Substation Automation Architecture A Brief Over View

GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF EFFECTIVE SUBSTATION AUTOMATION ARCHITECTURE
(- by Javed Ahmed) 1.0 INTRODUCTION In a Substation, various tasks are performed such as Control, Protection, Metering & Monitoring, TeleProtection with remote Substations, Tele-metering to & Tele-control from Regional/National Control Centers or Power Dispatch Centers. A Substation Automation System (SAS) performs Control, Protection, Metering & Monitoring functions using Intelligent Electronic devices (IEDs) which digitally communicate with each other to perform these tasks in a coordinated & efficient way. By efficient way here means these IEDs are interoperable (i.e. information from one IED to another follows open protocol) and every IED in a SAS can practically access information from any other IED(s). A SAS is presently limited to performing tasks within a Substation. This system is fairly safe since SAS performs functions which are based on information available locally in the IEDs within the Substation itself and no external communication or interaction is required. Certain tasks or functions such as TeleProtection & Tele-Control (requiring external communication to Remote Substation & Control Centers etc) do not form part of a SAS. Even though, such task or function is also performed by the same IED(s) (which are part of SAS) by using communication system external to SAS. This means a function/task within a SAS can be performed by exchanging data/information between the Logical Nodes within the Substation itself (Logical Nodes of another remote Substation SAS do not communicate with Logical Nodes of Local Substation SAS and two SAS do not communicate with each other). Eventually, such a system will become standard. Typical example is a Line Differential Protection. The Line Differential Protection function for a Transmission Line is performed by comparing Local measured Currents with Currents measured at Remote Substation(s) flowing in to or out of the Line. However, only local Line Differential Protection IED(s) form part of the Local SAS system and not remote Substation IED(s). This implies that exchange of these Local/remote currents between IEDs (Local & Remote) are not bound by SAS and treated as external to SAS. Theoretically, Local & Remote Line Differential IEDs may be connected by dedicated direct fiber-link but still that communication is not covered under a SAS [Line Differential protection is defined as a Logical Node in SAS]. Similarly, a Gateway RTU within a Substation may be part of SAS (being connected to the same Local SAS Station bus) but communication from Control Center to Station RTU is external to SAS and Control Center HMI will not form part of local SAS. Where as a local HMI connected with Local RTU on the Station bus is part of Local SAS. Bottom line of this is SAS boundary is Local Substation. From above, it can be concluded that Communication system within a SAS is fairly safe (since all external to Substation communications are excluded). Due to this, problems like access denial, congestion, failure of external third party communication links are eliminated (limited problems may arise which can be minimized by design). One problem is there though which communication technology. Presently, Communication technology is growing at rapid rate due to extreme miniaturization of hardware, extensive R&D in consumer Video/Audio and associated open system Protocols. This problem is overcome in SAS by defining ACSI and mapping it to Specific communication Protocol stalk.
Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish & design communication systems as communication which forms part of SAS & communication which are external to SAS. Separate design & Engineering process is required to deal with local SAS and for Tele-Protection, Tele-Metering & Tele-Control to remote places external to the Local Substation.
2.0
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR SAS
A SAS consists of intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) with Logical Nodes which are in continuous communication to fulfill the assigned tasks. These communications involves broadcast of piece of information such as status, system condition, system configuration, measured data, computed data, commands etc in digital form. These are automatically being carried out. Consider an example of a Traditional Distance Protection with built-in Directional Earth fault Protection (DEF) and an IED Distance Protection with built-in DEF. Both of these Protections perform the same job. However, in case of IED Distance Protection with built-in DEF, the Distance Protection function & DEF Protection function are two separate Logical Nodes (namely PDIS & PDEF) and the outputs and status of these two Logical Nodes are separately accessible to all IEDs in the SAS. In Traditional Distance Protection with built-in (DEF) such an information was not mandatory. IEC 61850 based SAS does not standardize the IEDs but standardize only Logical Nodes. This is in order to allow for Users preference, philosophy and application requirement. Thus a Distance Protection IED from one Manufacturer (let us call as Main-1 in a specific line application) may contain PDIS, PDEF, PIOC, PDOC, PTOC Logical Nodes while a Distance Protection IED from another Manufacturer (let us call as Main-2 in the same application) may contain PDIS, PDEF, PTOV Logical Nodes. As long as two IEDs are not identical 100% interchangeability is not possible but interoperability is possible as information from each Logical Node is accessible to other Logical Nodes in the SAS and Flexible Logics can be built in each IED to make both behave in same pattern. Thus information from PTOV of Main-2 may be used in Main-1 and Flexible Logic built inside IED-1 to perform a task exactly like performed in Main-2. This is a major benefit in a SAS. Similarly, Digital CTs & VTs also forms also forms as part of SAS (Logical Nodes TCTR & TVTR) and can be used by any Protection IED without any physically connection to CTs & VTs yet perform function similar to another Protection IED with physical connection to CTs & VTs as TCTR & TVTR are logical nodes and they can communicate with any Logical node in any IED (say PDIS logical node of an IED without physical CT & VT input can use this TCTR & TVTR data to perform Distance Protection function). It becomes therefore essential to have a SAS Engineering process performed to optimally use the Technology to make a reliable and safe substation. SAS therefore requires an efficient and reliable Communication system. In order for SAS to be fail-proof and future proof, IEC 61850 defines use of Abstract Communication Services interfaces which are then mapped on to Specific Communication stalk. Thus changes in Communication system stalk are independent of SAS system. The Communication system structure shall describe the data origin & destination in terms of Logical Nodes. This is setup shall be configured during initialization. IEC 61850 defines Substation Configuration language for formal description of device & system. 2.1 LOGICAL NODES THAT ACTUALLY COMMUNICATE IN PERFORMING SAS TASKS
IEC 61850 defines various Logical Nodes (LN) as smallest subpart of a function which is performed in a SAS such as a Distance Relay, an Overcurrent Relay, a digital CT, a Circuit Breaker etc [see Appendix-1
for List of Logical Nodes defined in IEC 61850 & Semantics]. In a SAS, these Logical Nodes exchange data with each other. IED is a physical device connected to communication stalk. But actual data flow takes place between Logical Nodes only. An IED performs functions as well as communicate as physical device in SAS architecture. IED uses information from one or more logical nodes (either within itself or in different IED) and performs the tasks assigned to it. Physical device which is an Intelligent Electronic device [refer to Appendix-2 for typical IEDs in a SAS]. These Physical devices are connected through Physical links to the Physical Communication System. These Physical communication systems can be formed as a Process bus, Bay bus or a Station bus. However, IED may be physically connected to any bus and still can perform the same functions. An IED may contain many Logical nodes. By IEC 61850 definition, only Logical Nodes can exchange data. This means that there must be at least one Logical Node in any IED. In a distributed function based SAS system, an IED may perform a function based on outputs of its own Logical Node(s) as well as output(s) of a Logical Node(s) which is residing in another IED(s) and final output command may be issued from another IED to a Process device (e.g. output to a CB trip coil). Therefore, Communication between various Logical Nodes, IEDs forms basic backbone structure of a SAS. Logical Nodes communicate via ACSI and IEDs communicate in Communication stalk Protocol (e.g. TCP/IP). Logical Nodes know the data required for performance of its task and validity of data. It is essential to assign reliable time reference to the data. Any degradation of Logical Node function due to data (missing data or errors in data) shall be informed and intervention such as healing, request for resending, rerouting etc shall be initiated. Logical Nodes exist at three levels Station Level, Bay Level and process level. Station level LNs are HMIs (IHMI), Station wide Interlocking (CILO), alarm & event handling (CALH), Station wide Voltage Control (ATCC), etc. Prefixes are I, A & C (I is most common prefix). Bay level LNs includes bay level Control, Protection, Measuring, Automatic, fault locators (e.g. PIOC, MMXU, CILO, CSWI, ATCC, RFLO, etc). Prefixes are P, A & C (Prefix X may also occur). . Process level Logical Nodes are related primary equipment from secondary side (CTs, VTs, CB contacts, CB Trip coils, CB Closing coils, interlocks, Disconnect auxiliary contact, all IOs like Transducers, etc). Common prefixes are X, Y & Z. 2.2 SAS TASKS The functions such as Control, Protection, Monitoring, recording etc are referred to as Tasks of a SAS. These functions may be allocated on three levels: Process Level Bay Level Station Level Hardwired interfaces to Bay level, Station level & Process level devices which are not carrying digital communication of Logical Nodes are not part of SAS. Only communication links which carry Logical node data between IEDs form the SAS communication architecture.
Process level functions interface with the Process. Process level devices are process interfaces like Intelligent I/Os, Intelligent Sensors/Transducers & actuators which are connected physically to Process level bus and information exchanged is Logical node information between various devices. Bay level functions use the data related with one bay and performs related functions & process of that bay and transfer the information to other bays and station level. Bay level devices are Control, Protection, Metering & Monitoring devices per each bay connected physically to bay level bus and information exchanged is Logical node information between various devices. Station level functions are performed by Local Station HMI computer with data for whole Substation, Station RTU a GPS timing clock signal receiver used to synchronize all bays etc. Station level functions are two types: Process related Interface related Process level functions are those related with intra bay tasks which are using station level based on the Single Line Diagram built into SAS. Interface level functions are those related with Local HMI, RTU etc. These do not carry intra bay data exchanges between IEDs of different bays.
2.3 PHYSICAL INTERFACES & DEVICES IEC 61850 based SAS achieves Logical information interchange between devices by mapping the logical function structure on to the physical structure. This achieves also future proof as physical communication stalks between IEDs are separated from logical communication between logical Nodes. Redundancy in architecture, technology of communication system, cost effectiveness, Users & application requirement is basis for selection of a suitable SAS architecture. To protect control & Protection functionality in a SAS, IEC 61850 mandates that no single point of failure should disable critical functions (protection, primary control function, metering, etc.). The SAS architecture selected shall meet the following three core characteristics: Protective functions shall operate autonomously (independent of other functions and in the existing philosophy being adopted in terms of redundancy) The SAS can be used to execute control logic actions which are not time-critical. For example logical action of automatic failover following a Transformer fault can be performed by a SAS system subject to Transformer Manufacturers recommended time (in milliseconds) for such an action by SAS. The SAS HMI shall be capable of independent operation of the Tele-Control interface to the control centre.
For example Station functions can be performed in centralized way by Station Computer (similar fashion like a mini SCADA) or may be performed by bay unit devices in a distributed fashion. Centralized functioning of SAS demands highly reliable, sophisticated & redundant communication system but may have less physical devices. While decentralized is opposite. Most of the Traditional Unmanned Substation were using Centralized Station Control but was also having discrete non SAS based Protection & control devices which were hardwired. Redundant Station Computers were used with physically redundant chard connections and two physical systems as Main-1 & Main-2 working simultaneously with interlocks between two.
Similarly bay level functions may be performed by dedicated bay level devices or moved up or down to process level or station level. Thus physical allocation of functions, devices & associated interfaces are based on actual engineered architecture, application & Clients-Manufacturers agreement. 2.4 SAS ARCHITECTURE FOR EXISTING & NEW SUBSTATION: Presently, not all devices in existing Substation are IEC 61850 compliant IEDs and hence not all Control, Protective & monitoring/measuring devices have logical nodes which can interact with one another. Different approaches such as use of Protocol converters may be used when the existing devices are Numerical in technology. Based on the amount of data being interchanged a solution can be devised. Following are the possible type of interchanges between devices: Protection data exchanges between bay & station level devices Data exchanges between bay level devices (inter bay & intra bay). These data may contain top priority data as well as standard data. Top priority data may require high-speed transfer between devices for a specific process such as for example CB health status within High-speed AutoReclose dead time, Power swing detection blocking high-speed zones, or interlocking logical operations etc Instrument Transformer instantaneous sample values between process bay & bay level devices Control data exchange between Process & bay level devices Control data exchange between Station & bay level devices Data exchange between Station level device like HMI and station level devices
