Principles of Management

Review
Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer(s): 1. The primary task of management is to: (choose the best answer) a) plan in advance b) coordinate national and international relief efforts c) make rapid, informed decisions and coordinate group efforts d)determine parameters of jobs, incomes, and services that apply during disaster conditions e) take control during a crisis 2. To neutralize the confusion of the emergency period, disaster management places heavy emphasis on: (choose the best answer) 0 a) advance planning 1 b) strategic planning 2 c) organizational planning 3 d) field management planning 4 e) forward planning 5 3. Choose the appropriate letter from the following list to fill in the blanks in the sentence below. 6 a) field-level managers 7 b) middle-level managers 8 c) top management It is usually considered more effective to have _____ make all program decisions, _____ make financial and other organizational decisions, and _____ serve as resource coordinators. 4. Disaster managers may find themselves working in environments that are: a) economically turbulent b) politically hostile c) demographically diverse d) all of the above e) none of the above 5. It is especially critical to identify needs: a) during the emergency phase of a disaster b)during the transition phase of a disaster c) during the reconstruction phase of a

d) disaster e) a+b f) during all disaster phases 6. Deciding to give priority to a particular area following a disaster is an example of: a) practicing favoritism b) determining strategies and approaches c)setting up the program d) allocating resources e) setting policy 7. Before an agency decides which activities it will undertake in a particular area, it should at least: a) agree upon one standard approach that all agencies in the b) affected area should follow c) notify all department heads of agencies in the affected d) area of its plan of action e) take inventory of the resources available to other f) agencies g) in the area h) be certain of its planning priorities i) be well informed of activities of other agencies operating j) within the same area 8. There is usually no established procedure for handling: a) non-routine decisions b) routine decisions c) technically guided decisions d) decisions made under conditions of risk e) decision-making 9. In emergencies, non-routine decisions are most often made by: 1 a) field level managers 2 b) middle level managers 3 c) top management 4 d) technical advisors 5 e) a board of directors 6 10. The first step in making decisions in an emergency is to: 7 a) evaluate alternatives 8 b) formulate a policy 9 c) gather and collate informationd) identify goals 10 e) define the problem 11 11. Monitoring trends in nutritional states of disaster victims is an example of:

12 a) epidemiologic surveillance 13 b) situation reports 14 c) early warning reports 15 d) disaster assessment reportse) sitreps 16 12. Intelligence information that reports on trends and patterns can aid in: (choose the best answer) 17 a) intra-organizational flow of information 18 b) emergency evacuation procedures 19 c) short-term relief efforts 20 d) long-range, strategic planning 21 e) updating weather bulletins 13. One of the most important administrative positions is that of (choose the best answer): 22 a) secretary 23 b) program coordinator 24 c) accountant 25 d) public relations officer 26 e) storekeeper 27 14. People are more liable to resist a leader's efforts when the threat of disaster is: a) constant and recurring b) moderate and recurring c) imminent d) moderate and infrequent e) widespread 15. A common misconception of inexperienced disaster workers is that: a) victims will be unable or unwilling to work b) tents should be ordered to provide emergency shelter c) they will be forced to do unpleasant work with little or no compensation d) they will have to camp out in tents e) water should be boiled before being used 16. A group of people whose job is to define parameters of a task and make recommendations is a(n): 1 a) task group 2 b) committee 3 c) organic group 4 d) ad hoc group 5 e) work group 17. When a group can satisfy individual needs for status, recognition, or material gain, this increases group: 6 a) divisiveness 7 b) elitism 8 c) status 9 d) autonomy 10 e) cohesion 18. Once different tasks and specialists needed to do them have been identified, the

