3G

3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications[1] 2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G, indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network. Services advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000 technical standards, including standards for reliability and speed (data transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5Gand 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers. The following standards are typically branded 3G: the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in Europe, Japan, China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure: The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA. The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialised in 2009 and is only offered in China. The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink. the CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.

The above systems and radio interfaces are based on spread spectrum radio transmission technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically not branded 3G, and are based on completely different technologies. A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates and non backwards compatible transmission technology. The first release of the 3GPP Long Term

Evolution (LTE) standard does not completely fulfill the ITU 4G requirements called IMT-Advanced. First release LTE is not backwards compatible with 3G, but is a pre-4G or 3.9G technology, however sometimes branded "4G" by the service providers. Its evolution LTE Advanced is a 4Gtechnology. WiMAX is another technology verging on or marketed as 4G.

The following common standards comply with the IMT2000/3G standard: EDGE, a revision by the 3GPP organization to the older 2G GSM based transmission methods, utilizing the same switching nodes, base station sites and frequencies as GPRS, but new base station and cellphone RF circuits. It is based on the three times as efficient 8PSK modulation scheme as supplement to the original GMSK modulation scheme. EDGE is still used extensively due to its ease of upgrade from existing 2G GSM infrastructure and cell-phones. EDGE combined with the GPRS 2.5G technology is called EGPRS, and allows peak data rates in the order of 200 kbit/s, just as the original UMTS WCDMA versions, and thus formally fulfills the IMT2000 requirements on 3G systems. However, in practice EDGE is seldom marketed as a 3G system, but a 2.9G system. EDGE shows slightly better system spectral efficiency than the original UMTS and CDMA2000 systems, but it is difficult to reach much higher peak data rates due to the limited GSM spectral bandwidth of 200 kHz, and it is thus a dead end. EDGE was also a mode in the IS-135 TDMA system, today ceased. Evolved EDGE, the latest revision, has peaks of 1 Mbit/s downstream and 400kbit/s upstream, but is not commercially used. The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by the 3GPP. The family is a full revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware, although some GSM sites can be retrofitted to broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMA format. W-CDMA is the most common deployment, commonly operated on the 2100 MHz band. A few others use the 900 and 1850 MHz bands. HSPA is a revision and upgrade to W-CDMA UMTS, used by AT&T Wireless, Telstra and Telecom NZ, typically broadcasting on the 850 MHz band. HSPA requires updates to the HSPA+ a revision and upgrade of HSPA, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink. It utilises multiple base stations to potentially double the channels available utilising MIMO principles. The CDMA2000 system, or IS-2000, including CDMA2000 1x and CDMA2000 High Rate Packet Data (or EVDO), standardized by 3GPP2 (differing from the 3GPP), evolving from the original IS-95 CDMA system, is used especially in North America, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Southeast [2] Asia, Europe and Africa.

CDMA2000 1x Rev. E has an increased voice capacity (in excess of 3 times) compared to Rev. 0 EVDO Rev. B offers downstream peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s while Rev. C enhanced existing and new terminal user experience.

While DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements, they are not usually considered due to their rarity and unsuitability for usage with mobile phones.
Mobile telephones, the 1st generation of which were introduced in the mid-1980's, have been constantly evolving since their inception. Today, over 2B mobile phones are in usage and around 80% of the world's population is within reach of a mobile phone signal). Mobile phones have traditionally been used for voice communications, but today can serve as the platform for a variety of communication outputs -- including data and video. 3G is the third-generation of mobile phone technology standards. The typical services associated with 3G include wireless voice telephony and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment. However, with the capability for high-speed wireless data transfer, 3G has enhanced or made possible a myriad of additional applications such as mobile video, secure mobile ecommerce, location-based services, mobile gaming and audio on demand. For example, using 2.5G (or a slightly better version of second-generation wireless) a three-minute song takes between six and nine minutes to download. Using 3G, it can download in 11 to 90 seconds. There are currently almost 100 million 3G wireless subscribers worldwide. The US, with over 200 million mobile subscribers, crossed the 10% mark for 3G penetration for the first time in 2006, while Japan stayed in the lead with over 50% of its subscribers using 3G phones. As 3G adoption accelerates, 3G carriers, handset manufacturing, infrastructure equipment makers, semiconductor OEM's, and 3G application providers stand to gain. Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISP's), carriers without the wherewithal or financial resources to upgrade their networks, and companies that provide services which are standard under 3G (i.e., email access), will be in a position to lose. While the 3G market may be definitely gaining traction, the industry is rapidly approaching a crossroads, where the needs of different market segments can vary substantially, and the potential rewards (and losses) for the different technology vendors and mobile communications operators could be substantial.

