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[20] J. Song, Q. H. Liu, K. Kim, and W. Scott, High-resolution 3-D radar imaging through nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT), Commun. Comput. Phys., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 176191, Feb. 2006. [21] R. Bhalla and H. Ling, ISAR image formation using bistatic data computed from the shooting and bouncing ray technique, J. Electromagn. Waves Applicat., vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 12711287, 1993. [22] R. E. Kell, On the derivation of bistatic RCS from monostatic measurements, Proc. IEEE., vol. 53, pp. 983988, Aug. 1965. [23] S. W. Lee, H. Ling, and R. Chou, Ray tube integration in shooting and bouncing ray method, Microwave Opt. Tech. Lett., vol. 1, pp. 286289, Oct. 1988. [24] W. B. Gordon, Far-eld approximations to the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz representations of scattered elds, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., pp. 590592, Jul. 1975.

Fig. 1. Wire grid model in the x-y plane shorted at the end by a perfectlyconducting strip.

Analysis of Propagation Between Rows of Conducting Cylinders That Model Solid Surfaces Using the Same Surface Area Rule
Alper K. Ozturk and Robert Paknys

AbstractThe thin-wire method of moments (MoM) is a useful technique for modeling a solid conducting surface by a grid of thin wires. Propagation between rows of conducting wires forming a waveguide is investigated to test this technique. A thick-wire model that allows for azimuthal current variation is also considered. When the total surface area of the wires equals the original solid-wall area, two things happen. First, the wire grid model and solid-wall waveguide have the same propagation constant . Second, the thin-wire model erroneously predicts that the wire grid leakage is minimum whereas the thick-wire model predicts the correct behaviorthat the grid leakage monotonically decreases with reduced wire spacing and/or increased wire diameter. The complex propagation constant between rows of conducting cylinders is calculated by using the matrix pencil method (MPM). The accuracy of this approach and the wire-grid modeling is veried using numerical and experimental results. Index TermsMatrix pencil method (MPM), moment methods, waveguides, wire grids, wire scatterers.

I. INTRODUCTION The thin-wire method of moments (MoM) is a useful technique for modeling a solid conducting surface by a grid of thin wires. The technique was rst introduced by Richmond [1]. A well-known result from thin-wire MoM is the same surface area rule. The same surface area rule of thumb states that the total surface area of the wires should be the same as the area of the original surface that it models [2]. By examining the far-zone scattered eld from a 2-D transverse magnetic (TM) circular cylinder, Ludwig [2] veried the same surface area rule. Later, Paknys [3] demonstrated the validity of this rule for near-eld accuracy by using the same scattering conguration. In scattering problems which involve arbitrary orientations of the incident eld, the total surface area of the wires that are parallel to one component of the incident
Manuscript received August 04, 2010; revised May 27, 2011; accepted October 10, 2011. Date of publication March 01, 2012; date of current version May 01, 2012. A. K. Ozturk is with the Aselsan Inc., Yenimahalle, TR-06200 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: alperk@ieee.org). R. Paknys is with the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Concordia University, Montreal QC H3G 1M8, Canada (e-mail: r.paknys@ieee. org). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TAP.2012.2189695

eld vector should be made equal to the area of the solid surface that is being modeled. In this paper, we consider the utility of the same surface area rule in the modeling of propagation between metallic walls. This is a good problem for testing the limits of validity of wire-grid modeling and the thin wire assumption. It will be shown that the propagation constant in the wire grid model is the same as the propagation constant of a conventional solid-wall rectangular waveguide of the same width when the side walls are modeled in accordance with the same surface area rule of thumb. In this case, the leakage loss is also minimum if the thin-wire MoM model is used for the wires. However, the leakage loss is seen to be monotonically increasing with increasing wire spacing when the azimuthal variation of current density on the wires is also modeled in the MoM solution. In order to investigate the propagation characteristics, we consider a waveguide structure composed of rows of conducting wires shorted at the end as depicted in Fig. 1. w represents the width of the waveguide and the diameter of the wires and the spacing between them are denoted by d and s respectively. The waveguide is excited by a z-directed electric line source located near the open end of the structure. In order to compute the complex propagation constant =  + j , we rst calculate the E-eld along the centerline of the waveguide. This can easily be accomplished by using the MoM, since this is a simple 2-D scattering problem which involves perfectly-conducting circular cylinders and a strip illuminated by a line source. The total eld at a given point can be expressed as the sum of the incident eld and the eld reected by the shorting plate. Thus the total eld is expressed as the sum of complex exponentials with unknown amplitude and propagation factors. These unknown factors can be calculated by using the matrix pencil method (MPM) [4]. The MPM and its extensions were previously employed in various scattering problems to extract the components of the induced current density on scattering surfaces. It was demonstrated in [5] and [6] that the MPM can effectively be used both in 1-D and 2-D spectral frequency estimation. The results are veried by comparisons with the propagation constant of a conventional solid-wall rectangular waveguide. II. EXTRACTION OF THE FIELD COMPONENTS The total eld should exhibit a standing wave behavior along the centerline of the wire grid model depicted in Fig. 1. Knowing that the voltage minima repeat every g =2, it is straightforward to calculate the guide wavelength g , and the propagation constant from the total eld behavior. However, in order to calculate the attenuation constant, the total eld should be separated into its components. First the total eld, sampled at constant intervals 1x is expressed as

