THEODOLITES

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THEODOLITES
General

Background:

Theodolites

or Transits are surveying instruments designed to precisely measure horizontal and vertical angles.

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THEODOLITES
Transit

theodolite or Transit In this the line of sight can be reverse by revolving the telescope through 1800 in vertical plane, it is widely used. Non Transit theodolite It is also known as plain theodolite. This cannot transited
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THEODOLITES
Vertical Axis Bubble axis or altitude level axis Line of collimation

A- frame Hz circle

Plate bubble axis

Plate bubble Tribrach Foots screws
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Trivet

THEODOLITES

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THEODOLITES

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Essential parts of theodolite

1) Telescope:

mounted on a spindal known as Horizontal Axis or trunion axis, internal focusing screw is widely used 2) Vertical Circle: circular graduated arc attached to the trunion axis of telescope . Controlled by vertical circle clamp and its corresponding slow motion screws 3) Index frame: Two Verniers are fitted to this frame. To read the vertical circle. Clip screws is used to slight adjustment. Altitude bubble is place on top of index frame
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Essential parts of theodolite

A-frame: support the index fame 5) Levelling head: It consist of two parallel plates known as Tribrach and trivet plates. 6) Lower plate or scale plate: Size of theodolite is represented by scale of plate ie 10 cm theodolite etc. 7) Upper plate or Vernier plate: 8) Plates levels 9) Tripod 10)Plumb bob 11)Compass
4)
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Definitions and terms

1)

(Very IMP)

Centering: process of setting up theodolite exactily over station mark by using plumb bob 2) Vertical Axis: Axis about which instruments rotate in horizontal plane . Also known as Azimuth Axis. 3) Horizontal Axis: Axis about which telescope & vertical circle rotate in vertical plane and also known as trunion Axis 4) Line of sight or line of collimation: The line passing through intersection of Hz &Vertical cross hairs and optical center of object glass
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Definitions and terms

5)

(Very IMP)

6)

7)

8)

Transiting : The process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 1800 about hz axis. Also known as plunging or reversing . Axis of level tube or Bubble line: A straight line tangential to longitudinal curve of the level tube at its center. It is Horizontal when bubble is at center. Swinging : process of turning the telescope in horizontal plane(left swing & right swing) Face left: the observation of the angle (HZ or VT) if the face of the VT circle is to the LEFT of observer. It is also known as Plus Sight
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Definitions and terms

9)

(Very IMP)

Face Right: the observation of the angle (HZ or VT) if the face of the VT circle is to the RIGHT of observer. 10) Telescope normal or Direct: When the face of VT circle is to the left & Bubble of telescope is UP . 11) Telescope Inverted or reversed: When the face of VT circle is to the right & Bubble of telescope is DOWN 12) Changing Face: Operation of bringing the face of telescope from left to right & Vice versa 13) Double Sighting: Measure angle twice ie from telescope normal & Inverted Condition
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Fundamental Lines or axes

1) 2) 3) 4)

(Very IMP)

5)

Vertical Axis: (Azimuth Axis) Horizontal Axis: (Trunion Axis). Line of collimation: (Line of sight) Altitude Level axis: (A.L.A) Plate Level Axis: (P.L.A) when the theodolite is in proper adjustment the following conditions between fundamental lines are satisfied
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Fundamental Lines or axes

1)

(Very IMP)

2)
3) 4)

The Axis of plate level is Perpendicular to the Vertical Axis The Horizontal Axis is perpendicular to the Vertical Axis The Line of collimation Axis is at right angles to the Horizontal Axis The Altitude Level axis is parallel to the L.O.C when it is horizontal & vertical Circle read Zero

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Functions of clamps & tangent screw

1)

Clamp Screws: when the upper clamp screw is tighten but lower clamp screw is loose, the instruments is rotates on outer axis without any relative motion between the two plates. The Vernier readings do not Change. a. when the lower clamp screw is tighten, but upper clamp screw is loose the instruments rotates on inner axis with a relative motion between the two plates. The Vernier reading is change. b. Both clamp screws are tightened then instrument cannot rotate at all.
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Functions of clamps & tangent screw

2)

Tangents Screws: for small movement of plates, corresponding tangents screws are used when corresponding clamp screws are tightened.