Drivers of 3G Adoption

Consumer demand for more robust wireless data services: Declining voice revenues have pushed carriers to consider alternative revenue generating opportunities, and they are responding by offering more data services made possible by 3G technology. Mobile video, music downloads, e-mail, messaging, location-based services and Internet surfing are just a sample of the many new applications users will have access to. Each time a mobile customer uses one of these applications, mobile carriers typically get a cut of fees. For example, in Japan, the untapped market for data services which will be further tapped with increased 3G adoption--where there is 50% 3G penetration--almost 30% of the average revenue per user (ARPU) is generated from data services, with the remaining 70% from voice. Compare that to the US--with about 10% 3G penetration--which on average has 12% data service ARPU. This shows that there is still action.

Upgrading infrastructure investment: The faster 3G networks are deployed, the faster 3G adoption rates will rise. Upgrading legacy networks to accommodate 3G technology is very costly. In the United States alone, Verizon Wireless,Sprint Nextel (S) and Cingular have spent a combined $10 billion on building their 3G networks. The carriers that can spend this kind of money will gain a competitive advantage over those that can't.

3G spectrum licensing fees: Spectrum is the specific frequency used by carriers to transmit data wirelessly. To own and run a proprietary network, a wireless carrier has to rent the frequencies from the government. Recently, mobile operators have had to pay phenomenal rents in auctions for 3G spectrum licenses. High license acquisition costs are limiting the number of carriers that can participate in 3G.

Technology maturity: The maturity (or immaturity) of underlying 3G technology is a critical factor that ultimately determines when and how, not to mention if, the technology is widely adopted. The key to investors, therefore, is to understand and appreciate the complexities of each 3G technology and the progress that the various companies are making towards mainstream adoption. Be it W-CDMA, UMTS, HSPA, or EV-DO -- different carriers are deploying different technologies at various stages of maturity. Understanding technology nuances will help investors predict 3G winners.

Growth of mobile in China and India: India's mobile base is about 127 million, meaning that only about 13% of the Indian population currently uses a mobile phones. International markets, such as China and India, can greatly drive adoption of 3G services as these regions continue to see the highest growth rates in mobile adoption.

Who Stands to Gain from 3G Adoption

Ericsson (ERIC), Alcatel-Lucent (ALU), Nokia (NOK), andSiemens AG (SI) are network infrastructure manufacturers that combined, dominate more than 70% of the worldwide mobile backbone equipment market. As 3G networks are deployed and expanded, so will the demand for their products. AT&T (T), Sprint Nextel (S), T-mobile USA, Hutchison Whampoa Ltd, and Verizon Communications (VZ) are network operators who are evolving networks from the second generation of technologies to the third generation technologies, could see network usage (and hence, revenues) skyrocket with accelerated 3G adoption. About 210 cellular carriers worldwide have either deployed 3G or will do so very shortly. This market is filled with players, who vary widely across the globe. Samsung and Motorola (MOT) are mobile handset manufacturers that will see demand increase as consumers buy 3G-compliant handsets and accessories. Most users will be required to upgrade their current mobile phones if they want to take advantage of the data services 3G can offer. 3G phones, as a result of their enhanced capabilities, are more expensive than their predecessors. Higher phone costs give OEM's an additional revenue opportunity. Broadcom (BRCM) and QUALCOMM (QCOM) are semiconductor OEMs which manufacturer 3G-compliant chipsets. Demand for their products will surge with increased 3G handset penetration. Yahoo! (YHOO) and Apple (AAPL) are 3G application partners that play an integral role in the 3G service value chain, as they partner with carriers to offer content (i.e. movie trailers) and content delivery platforms (iTunes music store) to end users. Electronic Arts (ERTS), which sells mobile games in a 38 million-person mobile gaming market,could benefit with increased customer demand because of the higher gaming speeds allowed by 3G. The convergence of entertainment, telecommunications, software, and data services is all happening at the mobile device and the various stakeholders in each of those ecosystems stand to gain.