Ez (m1x) =

N n=1

Cne0 m1x ; m = 1; . . . ; M

(1)

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where represents the number of components, and n and n are the unknown complex amplitude and phase factors associated with the th component. The number of samples is denoted by . The form of the MPM we use in the following is a 1-D spectral frequency estimation method that can in general be used to predict the parameters of a sum of complex exponentials. Thus, it is very suitable for the problem at hand. From (1), the total eld at the th sampling point can be expressed as

C M

Em = Ez (xm ) =
where n = 0 1x and m two matrices are dened as

N n=1

m Cnzn ; m = 1; . . . ; M

(2)

x = x0 + m1x. Using the eld samples,

111 111

E1 = ( y1 y2     E2 = ( y2 y3
111

yP )  yP +1 ) 

(3) (4)

where the column vectors are given by

yk = ( Ek Ek+1  (5) E(M 0P )+k01 )T in which Ei (1 i M ) denote the eld samples dened in (2). The column vectors are obtained by windowing the sequence of eld samples with the window length M P , where the parameter P is the pencil parameter. It is noted that E1 and E2 are (M P ) P matrices. It can be shown that zn are the eigenvalues of the generalized
  0 0 2

eigenproblem

E2en = zn E1en  
0

(6)

where the en are dened to be the generalized eigenvectors of the pencil Fig. 2. Field components of the total eld for the wire grid model of width  = :2 mm, d 8 and = 2: mm at f (E2 zn E1 ). Using singular value decomposition [7], E1 can be ex- w the7waveguide = `0:=mm mm sand the5 line source= 20 GHz.atThe length of is 50 is located (x; y ) = pressed as

E1 = UDV

(7)

(10; 0) mm.  = 2:33. E and E are the eld components propagating in the +^ and 0^ directions respectively. x x

where U and VH are unitary matrices associated with the left and right singular vectors respectively and H denotes the conjugate transpose. U and VH are ( 0 ) 2 ( 0 ) and 2 respectively. D is a ( 0 ) 2 diagonal matrix with singular values of E1 on the diagonal in descending order. The largest N singular values and the associated left and right singular vectors are chosen in (7). Left multiplying (6) by VVH and substituting (7), the generalized eigenvalue problem reduces to

M P

M P

P P

D(012N) UH 2M0P) E2(M0P2P) V(P2N) VH en = zn VH en :   (N N

2

(8)

n = lnzxn ; n = 1; . . . ; N: (9) 1 The amplitude factors Cn can also be obtained by substituting zn in (2) and solving the resulting overdetermined linear system of equations. Fig. 2 shows the two components E1 and E2 in arbitrary units (a.u.) of the total eld in a wire grid model of width w = 7:2 mm. The spacing between the wires and the wire diameter are chosen to be s = 2:5 mm and d = 0:8 mm respectively. The relative permittivity of the medium is r = 2:33. The cutoff frequencies for the rst two TE modes of a rectangular waveguide of the same width are fc10 = 13:46 GHz and fc20 = 27:28 GHz. Thus, the frequency of operation in this example is chosen to be f = 20 GHz to ensure that
0

complex propagation factors can be calculated by using

Therefore, zn are simply the eigenvalues of the N N matrix D01 UH E2 V. Notice that left multiplication by VVH was necessary to obtain a square matrix at the end. Once zn are determined, the
Fig. 3. E and the matrix pencil approximation along the centerline of the conguration considered in Fig. 1.

