DROPS IN CANAL A drop has been defined to be a work designed to secure lowering of water surfac e in a channel and safe

destruction of surplus energy so liberated. The velocity in channel is a function of slope and there is a limiting velocity which can be allowed in a channel depending upon the nature of soil through which it passes without causing it to scour its bed and sides. It follows therefore that there i s a limiting slope which cannot be exceeded without causing any harm to the chan nel. The slope of the country which a channel has to irrigate is usually steeper than the slope required in the channel. To absorb their differential head, the introduction of drop at intervals becomes inevitable. The introduction of drop i s required to protect from the ill effects such as erosion on the upstream, side and bed due to increased velocity because of the drawdown effect, to protect be low the drop from impact force of falling water at the toe of the drop and to pr event the sides from erosion and bed from scouring due to the turbulent flow.

What is Inlet? If a drain is crossing a canal alignment with its bed level just above the FSL o f canal and the MFD of the drain is less than or equal to 10 percent of canal di scharge, then an Inlet may be proposed by letting the discharge of drain into ca nal by accommodating that discharge in free board.

What is outlet? If an inlet is proposed on canal and the discharge allowed from all previous inl ets including this inlet exceeds 20 percent of canal discharge, then an outlet s hall be proposed to let that additional discharge of canal into the natural drai n.

What is Bridge? When a canal alignment crosses a road alignment a bridge will tinue the road which will be interrupted due to excavation of vel may be modified suitably to accommodate free discharge of obstruction. The carriageway width of bridge varies depending road. Economics of Detour Canal Alignments In major irrigation projects, the main canals are generally aligned as contour c anals to give the benefits to the maximum extent possible. These contour canals have to necessary to cross number of ridges and valleys depending upon magnitude of the project. In general, it is noticed that canal alignments are finalized f ollowing the shorter routes available to minimize the ultimate length of canal. This would naturally result in the crossing of the canal over major ridges by me ans of deep cut flumes or tunnels and the negotiation of major valleys by means of level crossings, very high aqueducts or pressure aqueducts. Generally the aut horities are hesitant to adopt detour alignments Types of Canals be proposed to con canal. The road le canal without any on the traffic of

The canal system consists of the following Main Canal Main Canal takes off directly from the upstream side of weir head works or dam. Usually no direct cultivation is proposed. Most of the main canals are aligned a s contour canals to derive benefit. Branch Canal All offtakes from main canal with head discharge of 14-15 cumecs and above are t ermed as branch canals. Major Distributary All offtakes from main canal or branch canal with head discharge from 0.028 to 1 5 cumecs are termed as major distributaries. Minor Distributary All offtakes taking off from a major distributary serving more than 40.47 hectar es are termed as minor distributaries. They are named after a prominent place ne ar about their tail ends. Field Channel All pipe offtakes serving less than 40.47 hectares of ayacut are calledfield cha nnels and are denoted by numbering as left or right side pipes Super Passage, Under Tunnel, Canal Syphon, Aqueduct STRUCTURES

What is Super Passage? When the canal is in full cutting and there is sufficient head way for the canal water a Super Passage may be proposed. That is if the Full supply level (F.S.L) of canal is below a depth of free board required for canal from bed level of dr ain crossing, at this point a super passage may be constructed to let the discha rge of drain without causing any damage to the canal.

What is Aqueduct? Aqueduct is a structure that may be proposed on canal that is running in full em bankment and there is sufficient way to pass the discharge of drain. That is if the Maximum Flood Level (M.F.L) of drain is below a depth of free board required in drain from Bed Level Canal, at this point an aqueduct may be proposed to let the discharge of drain below canal without causing any damage to the canal.

What is Under Tunnel (Type-2 Aqueduct)? When the canal is running in partial or full embankment and there is no sufficie nt head way to pass the discharge of drain below the canal then an Under Tunnel may be proposed. That is if the (MFL +Freeboard) of drain is above the bed level of canal, then a barrel will be provided below the canal bed level by depressin g the bed level of the drain.

What is Canal Syphon? When the canal runs partially in cutting, the canal syphon may be adopted. A bar rel will be provided below the bed level of drain to pass the discharge of canal by depressing canal Full supply level (F.S.L) before the drain crossing and aga in lift it back after crossing the drain. Sufficient head may be provided to for ce the water from up stream of canal to down stream of canal. This is often prov

ided for drain crossing that have huge discharge and an Under Tunnel may not be economic. What is Irrigation? Irrigation is defined as the artificial application of water to arid land for gr owing crops. It is a profession as well as a science. A crop requires certain am ount of water at certain fixed intervals throughout its period of growth. Irriga tion is not required if this requirement is met with from sufficient rainfall as in England. In tropical countries like India the first two or three essential r equirements of plant growth, that is, heat and light are available in abundance, but the third, that is, moisture needs to be supplemented frequently by artific ial application of water. Thus, irrigation is supplementary to rainfall when it is either deficient or comes irregularly or at unreasonable times.