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Some Typical Theodolite Diaphragms

This is roughly what the diaphragm in our theodolites looks like

This is FACE LEFT

This is FACE RIGHT

Reading the venire theodolite:

Least Count of venire is to determine. The 1 degree is divided into 3 parts so least count(one part) of main scale is = 60/3=20 The venire scale has 20 big & 60 small divisions. L.C =smallest div on main scale / No. of divisions on venire scale =(20 x 60)/ 60 = 20 L.C for one big division = (20 x 3 )=60=1 1003220
Final Angle

10020 + 1220

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Reading a Wild T2
After sighting point First have to use An adjustment screw To bring things into alignment

` Note that the center line is pointing Between 265 and 266.

We know the angle is >265

The Next Step

Note that 265 is to The left of the Center line That means the Next reading will Be to the right since The center line is Telling us we have More than 265

Note that 265 to 266 is divided into 3 or 20 minutes per division

We note the center line matches with the second of 3 lines or 40 minutes

Thus we now know our angle is 265 40

Now for the Exciting Lower Scale

` Scale reads 7 All over We thus know we Have 7 more minutes Now we have 265 47

Read the upper part of the scale 23.6 Upper part of the lower scale gives us our seconds

The Angle is 265 47 23.6

Newer T2 are a little less Polish a coincidence window for Note there is still
Lines to line up with the micrometer We read 94 10

We read 2 44.3

We Add

94 12 44.3

THEODOLITES
They

are used to establish straight and curved lines. To establish or measure distance (Stadia) To establish Elevation when used as a level. (When we set the vertical angle to 90).
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THEODOLITES
They have: 3 screw level base Glass horizontal and vertical circles, read directly or through micrometer. Right angle prism (optical plummet) High precision

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ELECTRONIC THEODOLITE
Electronic read out 1 eliminate mistakes and reading the angles. Precision varies from 0.5 20 Zero is set by a button. Repeated angle averaging. Replacing optical theodolites (It is less expensive to purchase and maintain).

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THEODOLITES
Top image shows the Electronic Theodolite. Bottom shows the Scale readings.

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THEODOLITES
ELECTRONIC

THEODOLITE DETAILS

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THEODOLITES
OPERATION

KEYS AND DISPLAYS

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THEODOLITES
Repeating optical theodolite: Has 3 leveling screws Optical plummet, light weight, glass circle, micrometer (to read the angles). Most theodolites are equipped with compensating device (automatic horizontal). 90 or 270 vertical angle of horizon.
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THEODOLITES
Micrometer

used to read vertical and horizontal angles. 2 independent motion (upper and lower). If you move the upper motion, then the angle does not change. But if you move the lower motion, the angle will change.

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THEODOLITES

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Angle Measurement with an Optical Theodolite

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DIRECT OPTICAL THEODOLITE

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Temporary Adjustments of Theodolite

1) 2) 3) 4)

Setting over station: Approximate levelling by tripod stand: Centering: Move Inward Move Levelling: or
1 1 2 3

Inward or Outward At a time

Outward At a time
2 3

(a) Plate bubble place parallel to 2 & 3 (b)Plate bubble turned by 900 foot screws & rotate both screws & rotate screw 1 until bubble inward or outward until bubble comes to center comes to center (c) The process should be repeated until the bubble can be centered in both positions (d)Rotate instrument through 3600about VT axis & this position also bubble should Prepared By : HITESH PATIL remain in center

Temporary Adjustments of Theodolite

5)

1)

Elimination of parallax: Parallax is the condition arising when the image form by the objective is not in a plane of cross hairs. It can be eliminated by following two steps: Focusing eyepiece: For distinct vision of crosshairs. Focusing Objective: To bring the image of object in plane of cross hairs
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2)

Permanent Adjustments of Theodolite

1)

2)

Adjustment of plate level: To make axis of plate bubble Perpendicular to the vertical axis when bubble is at centre. Adjustment of Line of sight: The line of sight should be coincide with optical axis of the telescope.

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Permanent Adjustments of Theodolite

3)

Adjustment of horizontal Axis: Horizontal axis should be perpendicular to vertical axis .Spire test is done. Adjustment of Altitude level & vertical Index frame: Clip & tangent screws are made use of this adjustment.