Who Stands to Lose from 3G Adoption

EarthLink (ELNK) is a wireless Internet service provider (WISP) that operates hotspots. Such companies could see demand for their services decrease if 3G enabled EV-DO, a substitute technology for Internet access, continues to see accelerated adoption. Research in Motion (RIMM) is a 2G-based service provider that may not be able to successfully make the transition to 3G and keep their business models in tact. RIMM, the maker of the popular Blackberry email service could become less valuable if all 3G devices can speedily access email via the Internet (which was previously not the case). Note: Blackberry has incorporated 3g technology as fast or even faster than rival handset makers. They are actually the leader in providing 3G and pre 4G data services for the business community. Nortel Networks (NT) - Provides companies with networking solutions. Nortel has invested heavily in 4G technology. The continued growth of 3G may significantly delay the wide spread adoption of 4G. Smaller Carriers, who may not be able to absorb the high network upgrade costs associated with 3G will be at a competitive disadvantage as larger operator's networks become more advanced. If an increasing number of customers begin to adopt 3G, than these companies could see their businesses disrupted.

Detailed breakdown of 3G systems

The 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research and development projects started in 1992. In 1999, ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457 Recommendation; WiMAXwas [3] added in 2007. There are evolutionary standards (EDGE and CDMA) that are backwards-compatible extensions to preexisting 2G networks as well as revolutionary standards that require all-new network hardware and frequency allocations. The cell phones used utilise UMTS in combination with 2G GSM standards and [4] bandwidths, but do not support EDGE. The latter group is the UMTS family, which consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as well as the independently developed standards DECT and WiMAX, which were included because they fit the IMT-2000 definition.
[5]

Overview of 3G/IMT-2000 standards

ITU IMT-2000 compliant standards

common name(s)

bandwidth of data

pre-4Gupgrade duplex

channel

TDMA Single-Carrier (IMT-SC) EDGE (UWC-136)

EDGE Evolution

likely discontinued FDD

TDMA

CDMA Multi-Carrier (IMT-MC) CDMA2000

EV-DO

UMB

[nb 2]

CDMA

CDMA Direct Spread (IMT-DS)

W-CDMA

[nb 4]

UMTS CDMA TDD (IMT-TC)

[nb 3]

TD-CDMA

[nb 5]

HSPA

LTE

fa e

TD-SCDMA

[nb 6]

TDD FDMA/TDMA (IMT-FT) DECT none FDMA/TDMA

sh p

IP-OFDMA

WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)

OFDMA

1. ^ Can also be used as an upgrade to PDC or D-AMPS. 2. ^ development halted in favour of LTE. 3. ^ also known as FOMA; interfaces. 4. ^ also known as UTRA-FDD; W-CDMA is sometimes used as a synonym for UMTS, ignoring the other air interface options.
[7] [7] [6]

UMTS is the common name for a standard that encompasses multiple air

5. ^ also known as UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps high chip rate (HCR) 6. ^ also known as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps low chip rate (LCR)

While EDGE fulfills the 3G specifications, most GSM/UMTS phones report EDGE ("2.75G") and UMTS ("3G") functionality.

History
The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998 , branded [9] as FOMA. It was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of W-CDMA technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially [10][11] somewhat limited in scope; broader availability of the system was delayed by apparent concerns [12] over its reliability. The first European pre-commercial network was an UMTS network on the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial network (also UMTS based W[8]