agency is then in a position to develop (choose the best answer): 11 a) chains of command 12 b) a decentralized organizational structure 13 c) job descriptions 14 d) budget line items 15 e) support staff 19. Dividing work into more and more piecemeal assignments may result in (choose the best answer): a) greater efficiency b) overlapping jobs c) lower output and morale d) increased morale e) greater cost 20. Redefining jobs might be a way to: 0 a) give workers more autonomy 1 b) enlarge the workload 2 c) reduce the workload 3 d) exercise greater control over workers 4 e) all of the above f) none of the above 5 21. The success of relief efforts in a community should be measured by: a) quantifiable measures of aid given and individuals helped b) fulfillment of short-term objectives c) a return to normal socio-economic patterns d) a broad-based assessment of impact on the community e) the length of time between the emergency and full recovery True/False (Indicate T or F) _____ 22. As an organization increases in size and complexity, its management adapts by becoming more generalized with a more centralized power structure. _____ 23. Actions taken by an agency in different periods of a disaster are guided by the same objectives. _____ 24. Budgeting for post-disaster programs is usually a trial-and-error process. _____ 25. In most situations, the manager does not know exactly what will occur. _____ 26. Major decisions are usually made by the disaster manager alone. _____ 27. The person assigned to take corrective steps must have clearly delegated authority to correct problems. _____ 28. Graphic charts and diagrams are used to monitor and control activities. _____ 29. Expatriate volunteers are preferable to local or refugee workers because

they are easier to understand and communicate with. _____ 30. In practice, it has been found that the work will be performed more quickly and efficiently if people are offered attractive rates of pay. _____ 31. It is damaging to local peoples' pride when outsiders are called in to perform much of the relief work. _____ 32. A highly centralized government would generally be better able to handle relief efforts under disaster conditions than would a decentralized government. _____ 33. Before a manager can decide upon what approaches to take to motivate workers, he or she should consider personality and goals of each staff member. _____ 34. It is important that all workers performing within a disaster relief organization be motivated by strictly humanitarian concerns. _____ 35. The higher the level of staff motivation and commitment, the less likely they are to experience "burn-out." _____ 36. Few personnel working in disasters have had prior experience. _____ 37. Working relationships change at different stages of a disaster. _____ 38. As the size of a group increases, its cohesiveness tends to increase. _____ 39. Objective measures of performance are unbiased, whereas subjective measures tend to be biased. _____ 40. When conducting an appraisal interview, the manager should focus on positive work performance. _____ 41. A relief agency should be organized in such a way that its original structure will prevail throughout all phases of a disaster. _____ 42. A relief agency should use local help and local resources and seek ways to develop local capabilities wherever possible. _____ 43. The completion and transfer process may also need to include training of people authorized to take over running and use of the project.

Sample Test Principles of Management For each of the following choose the answer that most completely answers the question. 1. Someone who works with and through other people by coordinating their work activities in order to accomplish organizational goals is a. a very intelligent individual. b. a supervisor of production work. c. a manager. d. an operations supervisor. e. a leader of people. Technical skills include a. knowledge of and efficiency in a certain specialized field. b. knowledge of and proficiency in a certain specialized field. c. knowledge of and interest in a general field of endeavor. d. skill in and proficiency in a certain specialized field. e. ability in and proficiency skill in a certain special field.

2.

Joe, as a production supervisor, decides on Friday afternoon how many units of output his employees will be able to produce and on which days certain products will be run in his department. He also decides which of his employees are going to be responsible for operating which machines within the department next week, as his employees are multiskilled assemblers. On Monday, he informs his employees whom he has assigned to which machines by handing out assignment sheets and informs the employees that the schedule is going to be difficult due to the increased number of units. He goes on to tell them that he is sure they can fulfill the schedule because they are such good and skilled employees. Each day during the week he checks the amount of output that the employees have completed and the number of units that have been scraped. 3. When Joe tells the employees that he is sure they can fulfill the schedule because they are such good and skilled employees, he is performing which of the management functions? a. Controlling b. Leading c. Planning d. Organizing Knowledge management involves encouraging the members of the organization to a. improve the educational level of the average employee. b. develop new training programs to help new employees learn their jobs. c. develop a corporate university like Hamburger University at McDonald's. d. systematically gather information and share it with others. e. retrain top managers through traditional MBA programs.

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While trying to describe a work problem, one manager utilizes analysis of basic work tasks that are performed in the organization. It is most likely that this manager has studied the work of a. Frederick Taylor. b. Edward Deming. c. Max Weber. d. Henri Fayol. e. Bill Gates. Strong cultures a. are found in organizations with strong leaders. b. have a minimal influence on the employee when s/he is making decisions. c. can be found in all organizations that exist. d. have a greater influence on employees than do weak cultures. e. are found in organizations with more members in them. __________ are any constituencies in the organization's external environment that are affected by the organization's decisions and actions. a. Stockholders b. Pressure groups c. Suppliers d. Stakeholders The North American Free Trade Agreement a. includes Mexico and Canada. b. includes Mexico, Brazil, and Columbia. c. reduced trade between the United States and Canada. d. reduced the economic power of Canada and the United States and increased the power of Mexico. e. None of the above are true. Successful global management requires an attitude that is best described as _____________. a. ethnocentric b. parochial c. polycentric d. geocentric e. geometric