4)

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Uses of Theodolite
1)
A

Direct Measurement of Angle:

Let AOB

1. Set instrument at O 2. Lower clamp fix & upper is loose & by turning the telescope clockwise set 00 at venire A & at B B set 1800 . Tightened screw by using tangent screws set venire A & B exactly 00 & 1800 resp. 3. Upper clamp tight & loose lower clamp telescope direct to left of A, bisect ranging rod at A exactly & tight lower clamp 4. Loose upper clamp & telescope turn clockwise & bisect ranging rod at B exactly 5. The reading on verniers A & B are noted. 6. At vernire A angle = & at Vernier B angle = Initial reading Final reading 7. The face of instrument is change i.e face right and measure same angle 8. The mean of these observations is AOB
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Uses of Theodolite
2)

Repetition Method
A

In this method the angle is added a number of times . The total is divided by no. of readings to get the angle 1. The theodolite is set up at st O by doing all temporary adjustments & set 00 at A & 1800 at B 2. Upper clamp is fix & loose lower clamp in this position bisect rod at pt A & tight lower clamp check 00 at vernier A 3. Loose upper clamp move telescope clockwise & bisect exactly rod at B then tight upper clamp take reading at vernier A is 300.
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4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

Loose lower clamp and telescope turn anticlockwise & exactly bisect ranging rod at A A. here the Initial reading is 300 for second observation Lower clamp is tight, loose upper clamp & 600 turn telescope clockwise & exactly bisect rod at B. reading on vernier A be 600 300 The initial reading for 3rd observation set is 00 600. AOB is again measured . The reading at vernier A is 900. AOB =accumulated angle/ no. of readings = 900/3=300 Change the face & repeat above steps The mean of these reading is actual AOB
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Uses of Theodolite

900

600 300

Table For Repetition Method

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Uses of Theodolite
3)

Reiteration Method

1. 2. 3.

In this method is suitable when several angles were to measure from one station. In this O method all angles are measure and finally horizon is closed(i.e angle between first & last station is measure). So final reading and C initial reading is same .suppose AOB &BOC were measure from station O. the procedure is as follows(First Set of reading) The theodolite is set up at st O by doing all temporary adjustments & set 00 at A & 1800 at B Upper clamp is fix & loose lower clamp in this position bisect rod at pt A & tight lower clamp check 00 at vernier A Loose upper clamp move telescope clockwise & bisect exactly rod at B & take reading on both: HITESH PATIL AOB is recorded. verniers. Prepared By

4.
5.

1.

2.
3.

Similarly object C is bisect & reading on both verniers are take. BOC is recorded A Horizon is closed i.e COA is measured & O position of vernier is noted & then final B reading is same as the initial reading if not the discrepancy is distributed equally among C all angles(Second Set of reading) This time change face & measure angles Anticlockwise Upper fix & loose lower clamp , bisect pt A Tight lower clamp, telescope turned anticlockwise bisect pt C by loosing upper clamp measure COA
Bisect pt B turning telescope anticlockwise & record BOC Finally closed horizon by bisecting pt A reading should be 00.note AOB . Take mean of all angles give actual values of angles. Prepared By : HITESH PATIL

Uses of Theodolite

4. 5.

Table For Reiteration Method

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Uses of Theodolite
4)

Measurement of vertical Angle

The vertical is the one between horizontal L.O.C & inclined Line of sight. When it is above Hz line is called as angle of Elevation & it is below Hz line is called as angle of Depression. Let AOC (elevation)& BOC(depression) are measured .
A
O C B O

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Uses of Theodolite
The theodolite is set up at stn O by doing all temporary adjustments & set 00 at C & 1800 at D of vertical circle vernires resp. & clamp telescope. 2. Make Plate bubble & altitude level bubble is at center so that L.O.C is exactly horizontal. 3. To measure angle of elevation raise telescope slowly & bisect pt A read the both verniers . This is angle of elevation. 4. The face of instrument is changed and the point A is again bisect . the reading of both vernier is noted. 5. The mean of these reading is Angle of Elevation. 6. Similar process is for the angle of depression , in that case bisect object B by depressing telescope slowly.
1.
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Uses of Theodolite
4)

Measurement of Deflected Angle

The defected angle is the angle which a line is from its original direction Consider AB is survey line suppose it is deflected in direction of BC. The line is extended to point P. then PBC() is known as known as Deflected Angle.
P B

A
C
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The theodolite is set up at stn B by doing all temporary adjustments , set 00 at A & 1800 at B verniers of Hz circle. Tight upper screw & loose lower & by turning telescope bisect ranging rod at A perfectly then clamp screw. 2. Telescope is transited & a ranging rod at P is fixed along prolongation of AB 3. Now upper loose upper screw & turn telescope clockwise bisect ranging road at C perfectly, then reading on both verniers taken & tight upper clamp. Reading on vernier is Deflected angle. 4. Now loose lower clamp & turn telescope clockwise bisect rod at A(in this position readings will not change). 5. Transit telescope loose upper clamp by turning telescope clockwise bisect rod at C again. 6. Thus deflected angle is doubled & average of these two angles give deflected angle. Prepared By : HITESH PATIL
1.

Uses of Theodolite