H63PNW-E1/H54PNP-E1

The University Of Nottingham

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTONIC ENGINEERING A LEVEL 3/4 MODULE, AUTUMN SEMESTER, 2010-2011 POWER NETWORKS Time allowed TWO Hours

Candidates may complete the front cover of their answer book and sign their desk card but must NOT write anything else until the start of the examination period is announced Answer ALL questions in section A and ONE question from section B Only silent, self-contained calculators with a single line display are permitted in this examination. Dictionaries are not allowed with one exception. Those whose first language is not English may use a dictionary to translate between that language and English provided that neither language is the subject of this examination. No electronic devices capable of storing and retrieving text, including electronic dictionaries, may be used. DO NOT turn examination paper over until instructed to do so Additional Information: None

H63PNWE1/H54PNPE1

H63PNW-E1/H54PNP-E1 Section A Answer ALL questions 1. A 22 kV, 5 MVA star connected 3 phase synchronous generator is driven by 4 MW turbine. What is its rated current and maximum reactive power output? [5 marks] 2. What is the theoretical maximum power which can be transferred along a 11 kV cable of reactance 1 /phase? Why in practice is the maximum theoretical power transfer of cables not achievable and what is a reasonable rating for 11 kV cables? [5 marks] 3. Derive the expression for the fault current of a single phase to ground fault in terms of the sequence impedance to the fault and the supply voltage. [5 marks] 4. A 3 phase lossless overhead transmission line has a reactive impedance of 0.1 pu/phase and supplies a load power of 0.8 pu with a 0.8 power factor. If the supply end of the transmission line is at rated voltage what is the load voltage magnitude? [5 marks] 5. Why are series capacitors sometimes used on long ac transmission lines and how do they help prevent transformer damage during geomagnetic storms. [5 marks] 6. Two generators have the following costs F in /pu/hour . /pu/hour /pu/hour where P1 and P2 are the per unit output powers of machine 1 and 2 respectively. Find the most efficient operating point of each individual machine and also the most economic loading of the machines when they are combined. Explain why the optimum loadings for combined operation are different to those for the individual machines. [5 marks] 7. Describe the main advantages of a STATCOM over other more traditional shunt reactive power compensators and give the factors currently limiting their application. [5 marks] 8. Describe the factors limiting the widespread use of wind power and photovoltaic generators as a source of renewable energy. [5 marks]

H63PNWE1/H54PNPE1

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H63PNWE1/H54PNPE1

H63PNW-E1/H54PNP-E1 Section B Answer ONE question 9. Derive the relationship between the change in busbar voltage with the change in injected reactive power at the busbar on a lossless power transmission system. [4 marks] (b) The load voltage for the system given in Figure 9a is 0.9 pu when the supply is at rated voltage (1 pu). Calculate the amount of reactive power compensation necessary at the load busbar to raise the load voltage to 1 pu for the system parameters given in Table 9a [8 marks] (c) tap setting terminal? If the transformer T2 in Figure 9a is a tap changing transformer find the reactive power injected by the system into the load busbar when the transformer is 110% of the nominal value to boost the voltage of the low voltage [8 marks]
G1 T1 Transmission line T2 Load

(a)

Figure 9a Transmission system Component G1 T1 T2 Line MVA rating 550 800 800 500 Per unit impedance 1.1 0.05 0.05 1

Table 9a Parameters of components in Figure 9a 10. (a) Describe how a unified power flow controller can be constructed from two converters with a common voltage source and give its main advantages over the use of synchronous capacitors. [6 marks] (b) A 400kV, 3 phase transmission line of length 150 km has a line rating of 200 MVA and a series reactance of 0.002 pu/km. What MVAr values of series capacitance can be used to compensate the transmission line reactance and by how much will this increase the limit of the maximum transmitted power ? [14 marks] Turn Over H63PNWE1/H54PNPE1 End

H63PNW-E1/H54PNP-E1 11. (a) Why do three phase power transformers often have a delta connected medium voltage winding when the other winding has an earthed star connection? [4 marks] Show that if a three phase transmission line has a phase self impedance of Zs metre and a mutual impedance between the phases of Zm per metre then its positive sequence impedance Z1and negative sequence impedance Z2 are given

(b) per by:

Z1=Z2 =Zs-Zm per metre and its zero sequence impedance Z0 is given by: Z0=Zs+2Zm per metre. [8 marks] A three phase 11 kV, 20 MVA transmission line is supplied via a three phase 40 MVA transformer with earthed star delta windings as shown in Figure 11 a. The transmission line has a phase self inductance of 0.02 /km and a mutual phase inductance 0.005 / km. The sequence impedances of the three phase transformer are all 0.05 pu. Neglecting the supply impedance to the transformer, find the fault current for a single phase fault occurring on the transmission line 10 km from the transformer. [8 marks] (c)

10 km

Figure 11 a Transmission system with fault

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