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Theodore and James have formed an entrepreneurial venture to develop software for banks and other financial institutions. Their company is growing, but in looking for opportunities in the future, they decide to explore international operations. 10. Theodore and James decide to allow a firm in Europe to use the rights to their software, its brand name, and software specifications in return for a lump-sum

payment. This agreement is known as a a. strategic alliance. b. licensing agreement. c. franchise. d. foreign subsidiary. e. joint venture. 11. The socioeconomic view is that management's social responsibility goes beyond making profits to include a. placing members of society on welfare. b. protecting and improving society's welfare. c. minimizing the welfare of society in exchange for profits. d. protecting and improving the organization's profits. e. maximizing the welfare of society in exchange for profits. Value-based management is an approach to managing in which managers a. invest where a return on the investment is promising. b. pay close attention to investments that have a potential to lose money. c. support employee initiatives to help boost the morale of the employees. d. create value for the company through the development of new products. e. establish, promote, and practice an organization's shared values. Ethics refers to rules and principles that a. clearly define what is right and wrong conduct. b. define what is right conduct. c. define what is right and wrong conduct. d. clearly define what is wrong conduct. e. clearly define what manager can and cannot do.

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14. In a short essay, discuss the importance of studying management and list at least 3 rewards and 3 challenges of being a manager. 15. In a short essay, list and discuss the four most significant ways in which culture is transmitted to employees. Include specific examples of each to support your answer.

Management
Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer(s): 1. The primary task of management is to: (choose the best answer) a) plan in advance b) coordinate national and international relief efforts c) make rapid, informed decisions and coordinate group efforts d) determine parameters of jobs, incomes, and services that apply during disaster conditions e) take control during a crisis 2. Crisis management applies to: (choose the best answer) a) the moment at which a disaster strikes b) the immediate post-disaster period c) the preparedness phase and immediate post-disaster period d) the immediate post-disaster period and disaster reconstruction e) disaster mitigation and reconstruction 3. Contingency planning generally refers to: a) the threat of an imminent disaster b) the response of an organization to disaster threats c) unspecified sites that are not immediately threatened d) planning for changing values in relief agencies e) a specific site where a disaster could occur 4. A disaster manager's role can be divided into management of: (choose the best answer) a)public relations, information, and resources b) field, middle, and top level managers c) personnel, budgets, and needs surveys d) planning, response, and reconstruction e) operations, people, and organizations 5. In vertical management, the authority to act and use resources is _____ subordinates. (Fill in the blank with the correct letter.) 0 a) shared with 1 b) controlled by 2 c) coordinated through 3 d) delegated to 4 e) withheld from 5 6. Two or more field level managers contributing their expertise to the completion of a project is an example of: a) vertical specialization b) horizontal specialization

c) group specialization d) sub-unit specialization e) pyramidal specialization True/False Indicate T or F: _____ 7. Strategic, contingency, and forward planning all pertain to preparations made in advance of a disaster. _____ 8. As an organization increases in size and complexity, its management adapts by becoming more generalized with a more centralized power structure. _____ 9. Expectations from donors, government administrators, and the general public can shape the objectives and policy of a relief organization.

Planning
Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer(s): 1. In order to quantify needs, agencies should: (choose the best answer) a) conduct extensive, detailed surveys b) obtain an accurate count of people living in the stricken area and determine ways to ration supplies equitably c) determine how much assistance can be provided and set limits accordingly d) attempt to estimate percentages of families requiring different types of assistance e) estimate numbers of people in the stricken area who are not eligible for any other form of assistance 2. The "Gap Identification Sheet" is divided into _____ and_____ actions. (Fill in blanks with appropriate letters from list below.) 0 a) short-term 1 b) long-term 2 c) pre-disaster 3 d) emergency 4 e) humanitarian 5 f) technically guided 6 3. To define precisely what an agency hopes to achieve through a particular program, the agency should: a) set policies, establish goals, and select one strategy and one approach b) set policies and establish goals that stay within a fixed budget c) set policies, establish goals, and select strategies and approaches d) set policies, establish goals, and solicit funding e) conduct extensive surveys, set policies, and establish goals. 4. Effective policies should attempt to do all of the following except: a) empower managers to use financial incentives to achieve defined objectives b) strike a reasonable balance between stability and flexibility c) cover any contingency d) provide for coordination of the various related sub-units e) be stated clearly and logically 5. When setting objectives, the most important considerations are: (choose the best answer) a) the priority of each, any conflicts and problems of coordination, and the likelihood of success b) the priority of each, its timing, and its delegation to the appropriate person or department c) the short-term versus long-term benefits, the recoverability of funding, and ways to meet the needs of the most people in the greatest geographical area d) linking to other programs, maximizing buying power, and balancing between family and community assistance