only the dominant mode is propagating in the waveguide. The complex propagation factors are found to be 1 = 0 59 + 459 59 (1 m) and 2 = 00 60 0 459 59 (1 m) . The amplitude and propagation factors calculated using the MPM are used in (1) to calculate the total eld and the resulting eld behavior is compared to that of the original MoM eld in Fig. 3. It is observed that the MoM eld is recovered in an accurate manner by the MPM. Segments of length 1 = 20 were used in the MoM solution to model the wires and the shorting strip. It should be noted that the azimuthal segment length in the MoM should

j :

j :

=

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Fig. 4. Propagation and attenuation constants of an SIW of width w : calculated using the MPM compared with the results : ,s : , :. from [8]. d

= 11 759 mm = 0 775 mm = 5 165 mm

=22

be smaller as the diameter of the wires is made smaller. This is necessary in order to be able to properly model the circular cylinders using at segments. It is evident from the phase and amplitude behavior of E1 and E2 that the total eld is indeed the sum of +^ and 0^ traveling x x waves with similar decay and propagation factors. In order to further verify the accuracy of the MPM, we calculated the propagation constant of the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) of Fig. 19 of [8]. In this example, the width of the waveguide is w = 11:759 mm and the propagation constant is calculated for d = 0:775 mm, s = 5:165 mm, and r = 2:2. It is observed in Fig. 4 that the propagation constant calculated using the MPM agrees well with the results from [8]. It was observed that the total eld can be accurately separated into its components using the MPM for any value of s and d as long as the wires are accurately modeled in the MoM solution. It should be noted that the region over which the MoM eld is sampled should be large enough to capture the essential characteristics of the guided waves. In the numerical examples, the extent of the sampling region was chosen to be more than two guide wavelengths to ensure accuracy in the MPM solution. III. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In order to examine the equivalence of the wire grid model and the solid-wall waveguide, we will compare the propagation constant of the wire grid model to that of a solid-wall rectangular waveguide of width w. The conguration depicted in Fig. 1 is used in the numerical calculations. The length of the waveguide is ` = 50 mm and the line source is located at (x; y ) = (10; 0) mm. The azimuthal variation of the current density on the wires is accounted for by modeling the wires using small segments in the MoM solution. Fig. 5(a) shows the propagation constant of a wire grid model of width w = 7:2 mm as a function of s=d at f = 20 GHz. The curve labeled solid wall represents the propagation constant of a rectangular waveguide of width w = 7:2 mm and is simply given by  = k2 0 (=w)2 . The solid-wall waveguide propagation constant is  = 467:98 (1=m), and Fig. 5(a) shows that the wire grid model and solid-wall waveguide have the same  when s=d '  , regardless of the value of d. This result can be understood in terms of the same surface area rule. Let the sidewall area be A = `h, where h is the waveguide height in z and ` is the length. In the optimum design, the number of wires used to model one sidewall is n = `=s + 1. Thus, the total area of the wires for one sidewall is Aw = `w h = ndh, from which

Fig. 5. Propagation and attenuation constants for a wire grid model of width , : . w : for various values of d at f

= 7 2 mm

= 20 GHz

= 2 33

` n01s A Aw = `w = n d :

(10)

Notice that the number of wires used to model a given area changes as s=d is changed. For a large number of wires the same surface area condition is met when s=d =  , but more generally, it follows from (10) that the same surface area rule is satised when s=d = n=(n 0 1). This is why the optimum value of s=d is not exactly  for the cases shown. It is observed from Fig. 5(b) that the attenuation constant increases with the wire spacing. In [2], [3] it was concluded that the same surface area rule is optimum from a leakage point of view, provided that the current is uniform on each wire. This is a useful principle when using thin-wire MoM codes for the modeling of complex structures. In order to test this, we calculated the complex propagation constant of the conguration considered in Fig. 5 assuming that the current is uniform on each wire. It was observed that the propagation constants are very similar to the results shown in Fig. 5(a). The attenuation constant is shown in Fig. 6. Indeed, it is observed that the leakage is minimum around the value of s=d at which the same surface area rule is satised. However, as the spacing between the wires decreases, the uniform current assumption is no longer valid and the azimuthal variation of the current should be modeled in the numerical solution. In order to investigate the effect of the width w on leakage and propagation characteristics and further demonstrate the accuracy of the MPM, we repeated the above procedure for wire grid models of various widths. Fig. 7 shows the propagation and attenuation constants as a function of s=d. The length of the waveguide is ` = 50 mm and r = 2:17. The frequency of operation was chosen to be f = 40 GHz. In this example, the eld data used in the application of the MPM varies as the width of the waveguide changes. Nevertheless, the optimum value of s=d is the same for different values of w . It should be

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Fig. 6. Attenuation constant for a wire grid model of width w : for , : . The current density is assumed various values of d at f to be uniform on each wire.

