180 18:00 180 19:00 180 400 200 200 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
Load Tables Kitchen & Utility
417 9
417 9
417 9
417 9
417 9
426
426
426
426
426
426
14224
46
Watts Min/Hr 24 1000 2200 800 750 300 700 500 350 9 1500 06:00 60 20 5 10 10 60 30 25 5 60 10 07:00 08:00 24 183 133 183 125 350 208 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 29 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 9 250 125 300 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 24 18:00 24 19:00 24 333 183 183 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 8133 295 259 259 600 259 259 259 259 567 467 609 259 283 408 312 1076 259 442 259
WINTER - EFFICIENT
Load Type Lighting (bulb x3) Dishwasher Kettle Toaster Microwave Washing Machine Iron Hoover Power Tools Smoke Alarm Refridgerator/Freezer Totals
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
9 250
9 250
9 250
9 250
9 250
259
259
259
259
259
259
8649
OFFICE
Load Type Watts Min/Hr 06:00 Lighting (Bulb x1) 60 60 Computer 100 60 Printer 40 20 Study Lamp 12 60 Internet Connection 78 60 Total 290 260 100 100 100 100 13 78 191 78 178 78 178 78 178 100 100 100 0 0 78 178 78 178 78 178 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 100 16:00 100 17:00 100 12 78 190 78 178 78 178 18:00 60 100 13 78 251 12 78 90 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
TOTAL ELEC. DAILY CONSUMPTION (W) 2146
SUMMER - EFFICIENT
Load Type Watts Min/Hr 06:00 Lighting (Bulb x1) 8 60 Computer 88 60 Printer 35 20 Study Lamp 9 60 Internet Connection 78 60 Total 218 260 88 88 88 88 12 78 178 0 0 78 166 78 166 78 166 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 88 13:00 88 14:00 88 15:00 88 16:00 88 17:00 88 9 78 175 78 166 78 166 78 166 78 166 78 166 18:00 8 88 12 78 186 9 78 87 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
Load Type Watts Min/Hr 06:00 Lighting (Bulb x1) 60 60 Computer 100 60 Printer 40 20 Study Lamp 12 60 Internet Connection 78 60 Total 290 260 12 0 12 07:00 08:00 60 100 12 78 250 09:00 100 12 78 190 10:00 100 11:00 100 13 78 178 78 191 12:00 100 13:00 100 14:00 100 15:00 100 16:00 100 12 78 190 78 178 78 178 78 178 78 178 17:00 100 12 78 190 18:00 60 100 13 12 78 263 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
12 78 90
47
WINTER - EFFICIENT
Load Tables Office
Load Type Watts Min/Hr 06:00 Lighting (Bulb x1) 8 60 Computer 88 60 Printer 35 20 Study Lamp 9 60 Internet Connection 78 60 Total 218 260
07:00
08:00 8 88 9 0 9 9 78 183
09:00 88 9 78 175
10:00 88
11:00 88 12 78 166 78 178
12:00 88
13:00 88
14:00 88
15:00 88
16:00 88 9 78 175 78 166 78 166 78 166 78 166
17:00 88 9 78 175
18:00 8 88 12 9 78 195
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
9 78 87
BATHROOM
Load Type Watts Min/Hr Hairdryer 1500 Electric Shower 400 Total 1900 40 10 50 0 67 67 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
SUMMER - EFFICIENT
Load Type Hairdryer Total 800 800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 533 533 Watts Min/Hr 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 0 17:00 0 18:00 0 19:00 0 20:00 0 21:00 0 22:00 0 23:00 0 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
Load Type Watts Min/Hr Hairdryer 1500 Electric Shower 400 Total 1900 40 20 60 0 133 133 1000 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
WINTER - EFFICIENT
Load Type Hairdryer Total 800 800 0 0 0 0 0 40 40 533 533 0 Watts Min/Hr 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 0 14:00 0 15:00 0 16:00 0 17:00 0 18:00 0 19:00 0 20:00 0 21:00 0 22:00 0 23:00 0 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
EN-SUITE
Load Tables Bathroom & En Suite
Load Type Hairdryer Electric Shower Total 1500 400 1900 0 40 10 50 67 67 Watts Min/Hr 06:00 07:00 08:00 1000 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
1067
48
SUMMER - EFFICIENT
Load Type Hairdryer Total 800 800 40 40 Watts Min/Hr 06:00 0 07:00 0 08:00 533 533 09:00 0 10:00 0 11:00 0 12:00 0 13:00 0 14:00 0 15:00 0 16:00 0 17:00 0 18:00 0 19:00 0 20:00 0 21:00 0 22:00 0 23:00 0 00:00 0
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
533
Load Type Hairdryer Electric Shower Total Watts 1500 400 1900 Min/Hr 40 20 60 06:00 07:00 133 133 0 08:00 1000 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
2200
WINTER - EFFICIENT
Load Type Hairdryer Total Watts 800 800 Min/Hr 40 40 06:00 0 07:00 0 08:00 533 533 09:00 0 10:00 0 11:00 0 12:00 0 13:00 0 14:00 0 15:00 0 16:00 0 17:00 0 18:00 0 19:00 0 20:00 0 21:00 0 22:00 0 23:00 0 00:00 0
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
533
MASTER BEDROOM
Load Type Lighting (Bulb x1) Lamp (x2) Totals 60 50 110 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 0 60 60 120 60 0 0 50 50 50 50 Watts Min/Hr 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
SUMMER - EFFICIENT
Load Type Lighting (Bulb x1) Lamp (x2) Totals 8 20 28 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 60 120 8 20 20 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 Watts Min/Hr 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
Load Type Lighting (Bulb x1) Lamp (x2) Totals 60 50 110 0 60 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 60 120 60 60 0 Watts Min/Hr 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 60 60 18:00 60 50 110 19:00 20:00 50 50 0 21:00 50 50 22:00 50 50 23:00 50 50 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
WINTER - EFFICIENT
Load Type Lighting (Bulb x1) Lamp (x2) Totals 8 20 28 0 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 60 60 120 8 8 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 20 Watts Min/Hr 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 8 8 21:00 8 20 28 22:00 20 20 23:00 20 20 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
BEDROOM 2
Load Type Watts Min/Hr 06:00 Lighting (Bulb x1) 60 60 CD Player 200 40 Television 330 60 Lamp (x2) 50 60 Totals 640 220 60 133 330 0 330 193 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 183 0 133 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 133 19:00 20:00 133 330 330 50 50 50 50 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
SUMMER - EFFICIENT
Load Type Watts Min/Hr 06:00 Lighting (Bulb x1) 8 60 CD Player 100 40 Television 75 60 Lamp (x2) 20 60 Totals 203 220 0 07:00 08:00 8 67 75 75 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 87 0 67 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 67 19:00 20:00 67 75 75 20 20 20 20 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
Load Type Watts Min/Hr 06:00 Lighting (Bulb x1) 60 60 CD Player 200 40 Television 330 60 Lamp (x2) 50 60 Totals 640 220 07:00 60 330 0 390 193 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 193 50 243 0 08:00 60 133 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 60 133 18:00 60 133 330 330 50 183 50 183 50 50 19:00 20:00 21:00 133 22:00 133 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
WINTER - EFFICIENT
Load Type Watts Min/Hr 06:00 Lighting (Bulb x1) 8 60 CD Player 100 40 Television 75 60 Lamp (x2) 20 60 Totals 203 220 07:00 8 75 0 83 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 20 95 0 08:00 8 67 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 8 67 18:00 8 67 75 20 95 19:00 20:00 21:00 67 20 87 22:00 67 20 87 20 20 23:00 00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
Load Tables Bedrooms
49
BEDROOM 1
Load Type Lighting (Bulb x1) Hair Straighteners Television Lamp (x2) Totals
Watts Min/Hr 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 60 60 60 300 20 100 330 60 330 330 330 50 60 50 50 50 TOTAL ELEC. DAILY CONSUMPTION (W) 740 200 0 330 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 330 330 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 1300
SUMMER - EFFICIENT
Watts Min/Hr 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 8 60 8 170 20 57 75 60 75 75 75 20 60 20 20 20 TOTAL ELEC. DAILY CONSUMPTION (W) 273 200 0 75 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 75 75 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 350
WINTER - EFFICIENT
Watts Min/Hr 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 8 60 8 8 8 8 170 20 57 75 60 75 75 75 20 60 20 20 20 20 20 TOTAL ELEC. DAILY CONSUMPTION (W) 273 200 0 83 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 28 0 95 95 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 414
Load Tables Bedrooms
Watts Min/Hr 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 60 60 60 60 60 60 300 20 100 330 60 330 330 330 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 TOTAL ELEC. DAILY CONSUMPTION (W) 740 200 0 390 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 110 0 380 380 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 1580
50
References
Halliday Sandy, 2008, Sustainable Construction, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford Roaf Sue, Fuentes Manuel, Thomas Stephanie, 2007, Ecohouse, 3 Oxford Ritchie Adam & Thomas Randall, 2009, Sustainable Urban Design, 2
nd rd
Edition, Architectural Press,
Edition, Taylor & Francis
Scottish Environmental Protection Agency Website, 2011, Flood Maps & River Lossie Data, http://www.sepa.org.uk/flooding/flood_map.aspx Met Office Website, 2011, Nairn weather station data http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/stationdata/nairndata.txt Centre for Alternative Technology http://info.cat.org.uk/solarcalculator Website, 2011, & regional climate data
Solar
Panel
Calculator,
EwGeCo, 2011, Energy Monitoring, http://www.ewgeco.com/ HldROS, 2011, Heat Pump Systems, http://www.hidros.eu/gb/index.php Best Foot Forward, 2011, Ecological Footprint Calculation, http://www.bestfootforward.com/ Mike Berners Lee, 2010, whats the carbon footprint of building a house? The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/green-living-blog/2010/oct/14/carbon-footprint-house
51