e)that they be measurable, flexible, and adaptable 6. Once objectives have been established and prioritized, an agency should: a) estimate how much assistance will come from the government and how much will come from private donors b) determine how many people are not eligible for government assistance c) decide which department of the agency will be responsible for which objective d) determine strategies and approaches e) obtain a realistic estimate of the amount of assistance to be provided and how many beneficiaries there will be 7. Choose which planning concept the following statements represent by marking either an "s" (strategy) or "a" (approach) in the appropriate blank. _____Organize technical crews to inspect storage facilities for possible food deterioration. _____ Give loans and grants. _____ Establish a nutrition program. _____Organize a construction team to build replacement houses for a designated number of people in the project area. _____ Establish a construction program. 8. Use of time series analysis would probably be a more accurate indicator in the event of _____ than in the event of_____. (Decide in which blank each letter below belongs.) a) earthquake b) drought c) hurricane d) civil war e) tornado 9. In situations where refugees are arriving over extended periods of time, agencies should: a) estimate total numbers of people anticipated and stockpile materials for that number b) estimate the number of people in need of assistance for a limited period and update needs estimates (using a formula) on a weekly basis c) multiply the number of people now receiving assistance times the percentage of the total that the new arrivals represent d) add the total number of people now receiving assistance to the number of new arrivals last week and multiply by the contingency planning number e) estimate the number of people in need of assistance for a limited period and update needs estimates (using a formula) on a monthly basis 10. A program impact assessment should be made as part of the: 0 a) planning process 1 b) control process 2 c) decision making process 3 d) evaluation process

4 e) budget process 5 11. By contingency planning, an agency is able to order one shipment of supplies which covers total shelter needs rather than having to order an additional shipment at a later date. This is an example of: 6 a) moving budgeting 7 b) forecasting 8 c) concentration of resources 9 d) multiple objective planning 10 e) variable budgeting 11 True/False Indicate T or F: _____ 12. After a disaster, needs can best be determined by visiting representative areas and talking to selected groups in the affected community. _____ 13. Different departments should be involved in reviewing objectives to resolve any conflicts or problems of coordination. _____ 14. A good field accounting system is one which places the emphasis of trust on the user. _____ 15. In most disasters, the need for curative medical supplies is far greater than the need to establish adequate sanitation and hygiene.

Decision Making
Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer(s): 1. There is usually no established procedure for handling: 1 a) non-routine decisions 2 b) routine decisions 3 c) technically guided decisions 4 d) decisions made under conditions of risk 5 e) decision making 6 2. In emergencies, non-routine decisions are most often made by: 7 a) field level managers 8 b) middle level managers 9 c) top management 10 d) technical advisors 11 e) a board of directors 12 3. Under conditions of uncertainty, decisions must be made using: (choose the best answer) 13 a) alternative choices 14 b) programmed decisions 15 c) models d) probabilities 16 e) technical factors 17 4. A decision to commit all available equipment and manpower to the clearing of roadways blocked by debris from a sudden landslide would be an example of: 18 a) minimizing results 19 b) minimizing the maximum possible results 20 c) maximizing all possible results 21 d) maximizing results that are the minimum possible under the circumstances 22 e) avoiding or delaying the decision 23 5. After a storm, authorizing the unclogging of a sewer pipe known to be susceptible to flood damage would be an example of a: 24 a) technically guided decision 25 b) quality control decision 26 c) routine decision 27 d) non-routine decision 28 e) decision made under conditions of uncertainty 29 6. When considering alternative decisions, it always is important to: 0 a) be guided by humanitarian considerations 1 b) determine possible outcomes of each 2 c) maximize the possible results 3 d) minimize the possible results 4 e) delay the final decision until all variables can be examined

5 7. Reorder the following steps in decision making into their proper sequence of occurrence by assigning the correct number to each step. _____Evaluate information for quality,accuracy, and variables._____Identify alternatives and determine possible outcomes._____Define the problem and decision to be made._____Make the decision._____Gather, organize, and extract all relevant information. True/False Indicate T or F: _____8. In most situations, the manager does not know exactly what will occur. _____9. Under disaster conditions, non-programmed decisions are usually the concern of top management, while middle and field level managers generally make programmed decisions.

