DBMS stands for database management system. It is a software that helps storage and retrieval of data of an organization.

Computerization of database management have opened many opportunities in the real world today. In the earlier days (tr aditional model), the database management was customized and an integral part of application development. In the traditional model of database management, computer professionals used to develop a customized software for data management which exactly suites the needs of one and only one organization. This causes two basic problems -> Creation of new files for each application and -> Data redundan cy i.e. duplication of data FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM In the traditional model of database management using file processing system the following problems persist in the software developed. Program-Data dependence also called as Structural dependency. In this model, the structure of the data is maintained by the programs where as the actual data ac cording to the structure is maintained by disc files. That means, structure in p rogram and data on disk. If any modification made to the structure of data requi re lots of additional operations such as Making structural changes in all programs using that structure and Transporting old format data into the modified format. For that new programs nee d to be developed taking much time and costing money. Also other problems such as redundancy (duplication), long time taken for modifi cations etc. All modern day applications developed with multi-user environment. The tradition al approach has limited data sharing features. DBMS In the modern concept of database management system first we have to define the following terms Data: Data is a collection of facts and figures that are identif ied in a transaction.As an example if we give a statement Mr. Rakesh has purchas es a Raynolds Pen for Rs. 10/ on 12/3/2011 from Rama Krishna stationary mart.The above statement defines a transaction that generate some data i.e. facts and fi gures. Mr. Rakesh has purchases a Raynolds pen for Rs. 10/- on 12/3/2011 from Ra ma Krishna Stationary Mart. All highlighted parts of the above example are data. A Collection of such related data is called a DATABASE. That means let us say t he above transaction belongs to Sales at Rama Krishna Stationary Mart. There are other transactions performed at Rama Krishna Stationary Mart such as purchases, Returns and many. All these transactions contain different data elements and ma intained by the same shop in different registers such as Sales Register, Purchas e Register, Return Register, Stock Register, Credit Register etc. All these toge ther is called DATABASE. Let us elaborate on the words Defining: As DBMS is a general purpose software, it is our responsibility to def ine the formats of data that suits our needs. The DBMS provide are required faci lities to design your format on any secondary memory device. Manipulating: Once the formats are defined by us, we store our data in those for mats whenever transactions occur. Addition of new data, modifying existing data, removing unwanted data as well as generating required reports using the data pr esent in the Database is a part of Manipulation. Sharing: As we said, modern day applications are designed for multiuser environm ents. So the system should allow more than one user to simultaneously access the database and perform the manipulations and should ensure that the work and data of one user should not be disturbed by another, working at the same time on the same database. OVER aLL SYSTEM STRUCTURE

There are 2 important component of a DBMS as shown. Query processor Component Storage manager component

A Query processor component consists of 4 sub components. DML Compiler: Different users manipulate data in database by sending high level language commands called Data Manipulation Language Commands. These commands hav e a predifined format called syntax. The DML compiler is responsible for verifyi ng the syntax and then translates it to the format of Query Evaluation Engine. T his component will play role when commands are directly received from an end use r. Embedded DML Pre-compiler: The DBMS software are also capable of communicating w ith application program developed in Java and Other languages. The DML commands received from these languages are different from the ones that are directly rece ived. This component is responsible for receiving such commands and translate th em into the procedure calls in host language. DDL Interpreter: The commands given to define Database are also in High level la nguage and called as DDL commands. These commands are just interpreted and execu ted. So DDL interpreter is responsible for that. Query Evaluation Engine: This is the actual component which executes the DML com mands translated by above components and produce the desired results. Storage Manager: This component deals with the actual storage of data on the secondary memory dev ice as well as data transfer between secondary storage device and the DBMS tempo rary storage area in RAM. DB TERMINOLOGY Now let us get familiar with some of the words used by database professionals. Database Schema: This is the actual source of information for the DBMS software about a Database. It contain the details of components of a database. The compon ents of a database may be such as formats of data in that database, business rul es to be implemented on these formats, the security information to be looked at when multiple users are accessing the database and many more. This all together is also called as Metadata. Schema diagram: A Pictorial representation of the Da tabase Schema. This just for understanding purpose of users. Schema Construct: A ny object which is a part of Schema. As we said earlier a component of database schema. Database State: One of the most important term which refers to the conte nt of the database at specific moment in time. Generally state may be valid or i nvalid. It is always necessary that the state is valid always. Otherwise, the da tabase need to be verified. The state may be invalid whey the failure occurs dur ing operations. Schema And State are two important words of any Database. Schema is defined by Database designers. As we said, Schema means the structure of database. For any system structure should not change frequently so as in Data base. State changes with time because it deals with actual content of database. Whenev er a manipulation operation occurs of the database, the state is bound to change . 3SCHEMA ARCHTCTRE The designers of DBMS use this structure of DATABASE to ensure Program Data inde pendence and also to support multiple views of data. As we discussed earlier, the modern DBMS software are designed to handle multi-u ser environments. The 3 Schema Architecture defines Database management at 3 levels called schemas . Internal schema: This consists of two separate schemas. Logical and Physical s chemas. Logical: It is the representation of data for a type of data management

technology such or Relational Model. Physical: The physical schema defines how t he data is actually stored on secondary memory devices by using a specific DBMS such as oracle. Conceptual Schema: This schema combines the different external v iews into a single, coherent definition of the enterprise s data. The conceptual s chema represents the view of the data architect or data administrator. External Schema: This is the view of managers and other employees who are the database us ers.