= 20 GHz

= 2 33

= 7 2 mm

Fig. 8. Propagation constant for an SIW of width : and  :.

1 628 mm

= 22

w = 15:345 mm. d =

between the wires is determined according to the same surface area rule. For the measurement of the propagation constant, two SIWs of different lengths `1 = 10:230 cm and `2 = 4:092 cm with identical ports were fabricated. The propagation constant is then calculated by using


=
6

S21 `1

` 0 6 S21 0 `2

(11)

` ` where S21 and S21 are the measured transmission coefcients of the lines `1 and `2 respectively. The measured propagation constant is compared with the propagation constant of the solid-wall waveguide of the same width in Fig. 8. It is observed that the two results agree very well over the entire frequency range. The attenuation constant for this structure was too small to be measured.

IV. CONCLUSION In this paper, properties of the same surface area rule were investigated. The thin- and thick-wire MoM models were used to calculate the complex propagation constant between rows of conducting cylinders modeling solid conducting walls. It was found that the propagation constant,  , of the wire grid model and the solid-wall waveguide of the same width are equal when the same surface area criterion is met. It was observed that the same surface area rule also minimizes the leakage loss if the current density on the wires is assumed to be uniform. This error is eliminated when the azimuthal variation of current on the wires is included in the solution. In this case the leakage loss decreases monotonically with decreasing spacing between the wires. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Fig. 7. Propagation and attenuation constants for a wire grid model of various : . , and f , : widths. d

= 0 6 mm

= 40 GHz

= 2 17

The authors would like to thank V. Efe for his contributions in designing the experimental samples.

REFERENCES
noted that the E-eld is polarized parallel to the wires in these numerical examples. Grids of different shapes may be used in the wire-grid modeling of surfaces for arbitrary polarizations. It was shown in [9] that same surface area rule is accurate for simple rectangular wire grids. The results presented in this section are expected to be valid for a rectangular grid of wires as a model of the waveguide walls for an arbitrary polarization. Finally, in order to experimentally verify the same surface area rule, we measured the propagation constant of an SIW of length ` = 6:138 cm and width w = 15:345 mm. The diameter of the wires used in modeling the side walls of the SIW is d = 1:628 mm. The thickness of the substrate is h = 1:570 mm and r = 2:2. The spacing
[1] J. H. Richmond, A wire grid model for scattering by conducting bodies, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-14, no. 6, pp. 782786, Nov. 1966. [2] A. C. Ludwig, Wire grid modeling of surfaces, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-35, no. 9, pp. 10451048, 1987. [3] R. J. Paknys, The near eld of a wire grid model, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-39, no. 7, pp. 994999, 1991. [4] Y. Hua and T. K. Sarkar, Matrix pencil method for estimating parameters of exponentially damped/undamped sinusoid in noise, IEEE Trans. Acoustic Speech Signal Processing, vol. 38, pp. 834844, May 1990. [5] Z. Altman, R. Mittra, O. Hashimoto, and E. Michielssen, Efcient representation of induced currents on large scatterers using the generalized pencil of function method, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-7, no. 1, pp. 5157, 1996.

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[6] M. F. Catedra, F. Rivas, C. Delgado, J. M. Gomez, and L. Lozano, Application of matrix pencil to obtain the current modes on electrically large bodies, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-54, no. 8, pp. 24292436, 2006. [7] W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, S. A. Teukolsky, and W. T. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1986.

[8] D. Deslandes and K. Wu, Accurate modeling, wave mechanisms, and design considerations of a substrate integrated waveguide, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 25162526, 2006. [9] A. Rubinstein, F. Rachidi, and M. Rubinstein, On wire-grid representation of solid metallic surfaces, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. EMC-47, no. 1, pp. 192195, 2005.