Monitoring and Control

Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer(s): 1. The purpose of control is to: 1 a) find deviations in a plan, assign responsibility, and reprimand (or clarify instructions to) individual(s) at fault 2 b) exercise proper decision-making authority over subordinates 3 c) find deviations in a plan, correct them, and prevent them in the future 4 d) ensure that the project is run according to plan 5 e) take charge of the situation, yet remain flexible and receptive to suggestions from subordinates 6 2. The first step in the control process is to establish standards derived from: 7 a) on-the-spot observation 8 b) feedback control 9 c) objectives of the organization and its individual programs 10 d) impact assessment 11 e) knowledge of environmental, technological, and socio-psychological factors 12 3. Select the type of control which best describes the activities listed below. Type of Control: 13 a) preliminary control 14 b) monitoring 15 c) evaluation _____ performing a cost benefit study of a completed project for future application _____ establishing a routine quality control procedure _____ authorizing the requisition of supplies and equipment to be used in an operation _____ noting that an ongoing project has exhausted its supplies for repairs 4. Decisions to accept or reject incoming materials should be based on: 1 a) a routine procedure for quality control 2 b) cash-to-commitment ratios 3 c) the critical path method 4 d) on-the-spot observation 5 e) group consensus of field staff 6 5. In budgeting for relief operations, a manager should be especially careful to: 7 a) make sure that all or a portion of the funds distributed are recoverable to the program 8 b) establish a fixed budget and adhere to it once the decision has been made 9 c) anticipate and provide for the needs of as many people in as great a radius of the affected area as possible 10 d) keep enough cash on hand to meet obligations 11 e) keep the cash-to-commitment ratio above 3:1 and take immediate corrective action when it falls below

12 6. A detailed examination of financial statements to enable the manager to determine the adequacy of financial planning and budgeting is known as: a) a management audit b) a financial audit c) a cost-benefit analysis d) a standard cost analysis e) quality control 7. When the shipment of food arrived for scheduled distribution to stricken villages, trucks were not available to make deliveries because they were being used by the medical team for another scheduled activity. This type of scheduling conflict would be more likely to occur using which method of graphic display? a) the DART method b) the PERT method c) the CPM method d) a Precedence diagram e) a Gantt chart 8. The DART method is like the Gantt chart except that in the DART method: 0 a) principal activities are identified and their duration represented by horizontal bars drawn on the row representing that activity 1 b) each activity is divided into the various sub-activities that are needed to complete the primary activity 2 c) the sequence of execution of each activity is broken down 3 d) relationships and precedence of activities are shown by arrows connected to sets of boxes 4 e) the time scale for completing the project appears on the horizontal axis 5 9. The PERT method is especially useful where: a) time can be estimated accurately and cost can be determined in advance b) activities that are either behind or ahead of schedule need to be singled out c) large complex projects need to be broken down into component parts d) a non-routine project is performed only once e) repetitive problems arise in daily operations and require standardization of procedures True/False Indicate T or F: _____ 10. Discrepancies between standards and performance are more easily discernible for field operations than for middle management functions. _____ 11. The control process generally involves a combination of direct on-site supervision and indirect techniques.