Based on the IEDs capability such information can be made in IEC 61850 compliant by some of the IEDs. For example an IED physically connected with conventional CTs & VTs may convert the CT & VT sampled data and transfer it (real time time-tagged) to another IED without physical connection to CTs & VTs. In this way, Process bus does not exist at all. But the bay level device itself performs such a task as a process level device like a digital CT/VT. As far as communication system itself concerned, it is possible to connect all devices on to one of three buses (bay, process station). It is only important to meet SAS mandatory characteristics mentioned under section 2.3 above. In all cases Tele-communication with remote Substation & Control Centers shall be treated separate from SAS. If Remote Substation & Control Center happens to be having dedicated Network efficient network topography may also be prepared based on existing SCADA protocols. The architecture shall be based on the composition of Logical Nodes within IEDs. Engineering of SAS architecture shall be based on available Logical Nodes within the IEDs, data attributes and description of PICOMs (inclusive of optional & mandatory attributes). The SAS Engineering shall device the task function based on the application & clients philosophy with the data base from the Manufacturers devices. Criteria for starting of the function, result of the functional task and overall performance with respect to the security, stability & reliability of Power system. 2.5 SAS DEVICES: All devices in a SAS are interoperable as:
All Logical Node to logical Node information exchange is in mutual understandable format (whether they are part of one IED or distributed in different IEDs from same or different Manufacturer) (Semantics of IEC 61850) All IEDs (from different Manufacturers) on the common bus follow same protocol .
2.6 IEDs ROLE AND REQUIREMENTS IN SAS: SAS main goal is to achieve interoperability. By being not interchangeable, the allocation of functional tasks to particular IEDs is free to application & Users choice. This will also result in selection of best suitable functions. Generally, Manufactures product design Engineers are constrained by their software & processor capability. Various IEDs therefore may have different approaches. This is true between manufacturers which may be based on the cost and design. For example same Manufacturer may recommend different IED from his own product line up (i.e. Manufacturer may recommend different Distance Protection IED for EHV & HV systems with same Logical functions). This is one way is better for User as single point failure of devices due to use of same technology is minimized. As the processor speed and loading reaches peak, eventually interchangeability will arrive (Manufacturers may look at competitors product and try to out beat each other will finally arrive at unified device functions over the time. User can tell many cases where a particular Manufacturer revised his product version to include additional functionality when his product got rejected because his competitors product has such functionality. Sometimes such revision is also based on failures of a particular functionality due to design. Logical Nodes within IED & its exchanged Piece of Information for Communication (PICOM) must be clear. In addition to Logical Nodes which deliver data for a task functionality, IEC 61850 mandates a Logical Node LLN0. These communicate data such as nameplate information, healthiness etc which are not useful in any task functionality and are device specific. 2.7 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN IN SAS: The communication design for SAS functionality shall be independent of physical communication of IEDs. SAS is based on format and amount of mandatory data which needs to be exchanged between the Logical Nodes. Optional data exchanged may help in achieving greater flexibility to SAS. Logical Nodes communicate via Logical interfaces which is free of physical interfaces like LAN protocols. Being open for future functionality IEC 61850 allows for changes in communication technology. Today manufacturers are providing products which can support many protocols legacy as well as fiber-optic based high bandwidth ones. All data communicated between Logical Nodes shall carry unambiguous data with all associated attributes and shall be independent of physical communication stalk within acceptable and guaranteed time frame. Logical Nodes communicate via logical connection which is configured between sending & receiving logical nodes. Logical Nodes knows what is the required data for its function and able to verify its accuracy and quality in terms of errors and time associated with the data as well as its validity. Such verification is essential function of logical nodes. When the error limit is crossed or data is not latest within its time limit or is totally lost either Logical node completely goes to alarm & non-operative mode or gets degraded based on the decided design philosophy. Other devices are informed of this degradation or loss by logical Node LLN0 (all physical devices have LLN0 as mandatory). Various Logical Nodes are located in different physical devices (IEDs). An IED can have more than one Logical Node. Similarly a Logical Node exchange of data/information may take place with one or more logical Nodes. A physical device like an IED may perform one or more functions
Information which Logical Nodes communicate is described by concept of PICOM. Attributes of a PICOM that are only at configuration time: Value for transmission and its semantics (test or default value as applicable) Name: Type (structure) of data like Analog or binary, single value or data set Information like valid transmission time limit (time tag & time limit), integrity, whether data is event related or on demand or periodic, Priority of data transmission Sending & receiving Node (which is logical connection between Source & sink) Attributes of a PICOM that are to be used for data flow calculations only: Value for transmission and its semantics (test or default value as applicable) Format of data Data length State of operation Information exchange described is based on data by LNs. Each PICOM data model has at least one data (status and values) or one data exchange (event).
2.8 SYSTEM SUPPORT FUNCTIONS: Since the functioning of SAS is dependent also on external support functions in addition to its devices it is essential to select proper architecture which supports the external functions. Typical support systems are: Network technology, design, redundancy and management (star, ring, dual redundant, duplex, separate Tx & Rx etc) Time Synchronization Self-Diagnostic functions of each device (both SAS device & support system device)
2.9 MAINTENANCE FUNCTIONS: The SAS design shall consider maintenance aspects such as: Management of software & configuration of system Setting Testing and implications Security measures
2.10 OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS: The SAS design shall consider following aspects such as: Access security (availability, hacking, denials) Control functions Event management Fault, disturbance, event retrieval & archiving functions Analysis tools Alarm system Adaptation to special switching for transient mitigation
2.11 TIMING REQUIREMENT FOR SAS: Basic Time requirement: A common format for tagging the IEDs which are manufactured by various Vendors shall be used. Time model & format shall meet the following: Accuracy requirement of various applications (Protection, Control, measuring & monitoring Standard Time stamp (UTC is acceptable standard) Time model shall have sufficient information to allow for delta time calculations for paired events crossing the leap second boundary Easily derived time signal like GPS may be used Timing model shall allow computation of local time (especially some devices like Line Differential relates to Local & remote end time stamped data) Time stamp format shall be compact & easily manipulated by IEDs
Event Time: A dedicated time allocation procedure is required for the following kinds of events: Event which is computational requiring time tagging immediately within a time resolution of clock (no special correction measures are needed) Event based on change in binary input (these shall be locally corrected based on debouncing procedure) Event based on change in analog input (these shall be locally corrected based on filtering procedure) Transfer Time: When the transfer time is specified, handling time delays at sending & receiving as well as transmission delay shall be considered. 2.12 PERFORMANCE CLASSES: For Control & Protection: Performance classes P1, P2 & P3 as defined in IEC 60870 is applicable. Performance P1 is applicable to low requirements. P2 is applicable for Transmission bays and P3 is for highest performance like auto synchronizing function, breaker time switching etc. For Metering & Power Quality: Performance classes M1 for revenue metering classes 0.2 (IEC 60044-8) and 0.5 (IEC 62053-22) th and up to 5 Harmonic Performance classes M2 for revenue metering classes 0.1 (IEC 60044-8) and 0.2 (IEC 62053-22) th and up to 13 Harmonic th Performance classes M3 for revenue metering quality up to 40 Harmonic Message types & performance classes: Type 1A (TRIP) Type 1B (Others) Type 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7 Type 1A messages are most important type in a Substation. These messages have demanding requirement in terms of security & reliability as well as speed. Performance class P1 is for messages with acceptable total transmission time of order of half cycle (10msec is defined for P1). Performance class P2 & P3 is applicable for messages with acceptable total transmission time of order of quarter cycle (3msec is defined for P2 & P3).
Type 1B messages are less demanding compared to Type 1A. Performance class P1 is with 100msec. P2 & P3 is applicable for messages with acceptable total transmission time of order of one cycle (20msec is defined for P2 & P3). Type 2: Medium speed messages These class messages are those for which time of origin of message is important but transmission time is less critical. For these messages, IEDs are expected to have their own clock. These messages have senders time tag. Receiver reacts after internal delay and correct the senders time. Transmission times of less than 100msec are applicable for these types. Type 3: Low speed messages These are complex class messages which may require being time tagged. These are slow speed messages. Application like slow speed auto control functions, transfer of event records, reading/changing set point values, general presentation of system data etc. whether time tag is required or not is decided based on application. Transmission times of less than 500msec are applicable for these types. Type 4: Raw data messages These messages include digitized outputs of Digital CTs, Digital VTs, Digital Transducers etc. These are continuous stream of synchronized data from (Logical Nodes) IEDs interleaved with other data from other IEDs. Raw data for Protection & Control functions are decided based on Protection performance class P1, P2 & P3. Raw data for Metering functions are decided based on Protection performance class M1, M2 & M3. Raw data for Protection & Control (as per IEC 61850-5) Data Type Class Accuracy class & harmonics Resolution (Bits) Amplitude 13 P1 Current Voltage P2 Current Voltage P3 Current 3.0 18 3.0 16 16 1920 10.0 13 16 960 480 Rate (Samples per sec) Frequency
Voltage
Raw data for Metering (as per IEC 61850-5) Data Type Class Accuracy class & harmonics Resolution (Bits) Amplitude 12 1500 14 14 4000 16 16 12000 18 Rate (Samples per sec) Frequency
Voltage & Current Voltage & Current Voltage & Current
M1
M2
Class 0.5 (IEC 62053-22) Class 0.2 (IEC 60044-8) th Up to 5 Harmonic Class 0.2 (IEC 62053-22) Class 0.1 (IEC 60044-8) th Up to 13 Harmonic Class 0.1 Up to 40 Harmonic
th
M3
Type 5: File Transfer functions These messages are used for transferring large data files such as recording, event achieving, settings upload/download etc. Such data must be split into blocks (packets) of limited length to allow for band sharing with other communication network activities. Typical bit lengths of this type of PICOMs are 512 bits or more. Since transfer time is not critical (1000 msec or more typical). For remote access, an access control with authorization is required (this request message is as per Type 7). Type 6: Time synchronizing messages These messages are used for IED internal clock synchronization. Synchronizing accuracy depends on application. Time class performances for synchronization messages are T1 & T2 (except for the resulting time accuracy in the whole system). IED Time Synchronizing for Protection & Control (as per IEC 61850-5) Time Performance Class T1 T2 Accuracy class (ms) Purpose
Time tagging of events 1 0.1 Time tagging of zero crossings and data for the distributed Synchronism check. Time tags to support point on wave Switching of CBs
IED Time Synchronizing for Instrument Transformers (as per IEC 61850-5) Time Performance Class Accuracy class (s) Reference Phase angle () 50 Hz 27 Phase angle () 60 Hz 32 Fault Location (m) 7500
T3
25
P1
T4
P2
M1
1200
T5
P3
M2/3
300
Type 7: Command messages with access control These messages are used Control commands issued from local/remote HMI. These command messages require high security. Messages of this class require access control. These message types are based on Type 3 with additional password &/or verification procedures. 2.13 DATA INTEGRITY: As per IEC 60870-4 integrity classes. Three groups of integrity measures are applied for limiting noise interference: 1. Proper design of devices and communication system 2. Use of appropriate coding (hamming distance) 3. For command messages use of two step sequence (Select-before-operate, SBO)
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APPENDIX-1 LOGICAL NODES LIST IN A IEC 61850 BASED SAS
Logical Nodes for protection related functions: IEC 61850 Logical Nodes Description or comments
The Transient Earth Fault (TEF) protections are used for detection of Earth Faults in Compensated or Isolated or Petersen coil Neutral Power Systems. PTEF Compensated or Isolated or Petersen coil Neutral systems are typical of some MV Networks. These systems are designed for continuing operation upon occurrence of a Single Earth Fault for longer duration. Conventional Earth Fault Relays which operate on Fundamental Frequency Steady State Earth Fault Currents are not suitable for such
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systems.
High Peak, extremely short duration Transient Surge Currents & Transient Over Voltages occur due to resulting Unsymmetrical Phase to Earth system during Single Earth Faults in such systems. Amplitude & duration of Transient surge currents depends on the System design (Capacitance & Inductance) & resistance at the fault location. Surges self extinguish at zero crossing & reappear intermittently by charging & discharging stored energies.
Transient Earth Fault Protections (TEF) operates when they detect the residual surge current. Due to extremely short duration of the surge they indicate only Start of an Earth Fault.
Further Protection/functions or sophistication may be necessary for detection of direction, location & Isolation of such faults.
Zero-Speed / Under-Speed (ZSU) device used for detecting the Motion of Equipment.
PZSU
The function of such a device may be such as to detect Loss of rotation/linear motion/reciprocating motion, Failure to start/stop of a Drive/Machine, Stalled machine, process/equipment Jam/Overload, Low-speed/over-speed of a machine etc.
The IEEE C37-2 device function number of such a device is 14.
PDIS
A Distance Protective Relay (DIS) is a non-unit Protection whose operation depends on local measured Voltage and Current at the Relay location. Distance Protection operates when the actual Impedance, admittance, reactance or combination of resistance & reactance falls within its setting boundary limit. Distance Protection setting boundary limits are indicated on R-X plane. Distance Protections are applied 12
for detecting faults with or without earth.
