INTERVALOS DE CONFIANZA PARA LA MEDIA Y LA DESVIACION TIPICA (CON MUESTRAS ) Ejemplo1 Confidence Intervals for Col_1 99,0% confidence

interval for mean: 8,71667 +/- 1,57001 [7,14665;10,2867] 99,0% confidence interval for standard deviation: [0,521103;3,32364] 99,0 percent confidence intervals -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mean Stnd. error Lower limit Upper limit -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Col_1 8,68 0,474763 6,49414 10,8659 Col_2 9,56 0,405709 7,69208 11,4279 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sigma Lower limit Upper limit -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Col_1 1,0616 0,550781 4,66679 Col_2 0,907193 0,47067 3,98801 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The StatAdvisor --------------This table shows 99,0% confidence intervals for the means and standard deviations of each of the variables. These intervals bound the sampling error in the estimates of the parameters of the populations from which the data come. They can be used to help judge how precisely the population means and standard deviations have been estimated. The intervals assume that the populations from which the samples come can be represented by normal distributions. While the confidence intervals for the means are quite robust and not very sensitive to violations of this assumption, the confidence intervals for the standard deviations are quite sensitive. You can check the assumption of normality in the One Variable Analysis procedure.

INTERVALOS DE CONFIANZA PARA LA MEDIA Y LA DESVIACION TIPICA (CON MEDIDAS) Ejemplo2 Hypothesis Tests ---------------Sample mean = 272,0 Sample standard deviation = 40,4475 Sample size = 10 95,0% confidence interval for mean: 272,0 +/- 28,9345 [243,066;300,934] Null Hypothesis: mean = 0,5 Alternative: not equal Computed t statistic = 21,2265 P-Value = 5,36814E-9 Reject the null hypothesis for alpha = 0,05. The StatAdvisor --------------This analysis shows the results of performing a hypothesis test concerning the mean (mu) of a normal distribution. The two hypotheses to be tested are: Null hypothesis: mu = 0,5 Alternative hypothesis: mu <> 0,5 Given a sample of 10 observations with a mean of 272,0 and a standard deviation of 40,4475, the computed t statistic equals 21,2265. Since the P-value for the test is less than 0,05, the null hypothesis is rejected at the 95,0% confidence level. The confidence interval shows that the values of mu supported by the data fall between 243,066 and 300,934.

INTERVALOS DE CONFIANZA PARA DIFERENCIA DE MEDIAS, RAZONES DE DESVIACIONES ESTANDAR CON MUESTRAS INDEPENDIENTES (CON MUESTRAS). Ejemplo3 Comparison of Means ------------------90,0% confidence interval for mean of Valor A: 8,71667 +/- 0,784607 [7,93206,9,50127] 90,0% confidence interval for mean of Valor B: 9,56 +/- 0,864912 [8,69509,10,4249] 90,0% confidence interval for the difference between the means assuming equal variances: -0,843333 +/- 1,03603 [-1,87936,0,192696] t test to compare means Null hypothesis: mean1 = mean2 Alt. hypothesis: mean1 NE mean2 assuming equal variances: t = -1,49217 P-value = 0,169853

The StatAdvisor --------------This option runs a t-test to compare the means of the two samples. It also constructs confidence intervals or bounds for each mean and for the difference between the means. Of particular interest is the confidence interval for the difference between the means, which extends from -1,87936 to 0,192696. Since the interval contains the value 0.0, there is not a statistically significant difference between the means of the two samples at the 90,0% confidence level. A t-test may also be used to test a specific hypothesis about the difference between the means of the populations from which the two samples come. In this case, the test has been constructed to determine whether the difference between the two means equals 0,0 versus the alternative hypothesis that the difference does not equal 0,0. Since the computed P-value is not less than 0,1, we cannot reject the null hypothesis. NOTE: these results assume that the variances of the two samples are equal. In this case, that assumption appears to be reasonable based on the results of an F-test to compare the standard deviations. You can see the results of that test by selecting Comparison of Standard Deviations from the Tabular Options menu.

Comparison of Standard Deviations --------------------------------Valor A Valor B -----------------------------------------------------------Standard deviation 0,953764 0,907193 Variance 0,909667 0,823 Df 5 4 Ratio of Variances = 1,10531 90,0% Confidence Intervals Standard deviation of Valor A: [0,640977;1,99266] Standard deviation of Valor B: [0,589045;2,15219] Ratio of Variances: [0,176679;5,73897] F-test to Compare Standard Deviations Null hypothesis: sigma1 = sigma2 Alt. hypothesis: sigma1 NE sigma2 F = 1,10531 P-value = 0,949224

The StatAdvisor --------------This option runs an F-test to compare the variances of the two samples. It also constructs confidence intervals or bounds for each standard deviation and for the ratio of the variances. Of particular interest is the confidence interval for the ratio of the variances, which extends from 0,176679 to 5,73897. Since the interval contains the value 1.0, there is not a statistically significant difference between the standard deviations of the two samples at the 90,0% confidence level.

An F-test may also be used to test a specific hypothesis about the standard deviations of the populations from which the two samples come. In this case, the test has been constructed to determine whether the ratio of the standard deviations equals 1,0 versus the alternative hypothesis that the ratio does not equal 1,0. Since the computed P-value is not less than 0,1, we cannot reject the null hypothesis. IMPORTANT NOTE: the F-tests and confidence intervals shown here depend on the samples having come from normal distributions. To test this assumption, select Summary Statistics from the list of Tabular Options and check the standardized skewness and standardized kurtosis values.

INTERVALOS DE CONFIANZA PARA DIFERENCIA DE MEDIAS, RAZONES DE DESVIACIONES ESTANDAR CON MUESTRAS INDEPENDIENTES (CON MEDIDAS) Ejemplo 4: Hypothesis Tests ---------------Sample means = 272,0 and 335,0 Sample standard deviations = 40,4475 and 43,4971 Sample sizes = 10 and 10 95,0% confidence interval for difference between means: -63,0 +/- 39,4616 [-102,462;23,5384] Null Hypothesis: difference between means = 0,0 Alternative: not equal Computed t statistic = -3,3541 P-Value = 0,00353273 Reject the null hypothesis for alpha = 0,05.

INTERVALO DE CONFIANZA PARA LA PROPORCION Ejemplo 6 Hypothesis Tests ---------------Sample proportion = 0,0757 Sample size = 700 Approximate 90,0% confidence interval for p: [0,0603393;0,0933488] Null Hypothesis: proportion = 0,5 Alternative: not equal P-Value = 0,0 Reject the null hypothesis for alpha = 0,1. The StatAdvisor --------------This analysis shows the results of performing a hypothesis test concerning the proportion (theta) of a binomial distribution. The two hypotheses to be tested are: Null hypothesis: theta = 0,5 Alternative hypothesis: theta <> 0,5 In this sample of 700 observations, the sample proportion equals 0,0757. Since the P-value for the test is less than 0,1, the null hypothesis is rejected at the 90,0% confidence level. The confidence interval shows that the values of theta supported by the data fall between 0,0603393 and 0,0933488.

INTERVALO DE CONFIANZA PARA DIFERENCIA DE PROPORCIONES Ejemplo 7: