Experiment No.

TRUE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS IN TENSION

Name:

Adalem, Bianca Benito, Juan Jose, Ian

Subject & Section:

LBYME19/EE

Instructor:

Mr. Escolar

Date Performed:

November 3, 2011

Date Due:

November 10, 2011

Date Submitted:

November 10, 2011

Rating:_______________________

Remarks:_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________

Objective: To evaluate the true mechanical properties of metals using an 8 in. or 203.2 mm. gage length standard ASTM round specimen subjected to tensile test. Theory and Analysis: To stress-strain diagrams considered in Experiment Nos. 1 and 2 are also called engineering stress S vs. engineering strain curve. In equations S = F/Ao and = /GLo (3.1)

Where: F = applied load Ao = original cross-sectional area = elongation GLo = original gage length As observed in the first experiments (Figure 3.1), the cross-sectional area per section of the test specimen changes as the test proceeds, first uniformly and then non-uniformly after necking begins.

It should be noted that the actual stress within the specimen therefore should be based on the instantaneous cross-sectional area per section and not the original and will be greater than the engineering stress. In this case a true stress S and true strain can be computed taking simultaneous readings of load and minimum specimen cross-sectional dimension. In equation form: 1.) True stress S = F/A 2.) True Strain = ln ( + 1) = ln A0/A (3.2) (3.3)

Where: A = actual cross-sectional area (taken during simultaneous readings of load) Ao = original cross-sectional

 = engineering strain Figure 3.2 is an illustration of a true stress-true strain diagram.

FIGURE 3.2 True Stress True Strain Diagram APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Universal Testing Machine (UTM) Vernier Caliper Steel rule Divider Scriber Center punch Ball peen hammer V-block

SET-UP of the EXPERIMENT:

PROCEDURE: 1. Mark the test specimen with an 8-in. (203.0 mm) gage length. 2. Divide the gage length into four equal sections by marking these sections with a scriber and a center punch. 3. Measure the cross-sectional dimension and length of these sections. Calculate the crosssectional area of the specimen. Record this on the pre-test data sheet. 4. Clamp the ends of the specimen at the UTM. 5. Start the UTM. 6. Record the lengthening and increase of diameter of the specimen per section and the dial gage reading for every increase in load until fracture occurs (load increment will be given by the instructor). Take note of the behavior of the load. Record this on the tension test data. 7. Measure the cross-sectional dimension and length of each section after test. Record this on the post-data sheet. 8. Compute the cross-sectional area of each section after test and record this on the post data sheet. 9. Measure the final gage length of the specimen and determine the cross-sectional area at the fracture region. 10. Calculate the stress and strain values and plot these points. Plot into XY diagram the following. a. Engineering Stress vs. Engineering Strain. b. Trues Stress vs. Trues Strain per section. c. True Stress vs. True Strain on Minimum Measured Area. Use = ln ( + 1) d. Trues Stress vs. Trues Strain on Minimum Measured Area.

Use = ln Ao/A e. True Stress vs. True Strain on Average Measured Area. Use = ln( + 1) f. True Stress vs. True Strain on Average Measured Area. Use = ln Ao/A

DATA SHEET: A. Pre-Test Data Section 1 2 3 4 Diameter, mm 12 12 12 12 Length, mm 51 51 51 51 Area, mm2 113.1 113.1 113.1 113.1

Material to be tested = Brass Average (original) cross-sectional area Ao = 113.10 mm2 Original gage length GLo = 204 mm B. Tension-Test Data Elongation, mm 2 3 50.8 50.8 50.8 52.07 50.8 53.34 50.8 54.1 50.8 54.1 50.8 54.1 50.8 54.1 Diameter D, mm 2 3 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.29 1.28 1.29 1.28 1.3 1.27 1.29 1.26 1.28 1.26 1.28

Run No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Load F, kg 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3350

1 53.34 53.97 54.1 54.1 54.1 54.1 65.59

4 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.24 1.24 0.49

4 1.28 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.26 1.26 1.26

C. Post-test Data Diameter at fracture = 0.49 mm Cross-sectional area at fracture Af = mm2 Type of fracture = D. Results a.) Engineering Stress vs. Engineering Strain b.) Load, Measured Area per section, Average Area and Minimum Area c.) True Stress vs. True Strain per Section d.) Trues Stress vs. True Strain on Minimum Measured Area Use = ln( + 1) e.) True Stress vs. True Strain on Minimum Measured Area Use = ln Ao/Amin

f.) True Stress vs. True Strain on Average Measured Area Use = ln ( + 1) g.) True Stress vs. True Strain on Average Measured Area Use = ln Ao/ Aave SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS

CONCLUSION:

QUESTIONS: 1. What is engineering stress? Engineering Strain? Stress is the ratio of applied force F and cross section A, defined as "force per area". Strain is defined as "deformation of a solid due to stress". 2. What is the difference between true and engineering stress? Engineering stress assumes that the area a force is acting upon remains constant, true stress takes into account the variation in the cross sectional area as a result of the stress induced deformation (strain) of a material. 3. How do true mechanical properties differ from the engineering mechanical properties? The true mechanical properties are found by manipulating the true stress and true strain data, while the engineering mechanical properties make use of the engineering stress and engineering strain data. In other words, true mechanical properties are more accurate and case-to-case basis, while the engineering mechanical properties are more ideal and conceptual. 4. Why are the points in the stress-strain diagram plotted on a log-log scale? The plotting of the stress-strain diagram shows the limits and characteristics of the material. The ductility and hardness of the material is automatically identified by looking at the stress-strain curve.