The Distance Protection is most commonly used as Main Protection for High Voltage Transmission systems, backup protection for Generator/Unit Transformer, Shunt Reactor bank etc in some systems it is reverse-set to provide backup protection for Bus bar faults.
The Distance Protection function is used for various applications such as Tripping of Circuit Breakers, Controlling other Protections (like blocking, Starting), Monitoring disturbance in system, Fault-detection, Phase selection in Single-pole Auto-Reclosing schemes, Power swings detection, System Islanding, Power systems out of step detection, Distance to Fault location etc. With Numerical technology its applications are ever increasing. In most HV, EHV & UHV AC Transmission systems it provides additional communication-aided unit-type protection.
Typical Transmission line Distance protection (DIS) tripping scheme is made of standard three-step zone protection (Zone-1, 2 & 3 for Phase-Ground faults and Zone-1, 2 & 3 for Phase-Phase faults). These Protection zones are set to provide timecoordinated tripping with upstream/downstream Equipment Protections.
Numerical Distance Protections can have additional advantages like possibility of setting each Zone as Forward or Reverse, any zone can be set instantaneous or delayed, any zone can be deactivated, separate settings for phase faults & earth faults for each zone, characteristic matching with load/fault resistance, preventing trip during stable power swings as well as many logical configurations to perform additional application based schemes.
PVPH
Over Fluxing or Volts per Hertz Protection (VPH) is a Protection operates when the ratio of Voltage to Frequency exceeds its setting.
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Over Fluxing of Magnetic Iron cores results in Magnetic Saturation which leads the stray flux which follow other paths like equipment enclosure etc which are not designed to limit eddy currents. These eddy currents may lead to Over-heating and subsequent loss of Insulation life of Equipment.
Power Transformers, Generators, Unit Transformers, Reactors, Motors have limited Over Fluxing capabilities as they are optimally designed for operation close to saturation point. Volts per Hertz protection is intended to detect Over Fluxing and provide Alarm & or Trip or both in accordance with application for these equipment.
The Volts per Hertz Protection functions may provide definite time delayed trip, inverse-time delayed trip (based on application) or provide an Alarm.
Numerical Volts per Hertz Protection may include both trip & Alarm stage with its own time characteristics which can be selectable from standard curves or can be custom built based equipment withstand capability.
An Undervoltage relay (UV) operates when the measured System Voltage falls below its setting.
PTUV
Undervoltage Protection functions may be instantaneous, definite delayed, inversetime delayed. Undervoltage relay (TUV) function is used for various applications like Load shedding schemes, Tripping of Motors, Tripping of Shunt Reactors, tap changer application, Switching of VAR devices, Monitoring system disturbances, detecting dead Line/bus dead while interconnecting systems, Fault detection, Voltage control supervision of other protections etc as well as various ancillary functions.
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Numerical Undervoltage Protection may include both trip & Alarm stage with its own time characteristics with settable pickup & dropout delays.
The IEEE C37-2 device function number of such a device is 27. .
A Directional Power Relay (DPR) operates when the measured real power flow in a particular set direction exceeds its setting.
PDPR
Directional Power relay (DPR) function is used for various applications like Protection of Generator & Prime mover on loss of mechanical input to its Prime mover, Preventing Co-Generation plants from feeding the Utility, sequential restoration of an interconnected systems, Low forward power of Generators, loss of load detection etc . Numerical Directional power Protection may include both trip & Alarm stage with its own time characteristics. This relay is also called Wattmetric type Power relay.
A Wattmetric type Directional Earth Fault Relay (WDE) operates when the Earth fault power in the circuit flows in a specific direction exceeding its setting. It is used in Petersen coil grounded/ compensated Neutral networks. Compensated or Petersen coil Neutral systems are typical of some MV Networks. These systems are designed for continuing operation upon occurrence of a Single Earth Fault for quite long time. Conventional Earth Fault Relays which operate on Fundamental Frequency Steady State Earth Fault Currents are not suitable for such systems. Sensitive Wattmetric Directional Earth fault Relays are used for detection & location of an Earth fault in compensated network to provide selective tripping using residual Voltage & Currents and phase angle difference between them.
PWDE
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Based on the quality of CT input and scheme design it may provide Alarm only or Trip.
The IEEE C37-2 device function number of such a device is 32N [Suffix N for Earth fault].
Undercurrent or Underpower relay (UPC) operates when the current or Power falls below its setting.
PUPC
Some of their applications are Loss of load on Motors, Monitoring Open-Pole, Detect Pump running dry, Failure of drive belts, Conveyer systems, Fans, Loss in process load sequence etc.
Loss-of-field relay or Under Excitation relay (UEX) operates when the there is low or failure of Synchronous Machine excitation.
PUEX
The Protection may be based on the DC Field Current or detecting Reactive Current in Armature flowing from system. It may have an Impedance type Characteristics using Armature current and Voltage as input or part of Excitation system either in AC & DC circuit.
The failure of excitation or under excitation could be from AVR malfunction, Generator feeding capacitive loads, failure in components of Excitation system etc. Loss of Synchronous Generator excitation results in its operation as an Induction Generator losing synchronism with system. The machine runs above its synchronous speed & draws Reactive power from the system through its armature. 16
Phase Balance or Reverse Phase Current Relay (PBR) operates when it detects the Phase Currents in Reverse Sequence or when there is Unbalanced Phase Currents or when there is Negative Sequence component Current exceeding its setting.
PPBR
Negative sequence currents are highly destructive to the Rotating Machines like Generators & Three-Phase Motors are optimally designed for Positive sequence Voltage & Currents and direction of rotation. Excessive heating & loss of life or subsequent failure may occur based on the design temperature rise class, insulation class & cooling system.
For Poly phase Motors the Negative Sequence Over Current Relay provides protection against phase open circuit operation leading to extensive damage to Rotor.
Phase Balance or Phase Sequence Voltage Relay (PBV) operates when it detects the Unbalanced Phase Voltages or when there is Negative Sequence component Voltage exceeding its setting. PPBV Negative sequence Voltages are highly destructive to Poly Phase Motors due to double frequency induced currents in the rotor. Rotating Machines like Generators & Three-Phase Motors are optimally designed for Positive sequence Voltage & Currents and direction of rotation. Excessive heating & loss of life or subsequent failure may occur based on the design temperature rise class, insulation class & cooling system.
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PMSU
Motor start-up protection (MSU) is combination of control, protection & monitoring functions which Overload, longer startup times, permissible cooling time before start, available heat within Motor and prevents thermal damage to the Motor. It may include such function as sequence of operation or failure to satisfy defined sequence or incomplete sequence.
Such a supervision system may be made up of combination of functions as per IEEE C37-2 device function numbers 48, 49. 51 & 66.
Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay (TTR) operates when it detects the Machine or Transformer temperature exceeds the set level.
PTTR
Winding temperature of machine or Transformer is proportional to the square of the current. The protection may detect temperature rise above ambient or total temperature of the Winding and follows the cooling/heating time constants. It may be based on the Heat run test.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 49.
PROL
Machine Rotor Thermal Overload Relay (ROL) operates when it detects the Machine Rotor winding temperature exceeds the set level.
Winding temperature of Machine rotor winding is proportional to the square of the field current. Its application may be based on the Heat run test of actual machine or 18
as agreed between User & manufacturer as well as based on machine size, design and applicable standards. It working may be based on total temperature or ambient compensated temperature rise.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 49R [Suffix R for Rotor].
Machine Stator Thermal Overload Relay (SOL) operates when it detects the Machine Stator winding temperature exceeds the set level.
PSOL
Winding temperature of Machine Stator winding is proportional to the square of the Armature current. Its application may be based on the Heat run test of actual machine or as agreed between User & manufacturer as well as based on machine size, design and applicable standards. It working may be based on total temperature or ambient compensated temperature rise.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 49S [Suffix S for Stator].
Instantaneous overcurrent or rate-of-rise current relay (IOC) is a protective relay which operates instantaneously without additional time delay when the measured instantaneous current or measured rate of current rise exceeds its setting.
PIOC
Instantaneous Over current Relay provides fastest operation upon detecting a fault in the Protected object. Instantaneous Overcurrent relay may be based on RMS current or Phasor value. Numerical IOC can be given intentional time delay to ride through Transient currents or when it needs to coordinate with fuse or in reverse interlocking scheme to allow a blocking input from downstream device start. Similarly a dropout delay may be set based on the application. Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays are designed for Transient over reach of less than 5% typically. Additionally, some IOC relays can allow release by Direction sensing fast device making IOC as a Directional 19
IOC.
Rate of rise Current relay detects the steepness of the current rise and thereby indicative of high peak prospective current. It is particularly useful in high-speed tripping devices with limited interruption capability thereby clearing fault when there is less arc energy generated between its parting contacts establishing thermal & dielectric recovery.
AC Time overcurrent relay (TOC) is a protective relay which operates when the measured current exceeds its setting current after an intentional set time delay. The intentional delay time selection may be fixed (definite) time or Inverse function of the ratio of measured current to setting current. These relays are intended to coordinate with Time-Current characteristics of other Protections as well as to allow transients to die down like inrush currents.
PTOC
Historically, these relays followed time-current current curves to optimally protect equipment withstand capability curves by means of Electromechanical relays based on resultant torques due to operating & restraint forces. Accordingly various standards were followed to define the degree of steepness of Inverse current-time curves. Commonly called by names like Standard, Normal, Moderately, very, extremely inverse and so on and defined based on governing Standard. Traditional Electromechanical relays have a definite minimum time for each inverse time setting and were called IDMTL characteristics. Additionally, some TOC relays can allow release by Direction sensing fast device making TOC as a Directional TOC.
Numerical TOC may provide large numbers of selectable Inverse time characteristics matching the need as per different standards and to coordinate with existing devices in the system. Additionally, they allow a characteristic to be custom built and used by
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the relay and to fix any required definite minimum time delay.
Voltage-Controlled/dependent Over Current Relay (VOC) is a Protective Relay is a Time Overcurrent Relay with inverse current-time characteristics [refer to PTOC] with dependency on the Measured Voltage.
Based on application, there are two types VOC Relays namely Voltage Controlled Overcurrent Relays and Voltage restraint Overcurrent Relays. Voltage Controlled Overcurrent relays will operate only when the measured voltage falls below a set value. Voltage Restraint Overcurrent relay pickup and time multiplier progressively gets reduced depending on the reduction in the measured voltage. PVOC Generator fault current decreases as time progresses due to Armature reaction. Current reduces based on increased reactance from Subtransient to Transient and finally steady state value. Final current will be less than rated current & hence conventional backup Overcurrent relays set above Generator rated current will dropout in the event of fault leaving the fault uncleared. Depending on the connection of Generator whether direct on to bus or through Unit Transformer VOC type can be selected whether Voltage controlled or restraint type.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 51V [Suffix V is indicating Voltage dependency].
PPFR
A Power factor Relay (PFR) is a Relay which monitors the Power factor of an AC circuit and operates when it rises above or falls below its setting.
Asynchronous motors (Inductive loads) draw reactive Power (lagging VARs) in 21
addition to real power thereby causing voltage to dip as well as increase in apparent power, losses & efficiency. Most of the loads are predominantly inductive. Similarly, capacitive loads tend to increase Voltage by generating leading VARs. PFR are typically used to monitor PF based on the phase angle between the measured Voltage & Current and provide control & alarm which can be to switching Capacitor banks, Shunt Reactors, provide interlock to AVR, VAR control interlocks or to apply any other techno-commercial aspect.
Time Over Voltage Relay (PTOV) is a Relay which operates when measured voltage exceeds its setting after a lapse of selected time delay. The Time delay selection may be definite time or inverse time as a function of Voltage.
PTOV
Steady state Over voltages are caused when there is loss of major load, energizing a long EHV Transmission line, Capacitor bank switched on light loads, OLTC malfunction, AVR malfunction etc. Dielectrics (Insulating media, capacitor) are susceptible to increased Electric field which is Volts per length and may cause permanent damages to Insulation strength and failures. Every Electrical Equipment is made up of insulation which has limited capability to withstand voltage beyond rated value.
PTOV may be used to provide protection to insulation or as safety mean or as control/monitoring functions.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 59
PDOV
DC Overvoltage relays (DOV) are intended for protection against excessive DC voltage in DC systems.
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Operation of the DC overvoltage relays is carried out whenever the DC input voltage grows higher than its setting. The Time delay selection may be definite time or inverse time as a function of Voltage