Leadership
Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer(s): 1. All of the following can, at appropriate times, serve as active ways to influence people, except: a) reprimands b) avoidance c) monetary reward d) experience e) admired personality trait f) compliment for good work g) position of power in the hierarchy 2. Choose the one letter from the following list which best fits the blank spaces in the statement below. a) sound judgment; experience gained b) professional competence; increased self-confidence c) individual personality traits; increased self-confidence d) ability to make accurate decisions; a better understanding of the task e) self confidence; experience gained The most difficult of all the factors affecting leadership is to improve ________ unless preceded by ________. 3. Match the following situations encountered in disaster management with the leadership style that probably would work best in that situation. Leadership Style: a) autocratic directive b) supportive but firm c) participative and achievement oriented d) participative e) supportive Situation: _____ an engineering team project _____ coordination with non-subordinates or organizations _____ non-crisis phase of a disaster _____ a medical team project _____ transition phase of a disaster _____ crisis situation 4. People are more liable to resist a leader's efforts when the threat of disaster is: a) constant and recurring b) moderate and recurring c) imminent d) moderate and infrequent e) widespread 5. The Vroom-Yetton model breaks leadership styles down into:

a) coercion, reward, position b) centralized, decentralized, and pluralistic c) autocratic, consultative, and group d) crisis, transition, and non-crisis e) developmental, conceptual, and interactive True/False Indicate T or F: _____ 6. A leader should recognize which leadership style best suits him or her and then apply it consistently in all situations. _____ 7. In a directive style of leadership, subordinates do not participate in decision making. _____ 8. A disaster manager may find it more expedient to work through the local power structure instead of playing a more prominent role.

Groups & Teams

Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer(s): 1. One thing working in a group does not facilitate is: a) greater willingness to take on risks b) less tendency to make mistakes c) emergence of better ideas d) greater acceptance of a group decision e) better communications among participants 2. A group of people whose job is to define parameters of a task and make recom a) task group b) committee c) organic group d) ad hoc group e) work group 3. All the public health specialists within a relief organization decide to meet to discuss scheduling of projects. They would constitute a(n) (formal, informal) ________ group. 4. One of the biggest dilemmas in the group decision-making process that a leader may face is (choose the best answer): a) deciding whether pushing for a solution other than the majority decision is worth jeopardizing the group process b) trying to get everyone in the group involved without being delayed by endless debates c) helping to keep the group focus on the task at hand without seeming too autocratic d) deciding when to reward and when to reprimand e) getting the group to go along with a management decision while making it seem that it was a group determination 5. For work groups of volunteers and new staff, the moticators which generally work best are: a) recognition and status b) rewards and status c) accomplishment and enrichment d) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement e) enrichment and extinction 6. Being aware of and understanding the roles people have assumed in the group

enables a group leader to: a) decide on who is in line for a reward, promotion, or transfer b) better analyze why a group is or is not performing well c) assign different roles to different individuals d) increase productivity e) gain greater support and cooperation from group members 7. If conflicts arise among certain individuals in the group, ways to remedy the situation include all of the following, except: a) removing a member who will not abide by group norms b) reducing the size of the group c) changing the formal leadership of the group d) assigning unpleasant tasks, such as cleaning latrines, to the offending parties e) dissolving the group altogether True/False Indicate T or F: _____ 8. As a rule, only positive inducements succeed in motivating work groups.

Organising
Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer(s): 1. Service-oriented departments are grouped by: a) function and process b) task function and authority relationship c) pyramidal and matrix organization d) line personnel and staff personnel e) sector, situation, and geography 1 2. Span-of-control refers to the: 2 3 a) grouping of activities in particular sectors, such as housing or health 4 b) number of subordinates who report to a manager 5 c) geographical area under a manager's supervision 6 d) chain of command relationships in a formal structure 7 e) level of autonomy given to a particular department 8 3. Organizing a personnel department to recruit and select staff would be an example of: 9 a) functional departmentalization 10 b) sectoral departmentalization 11 c) situational departmentalization 12 d) process departmentalization 13 e) service-oriented departmentalization 14 4. A narrow span-of-control fosters (general, close)________ supervision and (lengthens, shortens)_________ administrative distance between levels of management. 5. The "P" factor comes into play during: 0 a) restructuring of the organization's chain of command 1 b) the early stages of a disaster 2 c) the rehabilitation phase of a disaster 3 d) the transitional phase of a disaster 4 e) performance appraisal interviews 5 6. Adherence to the unity of command principle in disasters enables subordinates to: a) bypass the span-of-control principle b) waive accountability under emergency conditions c) take command over local activities which interfere with emergency operations d) standardize procedures that are used to handle new problems or situations e) communicate directly with a peer outside the chain of command

True/False Indicate T or F: _____ 7. Line managers are sometimes placed under the jurisdiction of staff officials in order to improve project control and coordination.