Eco House Project1

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ECO HOUSE DESIGN PROJECT

Emily Taylor (H00112903)

Design Criteria Climate Change Resilience

Eco-Services & Biodiversity

Sustainable Lifestyle & Innovative Approaches

Figure 2.1 Google Earth Site Image

Density & Local Amenities

Figure 2.2 Local Amenities Radius Diagram

Joung Hun Youm(H00112903)

Figure 2.4 Panoramic Site Image

Transport & Permeability

Green Spaces & Biodiversity

Figure 2.5 Neighbourhood Transport & Permeability Analysis diagram

Joung Hun Youm(H00112903)

Joung Hun Youm(H00112903)

Figure 3.1 Nicol Graph for Elgin 2010

Figure 3.2 Nicol Graph for Elgin 2050

Figure 3.4 Solar Altitude & Time/Orientation Data 57N

Snow & Air Frost

Days of Air Frost

Eat dinner with the family, spend time together.

Go back to work in the office.

Joung Hun Youm(H00112903)

Smart Metering & Energy Monitoring

Figure 4.4 Example of Real Time Energy Monitor www.ewgeco.com

Figure 4.2.2 Total Kitchen Electrical Loads

Figure 4.2.1 Total Lounge Electrical Loads

Figure 4.2.3 Total Office Electrical Loads

Figure 4.2.4 Total Master Bedrrom Electrical Loads

Joung Hun Youm(H00112903)

Figure 4.2.5Total Bedroom 1. Electrical Loads

Figure 4.2.6 Total Bedroom 2. Electrical Loads

Joung Hun Youm(H00112903)

Figure 4.2.7 Total Bathroom Electrical Loads

Figure 4.2.8 Total En Suite Electrical Loads

Joung Hun Youm(H00112903)

Whole Building Total Electricity Loads Summer

Time of Day (Hours) Inefficient Load Efficient Load

Whole Building Total Electricity Loads - Winter

Time of Day (Hours) Inefficient Load Efficient Load

Figure 5.2 Room Use Combined with Sun Path

Material & Resource Use Waterproofness and Toxicity

Sheeps Wool Insulation

Timber Double Glazing

U-Values & Airtightness

Figure 5.6 Predicted U-values, Air Tightness and Insulation Buildup

2010 Standards 0.25 0.18 0.20 1.80

PassivHaus Standards 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.80

Proposed Elgin Ecohouse 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.70

Eco Services Strategy

Figure 6.1 Water to Water Heat Exchanger Diagram

Power Strategy - Photovoltaics (PV)

Figure 6.2 Monthly PV Potential Data & Visualisation.

Roof Area Capacity Cost

50 m2 7.2 kW(p) 23,000

Solar PV Calculation - Provided by CAT

Income Generated per year

Final Design - Elevations

North West Elevation 3D Visualisation

Joung Hun Youm(H00112903)

Joung Hun Youm(H00112903)

Therefore, our carbon footprint is -144.72kg CO2e (0.14tCO2e)

Ecological Footprint for a 4-person Average Home