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Abstract This paper describes the most common methods used to construct numerical models for induction borehole tool responses. The logging environment and the finite extention of the transmitter and receiver coils as well, require an ambitious modeling code to approximate the true tool response. Mixed boundaries are involved in such problems but cause analytical codes to become extremely complicated, resulting in significantly longer computer run-times. Numerical methods are efficient for studying 2D and 3D problems. To illustrate the use of the finite element method in resistivity modelling, an axisymmetric finte element modelling of a 2-coil and 4 coil induction tool response is discussed. Keywords electrical conductivity, electromagnetic induction, skin effect, two-coil, four-coil systems
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Fachvortrge iii: geowissenschaFtenCOMSOL Users Conference 2006 Frankfurt Excerpt from the Proceedings of the
All of the currents and voltages involved in the formation and in the receiver circuit are alternating with the frequency of the transmitter current. Therefore, in the quantitative evaluation of the received signal it is necessary to take into account both the amplitude and the phase relationships of all the elements which contribute to the signal. In practice, the sources of the electromagnetic field used in induction logging are coils wound on an insulating mandrel through which alternating current is passed. Each coil will consist of several turns, the exact number being set by many engineering considerations, but will cover axially only a few centimeters of the mandrel. But, at distances of practical interest, the field is essentially equivalent to that produced by a small magnetic dipole situated on the mandrel axis at the center of the coil. The total receiver voltage is the integration over an infinite number of single current loops over the entire formation. Equation (5) can be separated into the real and imaginary part of V by expanding in powers of (kL) and writing: (6)
(7)
Equation (1) is used to evaluate Aj at the location of the receiver coil (seperated from the transmitter by the axial distance L), then using the relation (2)
it is easy to compute the voltage induced in a receiver coil. For a receiver coil of NR turns wound on a mandrel of radius a, the induced voltage is simply (3) This general formula for the two-coil sonde can be extented to a sonde consisting of multiple transmitting and receiving coils by simply summing all individual contributions described by equation (3). At least, the voltage induced into the receiver coil is:
(4)
(5)
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Fachvortrge iii: geowissenschaFten Users Conference 2006 Frankfurt Excerpt from the Proceedings of the COMSOL
the wave during its travel and the phase change within the field of investigation of the tool is negligible. The velocity of an electromagnetic wave in sedimentary formations, as encountered in well logging, is substantially lower than that in free space. The solution of Maxwells equations for electrically conductive media yields the phase velocity as where is the refractive index and ermr are the dimensionless relative electrical and magnetic permittivity eo : electrical permittivity er : relative electrical permittivity w = 2n : frequency In a formation having a conductivity of 1S/m, a 20,000cps electromagnetic wave has a velocity of approximately 4.5105 m/s. This is only 0.15 per cent of the velocity in free space. This reduction in velocity of propagation is the result of the reaction of the counter electromagnetic fields developed by the currents induced in the formation upon the electromagnetic field of the primary advancing wave. This reaction has the additional effect of reducing the amplitude of this wave by one-half in each 2.43m of wave travel. It reduces the wave length to approximately 22.25 m. This means that the phase of the wave changes approximately 16/m of wave travel. It is apparent that attenuation and phase changes of these magnitudes can be expected to cause the electromagnetic field, and the resultant signals produced in the induction logging tool, to be substantially different from those predicted from analysis based upon free space performance of the field. ver circuit by any main-auxiliary coil pair are in opposite direction and, hence, subtract from the signal in the receiver circuit of the coil system. The composite signal in the receiver circuit of the coil system is the algebraic sum of the signals developed by each separate transmitter-receiver coil pair. (9)
Figure 2. Coil arrangement: LTR:40inch, LTr=LtR=11inch, NT=NR=500, Nt=Nr=5.
and
The subscripts identify the particular transmitter-receiver coil combination through which the voltage component is developed. The voltage signal developed in the receiver circuit can be converted to the apparent conductivity of the formation by multiplying it by a suitable calibration factor (10) where (11)
For multi-coil sondes, the total tool response is the normalized summation of the individual two-coil responses, weighted by the appropriate coil strength and spacings
(12)
where NT and NR are transmitter and receiver turns, respectively, L is the spacing between a transmitter-receiver coil seite
Fachvortrge iii: geowissenschaFtenCOMSOL Users Conference 2006 Frankfurt Excerpt from the Proceedings of the
pair, and sa is the apparent conductivity signal. The normalization factor in the denominator of the equation above is often referred to as the sensitivity of the sonde.The sensitivity is a meaningful quantity in itself, since if it is too low, the signal level of a tool may be so small that the measurement is impractical. the true conductivity of the layer than the two-coil system.
6. Model Definition
A model of a simple AC coil, i.e. a single-turn wire is considered in a resistive formation (50mmho/m) which contains a conductive layer (1000 mmho/m). The model is built in COMSOL-code using the axisymmetric quasistatic azimuthal currents application mode. A time harmonic formulation is used. The modeling takes place in the r-z-plane. For the exterior boundary, magnetic insulation is used as a condition, corresponding to a zero magnetic flux. At r=0, a axisymmetric boundary is given. For all other boundaries, i.e. the wire and the layer boundary, the continuity condition is used. The current source is defined by specifying the current density of the surface current of the coil as follows: (13)
Figure 3. The influence of skin effect as a function of ratio of coil spacing to skin depth.
This study of induced currents is made by modeling a current-carrying coil without any skin effect by setting the conductivity of the wire to zero. A 5050m2 rectangular object of 50mmho/m is built. At its center a 4m thick layer of 1000mmho/m is drawn. A refined mesh is considered to be sufficient to achieve accurate results. The frequency used is set to 20,000cps.
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