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 59DC
Voltage or Current balance Relay (VCB) operates when the difference between Voltage or Current input or output between two circuits exceeds setting.
PVCB
Typical application of Voltage balance Relay is as Fuse supervision comparing two voltage circuits to identify genuine loss of supply or fuse failure condition of truly energized system. This also find critical application in Generator Excitation control systems.
Current unbalance has typical application of detecting broken conductors, CT circuit supervision etc.
Earth fault protection / Ground detector relay (HIZ) detects failure of insulation to ground. PHIZ Ground fault detectors are used in AC as well as DC systems. Ground fault protection detects earth faults in applications like Generator/Motor fields, Battery systems, Telecommunication systems, High Impedance or ungrounded systems, MV Motors in High resistance grounded systems etc.
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The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 64
Rotor Earth fault protection (REF) detects Earth faults in the Rotor field circuit of a Synchronous machine.
PREF
Rotor field circuits are normally ungrounded. A single earth fault is not very dangerous and does not cause immediate damage. When a second earth fault occurs it may fully short circuit the field winding or when first fault involves some winding turns it may lead to interturn fault. Severe magnetic imbalance and heavy rotor vibrations leading soon to severe damage can occur
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 64R.
Stator Earth fault protection (SEF) detects Earth faults in the Stator armature Winding of a Synchronous Machine.
PSEF
Large Generator Neutral is usually grounded through some kind of High Impedance to limit the magnitude of Phase to ground faults and extensive core damage. Phase to phase faults are avoided by means of Isolated or segregated bus ducts. In Medium Voltage smaller Machines low resistance grounding is common to limit the current typically down to less than 150% rated but above conventional Earth fault Relay detection capabilities. LV and very small Generators are solidly grounded. In all cases stator Earth fault detection is provided, Two concepts are applied 95% and 100% Earth fault detection [latter one is for larger Machines]. Faults near the Neutral end are detected by 100% earth fault Protection.
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Damage to a large Generator is of great consequence in terms of financial loss. Various techniques are adapted for providing 100% Stator earth fault even involving last part of turn close to neutral in high impedance earthed neutral. Such technique may involve use of low frequency 20Hz injection, 3rd harmonic monitoring etc
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 64S.
Interturn Fault Detection Relay (ITF) is applied to detect a short circuit that occurs between turns of same phase in a Machine or Transformer.
Machines with one turn per slot can have a turn to turn faults only from two separate earth faults one in each turn which can be detected by Earth fault Protection. An interturn fault without earth fault can occur when there is more than one turn in a slot. PITF If interturn faults occur in the stator slots they quickly develop into faults to earth and are cleared by the stator earth fault protection. The possibility exists that the fault may occur at the winding ends and so can cause extensive damage to the generator before the fault evolves into one detectable by other protection.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 64W.
PDOC
AC Directional Overcurrent Relay (DOC) is a Relay which operated when the measured phase current in a desired direction of flow exceeds its setting after a desired set time delay. The Delay may be zero (instantaneous), definite time or inverse time based on current.
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Directional Inverse time Relays are particularly useful in interconnected MV or HV system lines as in Co-Generation plants [Refer to PTOC for inverse time curves]. Depending on application, the Relay maximum characteristic angle/Maximum torque angle/Relay characteristics angle (MCA or MTA or RCA) is selected which also depends on the inputs used and type of fault. A quadrature (100% cross polarization) polarization is quite common for HV & MV Overhead Transmission system.
Numerical Relays have wide range of selectable characteristic angles and timecurrent curves. Different characteristic angle and polarizing inputs are applicable based on the system.
AC Directional Earth fault Protection (DEF) is a Relay which operated when the measured residual current in a desired direction of flow exceeds its setting after a desired set time delay. The Delay may be zero (instantaneous), definite time or inverse time based on current.
PDEF
Directional Inverse time Relays are particularly useful in interconnected system lines as in Co-Generation plants [Refer to PTOC for inverse time curves]. Depending on application, the Relay maximum characteristic angle/Maximum torque angle/Relay characteristics angle (MCA or MTA or RCA) is selected which also depends on the inputs used and type of fault. Relay Polarizing input may be polarized by Voltage (residual voltage) or current (Neutral current of Power Transformer or circulating in a Transformer Delta winding) or both voltage & current simultaneously.
Directional earth fault protection is also used as communication assisted comparison scheme for Over Head Transmission lines to detect & clear high resistance earth faults.
Numerical Relays have wide range of selectable characteristic angles and time-
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current curves.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 67N.
DC Time overcurrent relay (DCO) operates when the DC load current exceeds its setting value with a time delay.
PDCO
It is useful in DC systems, Battery systems and Protection circuits of DC Motors, DC drives etc.
Phase Angle Measuring (PAM) is a relay that operates at a preset phase angle between voltage and current or two voltages or two currents. This relay determines asymmetry in currents and voltages between phases.
Phase angle relays find application in Co-Generation Plants to detect Vector jumps and in Automatic Motor bus transfer schemes PPAM Out of step relay detects two system of voltages are in stable operating mode. In HV & EHV systems Out of Step blocking and Tripping schemes are used based on whether power swings during disturbances are stable or system needs to be islanded. Out-ofstep blocking Protections work on Impedance measurement principle similar to Distance relays and cover the Zone Characteristics which needs to be Blocked. Out-ofstep Protections are applied to Generators. Also, in EHV & UHV lines when Electrical Center of system lies on the Protected Transmission line it results in Islanding preventing in systems collapsing.
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Frequency Relay (FRQ) is a Relay which operates when measured System frequency falls below or rise above its setting or when rate of change of frequency exceeds it setting.
In a Power system Frequency is directly proportional to the real power. When the real power demand increases the system Frequency tends to reduce which under steady state is sensed by the Generator Governing system and Increased power is produced to maintain the system frequency (depending on the Generator droop setting & available capacity). When additional real Power is no longer available to support, system frequency reduces. Such actions like load shedding in stages are used to maintain system frequency to operating levels.
PFRQ
Motors produce increased torque as the Frequency is reduced if its Voltage is maintained. Similarly, produce less torque when frequency rises.
Machines are designed for optimum operation at rated Frequency. Operation above or below frequency needs corrective action or shutdown of Machines. Generators and large motors are protected against over-speeding and under-speeding by OverUnder Frequency Relays.
Under Frequency and df/dt based load shedding schemes are frequently used when an Industrial Power Plant connects with Utility system to Island the systems and maintain process.
Under Frequency & df/dt schemes are also applied to remove loads as well as to disconnect two systems when removal of a system part restores stability of one of the region.
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Differential Protection (DIF) operates when it measures difference between Currents or Voltages or any other electrical quantities exceeding its setting. It may measure difference in percentage, phase angle or any other electrical quantity.
Current Differential Relays are typically used for protecting Generators, Transformers, Reactors, Busbars, Transmission lines, Motors etc. Where in the relays compares currents entering and leaving the Protected object. To allow for CT mismatch and DC time constants, restraints are added which are functions of through current or some adaptive values.
PDIF
Low Impedance & High Impedance are two main types of Current Differential Relays. High impedance Relay may be Voltage operated or Current operated with Stabilizing resistors.
Voltage Differential protections are used in capacitor bank application where in voltages at Mid tap and bus are compared to detect failed capacitor units.
Differential Protection is one of the main Protections for major Electrical equipment.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 87 [Ground Differential as 87N, Transformer Differential as 87T, Motor Differential as 87M, Generator Differential as 87G, Reactor Differential as 87R, Bus Differential as 87B and Voltage Differential will have device number 87V].
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Phase Comparison Protection (PDF) compares the phase angle difference between two quantities and operates when it satisfy operation setting.
PPDF
For Transmission Lines, phase comparison protection compares phase angle of current entering the protected circuit and leaving it. Thus it obtains and compares phase angle of current from remote end and compares it with local current. For external faults the measured currents will be in antiphase. This is due to the current flowing in at one end of the protected line, and out at the remote end. For an internal fault currents will be in phase. Where one terminal is open then the internal fault may cause a current flow in, without a corresponding flow out at the remote end.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 87P [suffix P for phase comparison].
PLDF
Current Differential Relays are typically used for protecting Generators, Transformers, Reactors, Busbars, Transmission lines, Motors etc. Where in the relays compares currents entering and leaving the Protected object. To allow for CT mismatch and DC time constants, restraints are added which are functions of through current or some adaptive values. Transmission line Differential Relay may include Transformers within its zone.
Line Differential Protections (LDF) are available for two terminal lines as well as multiterminal lines. With High speed optical communication system Line Differential Protection is applied for long Transmission lines of few hundred kilometers (which was not possible with traditional metallic pilots with allowable maximum length of 10km or less)
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The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 87L [Suffix L for line].
Restricted Earth fault Protection (NDF) is a form of Current Differential Protection which compares Residual current entering and leaving a Protected Object. PNDF Typically, Star windings of Transformers are Protected by Restricted Earth fault Relays which compares winding Neutral current with Residual currents of phases. It is also applicable for Zigzag type Grounding Transformers.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 87N [Suffix N for Neutral/Earth].
PTDF
Current Differential Relays are typically used for protecting Generators, Transformers, Reactors, Busbars, Transmission lines, Motors etc. Where in the relays compares 31
currents entering and leaving the Protected object. To allow for CT mismatch and DC time constants, restraints are added which are functions of through current or some adaptive values.
Transformer Differential Protections may provided with 2nd and 5th harmonic restraints. There may be as many numbers of restraint inputs as numbers of CTs in case of Transformer Differential Protection and from each voltage side.
Differential Protection is one of the main Protections for Transformers.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 87T [suffix T for Transformer].
PBDF
Current Differential Relays are typically used for protecting Generators, Transformers, Reactors, Busbars, Transmission lines, motors etc. Where in the relays compares currents entering and leaving the Protected object. To allow for CT mismatch and DC time constants, restraints are added which are functions of through current or some adaptive values.
Bus differential Protections (BDF) are two types namely Low Impedance & High impedance type. High impedance Relay may be Voltage operated or Current operated with Stabilizing resistors.
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Differential Protection is main Protection for Busbars.
Numerical low impedance type are applicable for as many zones as numbers of Busbars in Centralized or decentralized configuration.
CT switching problem associated with older generation Relays in case of double bus, two main & transfer bus schemes are eliminated.
Different CT ratio can be used in Numerical Bus Differential schemes based on feeder rating. Other advantages like adaptive stabilization (to prevent over-stabilization problem), end zone protection, check- zone can be implemented.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 87B [Suffix B is for Bus bar].
PMDF
Low Impedance & High Impedance are two main types of Current Differential Relays. High impedance Relay may be Voltage operated or Current operated with Stabilizing
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resistors.
Motor Differential protection (MDF) is compares currents at both ends of each phase winding and provides trip output when it detects fault within its zone inclusive of windings. Differential protection is applicable for Star connected & Delta connected Motors by means of CT connection. Also, scheme with CTs only at main side of winding is possible if the Motor neutral is formed at supply panel or close to it.
Differential Protection is one of the main Protections for Large Motors.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 87M [Suffix M for Motor].
PGDF
Low Impedance & High Impedance are two main types of Current Differential Relays. High impedance Relay may be Voltage operated or Current operated with Stabilizing resistors.
Generator Differential protection (GDF) is compares currents at both ends of each phase winding and provides trip output when it detects fault within its zone inclusive
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of windings.
Generator-Unit transformer Overall Differential protection is applicable for Covering both Generator & Step-up Unit Transformer.
Differential Protection is one of the main Protections for Generator.
The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 87G [Suffix G for Generator].
Protection Related Logical Nodes:

RDRE is a logical node representing the acquisition functions for current and voltage waveforms from the CTs and VTs, and for position indications of binary inputs. This function may also record the calculated values such as frequency, power and calculated binary signals, if applicable. RDRE is used also to define the trigger mode, pre-fault, post-fault etc. attributes of the disturbance recording function. RDRS is a logical node for disturbance record handling and evaluation and for management of fault data acquired by some local function. This logical node is needed as a server for HMI on substation or even on a higher level.
RDRE
RDRS
RREC
This is a relay that is used for automatic reclosure of AC electrically operated circuit breakers after they have been open by the action of other protective devices. The relay may be adjusted to provide several reclosures at predetermined time intervals, so that in case that the breaker does not remain closed after the first reclosure additional reclosures will be made. The first reclosure is usually instantaneous one. It is common practice for relay to make two additional reclosures.at suitable graded intervals but it may be adjusted to make more reclosures if desired.
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Breaker failure relay is a current monitoring relay used to determine whether or not current continues to flow into a faulted circuit for a predetermined time after a circuit breaker has been instructed by the primary protection relays to interrupt the circuit. The breaker failure relays are intended to act as secondary protection for the primary protection relays). In normal operation, the breaker failure relay asserts an additional trip signal (re-trip) to the breaker as soon as it receives the signal from the primary protection relay. This is intended to back-up the primary protection relay in case the output from the primary relay did not initiate the breaker trip operation. If the retrip is successful, a larger outage opening of backup breakers is avoided. If the retrip is unsuccessful the breaker failure relay will open all of the adjoining, upstream breakers to clear the fault. The breaker failure relay only opens these upstream breakers if the current in the primary breaker persists for a pre-set period of time, indicating the primary breaker is malfunctioning. Tripping upstream breakers prevents the continued fault from causing further damage to the system. A pilot wire or carrier relay protection system is used for detecting and responding to phaseto-phase, three-phase, phase-to-phase to ground, and ground current faults including relatively low level ground current faults occurring within an electrical power network. The pilot wire relay protection system includes current transformers coupled to transmission lines of the electrical power network for developing coupled currents representative of the transmission-line currents. The current transformers are positioned at the ends of a section of the electrical power network for which protection is desired. The coupled currents from the current transformers are inputted to pilot relays having an analog device for producing a composite signal indicative of the condition of the protected section of the network. The pilot wire relay also includes an electronic device to detect if preset fault limits have been exceeded. Upon detecting a condition indicative of a fault within the protected section, the pilot relay transmits an electrical signal to a power circuit breaker which in turn disconnects the protected section of the electrical power network from the remainder of the network.
RBRF
RCPW
RFLO
The fault locator logical node, RFLO, in case of a fault can calculate, based on the known line parameters, the distance of the fault in kilometers.
The synchronism-check or synchronizing device is used when two separate networks or two electrically interconnected network sections are to be connected together. RSYN The synchronism-check device allows circuit breaker closing only if the voltages on both sides of the circuit breaker fulfil the preset conditions as to magnitude, phase and frequency difference.
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Power Swing is basically caused by the large disturbances in the power system which could cause wrong operation of the distance relay, if not blocked. They can generate wrong or undesired tripping of the circuit breaker and could cause severe damage to the machine if not prevented from the generator. A Power Swing Blocking device is available as a function in modern relays to prevent unwanted distance relay element operation during power swings. The main purpose of the power swing blocking function is to differentiate between faults and power swings and block distance or other relay elements from operating during a power swing. However, faults that occur during a power swing must be detected and cleared with a high degree of selectivity and dependability. The power swing or out-of-step device detects the difference in the rate of change of the positive-sequence impedance vector, In that way it can distinguish a power swing or an out-of-step condition. This detection method is based on the fact that it takes a certain time for the rotor angle to advance because of system inertias. The rate of change of the impedance phasor is slow during power swings, while during a system fault the impedance changing rate is very fast. Practical implementation of measuring the rate of change of the impedance is normally performed through the use of two impedance measurement elements together with a timing device. If the measured impedance stays between the settings of the two impedance measurement elements for a predetermined time, the relay declares a power swing condition and issues a blocking signal to block the distance relay element operation. After a predetermined time the relay will trip if the power swing element is not reset. An out-of-step tripping scheme may use the same measuring element or a different set of measuring elements. The general operation is similar to power swing blocking except that the expected behavior is that the apparent impedance passes through both the inner and outer characteristic.
RPSB
Control function Logical Nodes:

The definition and handling of alarms is an engineering issue. Individual alarms are generated in the corresponding logical nodes. Alarm handling allows the creation of group warnings and alarms. The related logical nodes can be used to calculate new data out of individual data from different logical nodes. For the communication purposes if a time tag is added to any data there is no difference between alarms and events. Remote acknowledgement with different priority and authority can be possible. The switch control logical node is used to control all switchgear condition above the process level. This logical node represents the status and control of the switching device. The CSWI has a data object Pos with the attribute ctlVal (control value) that can
CALH
CSWI
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be addressed by a substation computer. The substation computer sends a control message to the device with the Logical Node CSWI it addresses the attribute CSWI.ctlVal and sets it to Open or Close. The operation to close a circuit breaker will not be allowed if the configured conditions for blocking the open or close are fulfilled. For example, if an adjacent earthing switch is in the closed position, closing a circuit breaker would cause a short circuit and would probably damage the primary equipment. The function which checks whether the conditions are met is modeled in IEC 61850 with the Logical Node CILO (control interlocking condition). This interlocking function is well known in substations. The CSWI has to communicate with the CILO to figure out what is allowed. The point-on-wave breaker controller logical node should be used if the circuit breaker is able to perform point-on-wave switching. This logical node always closes a circuit breaker with reference to a defined phase angle of the system voltage or current. Based on the circuit breaker operating times the tripping pulse is controlled so that the arcing contacts touch at a defined voltage (or current) phase angle (voltage zero or maximum system voltage). These logical nodes continuously measure the phase angle of the system via the reference voltage and control the breaker tripping coils accordingly. It is started by a request either from CSWI or from RREC. The developed algorithm determines the zeros of the system voltage and detects deviation from the standard sinusoidal curve. The close command is sent to the control logical node and then transmitted to the circuit breaker after a delay based on a fixed relation to the phase angle. The instant of tripping pulses release are controlled by the circuit breaker operating time, as stored in the logical node. Controlled point-on-wave switching is a very effective way of reducing switching transients and enhancing circuit breaker performance, it reduces transient overvoltages and currents associated with switching operations of shunt capacitor banks, shunt reactors, transformers and transmission lines, It allows for optimization of the circuit breaker arcing time.
CPOW
This interlocking function logical node is used to enable a switching operation if the interlocking conditions are fulfilled. In the case of CILO, the required input data (status information from a few switches) are communicated through IEC 61850. They are modeled as data objects of other Logical Nodes, e.g. XCBRs. The standard defines two data objects that represent the outputs of the interlocking logic: EnaOpn Enable Open and EnaCls Enable Close. Interlocking of switchgear can be done at the bay level and at the station level. 1. Interlocking of switchgear at bay level All interlocking rules referring to a bay are included in this logical node. Releases or blocking of requested commands are issued. 2. Interlocking of switchgear at station level
CILO
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All interlocking rules referring to a station are included in this logical node. Releases or blocking of requested commands are issued. Information with the LN bay interlocking is exchanged.
Interface, logging and archiving function Logic Nodes:

The IHMI is an operator interface logical node. This logical node represents the operator interface at bay level and at station level. IHMI Front-panel operator interface at bay level is used for configuration and local control. Local operator interface at station level is used as a workplace for the station operator. Telecontrol interface or remote control interface, logical node ITCI, allows users to manage a network from a remote control point and provides the necessary interface between control ITCI stations and the higher control level. The role of the different interfaces is not fixed for most of the functions and is defined in the engineering phase. This logical node is used for remote monitoring and maintenance using a subset of all information available in the substation, but it is not meant to do any control. ITMI The role of the different interfaces is not fixed for most of the functions and is defined in the engineering phase.
IARC
This logical node is to be used as sink and source for long-term historical data used for complete substation on station level.
Automatic process control Logical Nodes:

The automatic tap changer controller controls automatically the transformer on load tap changer, so that the power supply voltage is practically constant. The controller is used to maintain a constant voltage level at feeders busbar. The controller gives commands to increase and decrease the transformer OLTC. As these differences in the tap position are usually discrete, the controller allows the user to set the percentage of change between taps. The automatic tap changer controller can receive a command for automatic or manual
ATCC
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operation. Manual operation, by the operator, has priority over automatic, in order to avoid performance failures in the case of manual operations.
AVCO
Automatic voltage control strengthens system efficiency and power quality by automatically monitoring and controlling voltage on busbars, transformers, and tertiary reactors within a specific range. On a power distribution system experiencing varying loading conditions, this automatic function can effectively maintain a steady transformer secondary voltage (LV) within predetermined limits. Implementing automatic voltage control also decreases system losses by minimizing voltage fluctuation and out-of-limit operation and extends life of older primary equipment by optimizing functionality.
ARCO
Automatic reactive power control is a function to keep the reactive power flow in a substation within a preset range using and/or capacitors.
The grounding of a transformer star point can influence the short circuit in a network. This grounding is dynamically determined by a Petersen coil. ANCR In medium- and high voltage networks, the earth fault neutralizer controller (controller of Petersen coil) is used for the automatic control of Petersen-coils, which are continuously adjustable on load. The controller can control either to a percentage or absolute detuningcurrent or a given zero-sequence-voltage. During a ground-fault, the Petersen-coil can be corrected by the detuning and adjusted to the resonance point.
AZVT
This logical node operates when a line connected to a substation is without voltage longer than a predetermined time. This logical node is a binary function only (voltage/no voltage).
Logical node type Generic Automatic Process Control comprises of functions that are sequences. These sequences may be implemented with standard PLC languages. This is a generic node for all undefined functions. Examples for generic automatic process node are: GAPC 1. Load shedding Removal, in a very selective way, of pre-selected customer demand from a power system, as a result of the occurrence of an abnormal condition, to avoid the collapse of the network. This load-shedding function include actual power balance, frequency criteria etc. In-feed transfer switching detects the weak in-feed. If one power in-feed becomes unavailable or is detected as weak then the in-feed transfer switch seamlessly switches to the remaining power in-feed to keep power flowing to the attached
2.
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3.
devices. Transformer change
In case of transformer overload, the logical node switches to another transformer or distributes the load more evenly to all related transformers on the busbar.
4.
Busbar change To start by one single operator command a sequence of switching operation resulting in a busbar change of a dedicated line or transformer, if applicable.
5.
Automatic clearing and voltage restoration After detecting zero-voltage condition to trip all circuits connected to a busbar and to close the same breakers following some pre-defined rules.
Metering and measurements related Logical Nodes:

MMXU logical node has a measuring function and is used to acquire values from CTs and VTs and to calculate phasor or RMS values of currents and voltages, frequency, power or any other system parameter, out of the acquired sampled values. These calculated values are used for operational purposes such as screen displays, can be recorded with user defined sampling rates as a disturbance record, for power flow supervision and management etc. Note: The measuring procedure in the protection devices are represented by the logical nodes Pxyz and are part of the dedicated protection algorithm. Therefore measuring and metering logical nodes (Mxyz) shall not be used as input for protection logical nodes (Pxyz).
MMXU
This logical node acquires values of current and voltage from CTs and VTs and calculates different energy values MMTR Advanced metering and power quality monitoring devices, as well as specialized energy metering devices calculate the energy that is then used for billing or other purposes.
MSQI
This logical node acquires current and voltage values from CTs and VTs and calculates the sequence and imbalances in a multi-phase power system. Relays and power quality monitoring devices measure different system parameters that are used to determine unbalanced system conditions. Such measurements are modeled in the logical node MSQI (Sequence and imbalance). The sequence components of the currents and voltages are modeled as attribute type SEQ (Sequence).
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MHAI
Power quality monitoring devices calculate hundreds of different system parameters, such as harmonics or interharmonics. Their modeling is based on a measurements logical node MHAI (Harmonics and interharmonics), dedicated to these measurements. This logical node acquires current and voltage values from CTs and VTs and calculates harmonics, interharmonics and other related values in the power system.
Common identification and behavior related Logical Nodes:

LLN0 contains common data/functions for all LNs of a logical device. The logical device (LD) allows via its logical node LLN0 common management functions for all included LNs. The logical node zero (LLN0) represents common data of the logical device, while the logical node physical device (LPHD) represents common data of the physical device hosting the logical device. LLN0 and LPHD are defined in any logical device. LLN0 To represent the information about the proxy/gateway itself, the logical device LD0 shall be implemented in each device that acts as a proxy or gateway. The logical nodes LLN0 and LPHD of LD0 shall represent information about the proxy or gateway device itself. This logical node does not restrict the dedicated access to any single logical node by definition. Possible restrictions are a matter of engineering and implementation.
System and device security
GSAL
This logical node GSAL is referred to as generic security application entirely dedicated to monitoring of violations regarding authorization (handled via the AuthFail attribute), access control (handled via the AcsCtlFail attribute), service privileges (handled via the SvcViol attribute) and inactive associations (handled via the Ina attribute).
Switching devices and substation parts related Logical Nodes:
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The circuit breaker logical node XCBR covers all kind of circuit breakers, with or without pointon-wave switching capability. An AC circuit breaker is a switch that automatically interrupts the flow of electric current if the current exceeds a preset limit, as that caused by a short circuit. Circuit breakers are used most often as a safety precaution where excessive current through a circuit could be hazardous. In case of a single-phase circuit breaker, XCBR has one instance per phase. These three instances may be allocated to three physical devices mounted in the switchgear.
XCBR
This logical node XSWI covers all kinds of switching devices which are unable to switch short circuits, such as: load breakers, earthing switches, disconnectors, high-speed earthing switches.
XSWI
XSWI logical node is a switch used as a load-interrupter, disconnector or an isolating switch on a power circuit (AC or DC). In case of a single-phase switch, XSWI has an instance per phase. These three instances may be allocated to three physical devices mounted in the switchgear.
Logical Nodes for monitoring by sensors:

SIMS is a logical node used to supervise the insulation medium, such as the volumes of gas of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) concerning gas pressure, density, temperature etc.
SIMS
SARC
SARC is a monitoring logical node used to supervise the gas volume of gas insulated switchgear in case of arcs switching or fault arcs.
SPDC
SPDC is a monitoring and diagnostic logical node used to supervise the gas volume of the gas insulated switchgear in connection with the effects of partial discharges.
Instrument transformers related Logical Nodes:
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TCTR is a current transformer logical node which uses one instance per phase. These three or four instances of TCTRs may be allocated to different physical devices mounted in the instrument transformer per phase. The currents from TCTR are delivered as sampled values. The sampled values are transmitted as engineering values, i.e. as true (corrected) primary current values. This means that some configuration date stored in the memory of the IED will be used to calculate these primary values from the outputs of the A/D converter. The sampled values are sent to the substation LAN using one of the communication modes.
TCTR
TVTR is a voltage transformer logical node which uses one instance per phase. These three or four instances of TVTRs may be allocated to different physical devices mounted in the instrument transformer per phase.
TVTR
The voltages from TVTR are delivered as sampled values. The sampled values are transmitted as engineering values, i.e. as true (corrected) primary values. This means that some configuration date stored in the memory of the IED will be used to calculate these primary values from the outputs of the A/D converter. The sampled values are sent to the substation LAN using one of the communication modes.
Power transformers related logical Nodes:

A power transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding.
YPTR
It connects the voltage levels of the power system in different configurations (for example: , Y ...) Power transformers come in two basic configurations, single-phase and three-phase. A threephase transformer is made of three sets of primary and secondary windings, each set wound around one leg of an iron core assembly. In essence, it resembles three single-phase transformers sharing a joined core. A tap changer is a device allocated in power transformer to change the tap setting on a transformer coil, allowing voltage control.
YLTC
The voltage is adjusted by changing the turns ratio of the primary and secondary coils. That, in turn, is accomplished by bringing out connections (taps) at several points on the coil. Changing from one tap to another either adds or subtracts turns from the coil and raises or lowers the voltage, respectively.
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Earth fault neutralizer (Petersen coil) whose variable inductance allows grounding of the transformer star point to minimize the ground fault current. The Petersen coil is tuned to the system distributed capacitance; the tuned circuit comes into play when there is a ground fault, minimizing the current in the fault. The reactive current flowing in the coil balances the capacitive charging current in the two healthy phases - if properly adjusted, transient faults are self-extinguishing. The coil works to clear transient faults. If a permanent ground fault occurs, there is a need to close a switch or a breaker across the coil to solidly ground the system - this allows regular ground relaying to operate & selectively clear the faulted circuit. A power shunt, logical node YPSH, is used to bypass the resistor of a resistive grounded transformer star point for fault handling.
YEFN
YPSH
An electrical shunt is a device used to transfer currents away from certain parts of a circuit. The logical node class power shunt also includes the switch for closing and opening the shunt.
Further power system equipment related Logical Nodes:

This is a generic logical node. One auxiliary circuit each is monitored using ZAXN logical node. Several auxiliary circuits in a bay are thus monitored by using this LN multiple times.
ZAXN
ZBAT
A ZBAT logical node covers the battery system characteristics including those required for remote monitoring and control of critical auxiliary battery system functions and states. These may vary significantly based on the type of battery It provides data regarding the battery status and controls the charging/de-charging cycles.
ZBSH
ZBSH is a logical node which provides properties and supervision of bushings as used for power transformers or Gas insulated switchgear connections.
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ZCAB
This logical node represents a supervised power system element - power cable.
ZCAP
This is a capacitor bank logical node which controls reactive power flow.
ZCON
ZCON is a logical node for frequency conversion, including AC/DC conversion.
ZGEN
ZGEN is a generic logical node for information exchange with generators.
ZGIL
ZGIL is a gas isolated line logical node.
ZLIN
ZLIN is a logical node for supervision of overhead line.
ZMOT
ZMOT is a motor generic logical node for information exchange with motors.
ZREA
ZREA is a reactor logical node for control of reactive power flow.
ZRRC
ZRRC is a rotating reactive component logical node for control of reactive power flow.
ZSAR
ZSAR is a surge arrester logical node for information exchange with surge arresters.
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ZTCF
ZTCF is a thyristor controlled frequency converter for frequency conversion including AC/DC conversion.
ZTCR
ZTCR is a thyristor controlled reactive component logical node that controls reactive power flow.
Generic process I/O related Logical Nodes:

