9Running the Government: The Chief Executive The executive office Made up of policymaking and advisory bodies Three

principle groups: NSC, CEA, OMB Hierarchial vs. Wheel- and Spokes Hierarchical organization with a chief os staff at the top, whose job it is to see that everyone else is doing his/her job and that the presidents time and interest are protected (BHO) W&S- Organization in which many aides have equal status and are balanced against one another in the process of decision making. (JFK)

Chief Legislator: The Constitution give the president power to veto congressional legislation. Veto: The president can send a bill back to congress with his reasons for rejecting it. It may be overridden with 2/3 support of both Houses.

Pocket Veto: A President can let a bill die by not signing it when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill

Line Item Veto: ability to veto parts of a bill some state governors, but not the president

Party Leadership The Bonds of Party: Being in the presidents party creates a psychological bond between legislators and presidents, increasing agreement. Slippage in Party Support: Presidents cannot always count on party support, especially on controversial issues, Leading the Party: Presidents can offer party candidates support and punishment by withholding favors. Presidential coattails: This occur when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the presidents party because they support the president. Races are rarely won in this way

Public Approval: Members of Congress anticipate the publics reactions to their support for or opposition to presidents and their policies. Mandates: The results of presidential elections are another indicator of public opinion regarding presidents. An (electoral) mandate the perception that the voters strongly support the presidents character rand policies Honeymoon- Is the short period after a President is inaugurated when the opposition party refrains from attack, Congress is inclined to support some of the Presidents iniatives, and the President received high public approval ratings Chief Diplomat Negotiates treaties (a formal agreement between two states) with other countries Treaties must be ratified by 2/3 vote in the Senate Use executive agreements to take care of routine matters with other countires May negotiate for peace between other countries Lead U.S. allies in defense and economic issues Commander- in- Chief Writers of the Constitution wanted civilian control of the military. Presidents often make important military decisions, War Powers Share War Powers in Constitution Congress has the power to declare war. President, as Commander in Chief, can commit troops and equipment in conflicts War Powers Resolution (1973) Intended to limit the presidents use of the military Requires president to consult with Congress prior to using military force and withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congress declares war or grants and extension Presidents see the resolution as unconstitutional Presidents continue to test the constitutional limits of using the limitary in foreign conflicts

Crisis Manager The role the president plays can help or hurt the presidential image With current technology, the president can act faster than Congress to resolve a crisis Working with Congress President has lead role in foreign affairs Presidents still have to work with Congress for support and funding of foreign policies Two Presidencies One for domestic policy and the other for national security policy Congress supports National security policy the most Presidents and Public Support : The Countdown Policy Support Presidents attempt to gain public support through televised messages, with little success The Public may not be receptive to the presidents message or misperceive it all together Mobilizing the Public The President may attempt to motivate the public to contact Congress A difficult task given inattentive and apathetic public May backfire: a lack of response speaks loudly Presidents and media are often adversaries due to different goals. Media need stories; presidents want to convey their messages to the public Many people in the White House deal with the media, but the press secretary is the main contact person. Press conferences are best known direct interaction of president and media Media do not focus on substance of policies but on the body watch Press Biases The press picks and chooses what they report and how they report it

The press establishes themes, simplifies complex issues, and maintains them throughout subsequent stories How does presidency increase or decrease the scope of government? It creates more departments and programs which can both increase or decrease the scope of government. Americans expect a lot from presidents. Presidents work as part of an organization Presidential leadership of Congress is central but difficulty

CH 14 FRQ Entitlement Programs Sources of Revenue Social Security / Baby Boomers