GGIO is generic logical node (Generic Input / Output Data). This logical node is used to model in a generic way device processes that are not predefined by the groups S, T, X, Y, or Z, such as analog outputs, auxiliary relays, etc, additional I/Os representing devices not predefined such as horn, bell, target value etc., as well as input and outputs from non-defined auxiliary devices.
GGIO
The new functions that users have developed, which are not currently covered by the IEC 61850 standard are implemented using dedicated new GGIO logical nodes. Having these new logical nodes contributes in reducing the MTTR and increasing the dependability of the system whilst maintaining the high level of interoperability.
Logical Nodes related to system services:

STIM is a time master logical node with the dedicated function to provide the time from some external source to the system (setting and synchronization).
STIM
SSYS
SSYS is a system supervision logical node intended to start, control and process all data for system supervision.
GTES
GTES is a test generator logical node to start tests using process signals without blocking of process outputs. The test generator logical node depends on the function to be tested and because of that is declared as a generic logical node.
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APPENDIX-2 TYPICAL IEDs IN A SAS An IED in a SAS system may be defined in terms of following category or functional aspect or environment it deals with: 1. IEDs dealing with Telecommunication system: Gateways Protocol Converters Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) dealing with Tele-communication Protective Devices dealing with Tele-Protection
2. IEDs for Human Machine Interface: Gateways Personal Computers Engineering & Operating Workstations An IED may have built-in Local on front HMI
3. IEDs in process environment: Bay Controller Units Protection devices Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) dealing with process data Measurement/Metering Device Autonomous Controllers (e.g. Transformer AVR) Transducers providing process info or measurements Digital Instrument Transformer (VTs & CTs)
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ANSI / IEEE C37-2 Device Numbers

In the Electrical Power System, the ANSI Standard Device Numbers denote what features a protective device supports (such as a Relay or a Circuit Breaker). These types of devices protect electrical systems and components from damage when an unwanted event occurs, such as an Electric Fault. Device numbers are used to identify the functions of devices shown on a Schematic & Single Line Diagrams.
List of Device Numbers and Acronyms

1 - Master Element 2 - Time Delay Starting or Closing Relay 3 - Checking or Interlocking Relay 4 - Master Contactor 5 - Stopping Device 6 - Starting Circuit Breaker 7 - Rate of Change Relay 8 - Control Power Disconnecting Device 9 - Reversing Device 10 - Unit Sequence Switch 11 - Multi-function Device 12 - Overspeed Device 13 - Synchronous-speed Device 14 - Underspeed Device 15 - Speed - or Frequency, Matching Device 16 - Data Communications Device (see note 5) 17 - Shunting or Discharge Switch 18 - Accelerating or Decelerating Device 19 - Starting to Running Transition Contactor
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20 - Electrically Operated Valve 21 - Distance Relay 22 - Equalizer Circuit Breaker 23 - Temperature Control Device 24 - Volts Per Hertz Relay 25 - Synchronizing or Synchronism-Check Device 26 - Apparatus Thermal Device 27 - Undervoltage Relay 28 - Flame Detector 29 - Isolating Contactor or Switch 30 - Annunciator Relay 31 - Separate Excitation Device 32 - Directional Power Relay 33 - Position Switch 34 - Master Sequence Device 35 - Brush-Operating or Slip-Ring Short-Circuiting Device 36 - Polarity or Polarizing Voltage Devices 37 - Undercurrent or Underpower Relay 38 - Bearing Protective Device 39 - Mechanical Condition Monitor 40 - Field (over/under excitation) Relay 41 - Field Circuit Breaker 42 - Running Circuit Breaker 43 - Manual Transfer or Selector Device 44 - Unit Sequence Starting Relay 45 - Abnormal Atmospheric Condition Monitor 46 - Reverse-phase or Phase-Balance Current Relay 47 - Phase-Sequence or Phase-Balance Voltage Relay 48 - Incomplete Sequence Relay 49 - Machine or Transformer, Thermal Relay 50 - Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay 51 - AC Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay 52 - AC Circuit Breaker
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53 - Exciter or DC Generator Relay 54 - Turning Gear Engaging Device 55 - Power Factor Relay 56 - Field Application Relay 57 - Short-Circuiting or Grounding (Earthing) Device 58 - Rectification Failure Relay 59 - Overvoltage Relay 60 - Voltage or Current Balance Relay 61 - Density Switch or Sensor 62 - Time-Delay Stopping or Opening Relay 63 - Pressure Switch 64 - Ground (Earth) Detector Relay 65 - Governor 66 - Notching or Jogging Device 67 - AC Directional Overcurrent Relay 68 - Blocking or "Out-of-Step" Relay 69 - Permissive Control Device 70 - Rheostat 71 - Liquid Level Switch 72 - DC Circuit Breaker 73 - Load-Resistor Contactor 74 - Alarm Relay 75 - Position Changing Mechanism 76 - DC Overcurrent Relay 77 - Telemetering Device 78 - Phase-Angle Measuring Relay 79 - AC Reclosing Relay 80 - Flow Switch 81 - Frequency Relay 82 - DC Reclosing Relay 83 - Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay 84 - Operating Mechanism 85 - Communications,Carrier or Pilot-Wire Relay
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86 - Lockout Relay 87 - Differential Protective Relay 88 - Auxiliary Motor or Motor Generator 89 - Line Switch 90 - Regulating Device 91 - Voltage Directional Relay 92 - Voltage and Power Directional Relay 93 - Field Changing Contactor 94 - Tripping or Trip-Free Relay 95 - For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable 96 - For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable 97 - For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable 98 - For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable 99 - For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable AFD - Arc Flash Detector CLK - Clock or Timing Source DDR - Dynamic Disturbance Recorder DFR - Digital Fault Recorder ENV - Environmental Data HIZ - High Impedance Fault Detector HMI - Human Machine Interface HST - Historian LGC - Scheme Logic MET - Substation Metering PDC - Phasor Data Concentrator PMU - Phasor Measurement Unit PQM - Power Quality Monitor RIO - Remote Input/Output Device RTU - Remote Terminal Unit/Data Concentrator SER - Sequence of Events Recorder TCM - Trip Circuit Monitor SOTF - Switch On To Fault
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Note 1: A suffix letter may be used with the device number; for example, suffix N is used if the device is connected to a Neutral wire (example: 59N in Siemens Relay is used for protection against Neutral Displacement); and suffixes X,Y,Z are used for auxiliary devices. Similarly, the "G" suffix denotes a "ground", hence a "51G" being a Time Overcurrent ground relay Note 2: A suffix number may also be used with a device number: numbers are used to distinguish multiple "same" devices in the same equipment such as 51-1, 51-2. Note 3: Device numbers may be combined if the device provides multiple functions, such as the instantaneous/time-delay AC over current relay denoted as 50/51 Note 4: For function descriptions, refer to IEEE standards reference library or American Standards C37.2 2008. For understanding and learning application of these devices, many technical reference books have been published and are available. These device numbers and their application are typically in the domain of electrical engineers, specifically power generation, transmission or distribution system engineers in regards to safely controlling and protecting users and equipment.
.
Note 5: For device 16, the suffix letters further define the device: the first suffix letter is S for Serial or E for Ethernet. The subsequent letters are: C Security Processing Function VPN, Encryption F Firewall or message Filter M Network Managed Function R Router S Switch T Telephone Component. So a managed Ethernet switch would be 16ESM
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Substation Automation Architecture A Brief Over View

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GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF EFFECTIVE SUBSTATION AUTOMATION ARCHITECTURE

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR SAS

Voltage & Current Voltage & Current Voltage & Current

APPENDIX-1 LOGICAL NODES LIST IN A IEC 61850 BASED SAS

The IEEE C37-2 device function number of such a device is 14.

for detecting faults with or without earth.

The IEEE C37-2 device function number of such a device is 21.

The IEEE C37-2 device function number of such a device is 24.

The IEEE C37-2 device function number of such a device is 27. .

The IEEE C37-2 device function number of such a device is 32.

The IEEE C37-2 device function number of such a device is 37.

The IEEE C37-2 device function number of such a device is 40.

The IEEE C37-2 device function number of such a device is 46.

The IEEE C37-2 device function number of such a device is 47.

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 49.

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 50.

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 51.

Asynchronous motors (Inductive loads) draw reactive Power (lagging VARs) in 21

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 55.

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 59

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 59DC

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 60.

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 64

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 64R.

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 64S.

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 64W.

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 67.

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 67N.

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 76.

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 78.

The IEEE C37-2 device function numbers of such a device is 81.

Differential Protection is one of the main Protections for Transformers.

Differential Protection is main Protection for Busbars.

Differential Protection is one of the main Protections for Large Motors.

Differential Protection is one of the main Protections for Generator.

Protection Related Logical Nodes:

Control function Logical Nodes:

Interface, logging and archiving function Logic Nodes:

Automatic process control Logical Nodes:

devices. Transformer change

Metering and measurements related Logical Nodes:

Common identification and behavior related Logical Nodes:

System and device security

Switching devices and substation parts related Logical Nodes:

Logical Nodes for monitoring by sensors:

Instrument transformers related Logical Nodes:

Power transformers related logical Nodes:

Further power system equipment related Logical Nodes:

ZCON is a logical node for frequency conversion, including AC/DC conversion.

ZGEN is a generic logical node for information exchange with generators.

ZGIL is a gas isolated line logical node.

ZLIN is a logical node for supervision of overhead line.

ZREA is a reactor logical node for control of reactive power flow.

Generic process I/O related Logical Nodes:

Logical Nodes related to system services:

ANSI / IEEE C37-2 Device Numbers

List of Device Numbers and Acronyms

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