CDMA) in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers. The first network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMA-based 1xEVDO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was byKT on EVDO and thus the Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators. The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the [13] USA was Verizon Wireless in July 2002 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility is also a true 3G UMTS network, having completed its upgrade of the 3G network to HSUPA. The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere was built in Adelaide, South Australia by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three or "3" in J June 2003. Emtel Launched the first 3G network in Africa. By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. Out of 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide this is only 6.7%. In the countries where 3G was launched first Japan and [14] South Korea 3G penetration is over 70%. In Europe the leading country is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries by 3G migration include UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 20% migration level. A confusing statistic is counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers as if they were 3G customers. If using this definition, then the total 3G subscriber base would be 475 million at June 2007 and 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide. [edit]Adoption 3G was relatively slow to be adopted globally. In some instances, 3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely new frequencies, especially so to achieve high-end data transmission rates. Other delays were due to the expenses of upgrading transmission hardware, especially for UMTS, whose deployment required the replacement of most broadcast towers. Due to these issues and difficulties with deployment, many carriers were not able to or delayed acquisition of these updated capabilities. In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks. Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormous costs of additional spectrum licensing fees. (See Telecoms crash.) The license fees in some European countries wereparticularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3G's potential. The 3G standard is perhaps well known because of a massive expansion of the mobile communications market post-2G and advances of the consumer mophone. An especially notable development during this time is the smartphone (for example, the iPhone, and the Android family), combining the abilities of a PDA with a mobile phone, leading to widespread demand for mobile internet connectivity. 3G has also
[dubious discuss]

introduced the term "mobile broadband" because its speed and capability make it a viable alternative for internet browsing, and USB Modems connecting to 3G networks are becoming increasingly common.

Asia
Asia is also using 3G services very well. A lot of companies like Dialog Axiata PLC (First to serve 3G Service in South Asia in 2006), BSNL, WorldCall, PTCL, Maxis, Vodafone, Airtel, Idea Cellular, Aircel, Tata DOCOMO and Reliance have released their 3G services.

Bangladesh
Two operators, Qubee and Banglalion, currently offer 4G WiMAX data services around Bangladesh. CityCell operates a nationwide third-generation CDMA2000 network capable of delivering super-fast mobile broadband. All GSM voice networks are still on 2G due a government indecision to provide 3G GSM/UMTS licences.

India
11 December 2008, India entered the 3G arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile and Data services by Government owned Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd MTNL in Delhi and later in Mumbai. MTNL becomes the first 3G Mobile service provider in India. After MTNL, another state operator Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL) launched 3G services on 22 Feb 2009 in Chennai and later launched 3G as Nationwide. The auction of 3G wireless spectrum was announced in April 2010 and 3G Spectrum allocated to all private operators on 1 September 2010. The first Private-sector service provider that launched 3G services is Tata DOCOMO, on November 5, 2010. And the second is by Reliance Communications, December 13, 2010. Vodafone Launched their 3G by mid of March, 2011. Then, Bharti Airtel launched their 3G services on 24 January 2011 in Bangalore and also launched in Delhi & Jaipur on March 4, 2011 (not GSM but only USB estick). Aircel also launched 3G in Kolkata in the month of February. Idea also launched its 3G services in mid April. Other providers like Virgin are expected to launch 3G services by Q1 2011. All the operators provide 3G services on the 2100 MHz band. As of now, the Government owned BSNL is the most successful company with the subscribers of 3G service. It has more than 3 million subscribers of its 3G service. It also has the widest coverage with around 826 cities across the country. The private operators like IDEA and Reliance are increasing their 3G coverage as well as the number of subscribers.

Features
[edit]Data

rates

ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can expect from 3G equipment or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher

transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 384 kbit/s in a [22] moving vehicle," the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum or average rates or what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various rates are sold as 3G intended to meet customers expectations of broadband data. [edit]Security 3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block cipher instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. [23] However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified. In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property. [edit]Applications

of 3G

The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are: Mobile TV Video on demand Videoconferencing Telemedicine Location-based services

Mobile television usually means television watched on a small handheld device. It may be a pay TV service broadcast on mobile phone networks or received free-to-air via terrestrial television stations from either regular broadcast or a special mobile TV transmission format. Some mobile televisions can also download television shows from the internet, including recorded TV programs and podcasts which are downloaded and stored on the mobile device for later viewing. The first pocket sized mobile television was sold to the public by Clive Sinclair in January 1977. It was called the Microvision or the MTV-1. It had a 2in CRTscreen and was also the first television which could [1][2] pick up signals in various countries. Mobile TV is starting to gain some traction; According to the Harvard Business Review, the growing adoption of smartphones allowed users to watch as much mobile video in three days of the 2010 Vancouver Olympics as they watched throughout the entire 2008 Beijing Olympics- an increase of 564%

Video on Demand (VOD) or Audio and Video on Demand (AVOD) are systems which allow users to select and watch/listen to video or audio content on demand. IPTV technology is often used to bring video [1] on demand to televisions and personal computers. Television VOD systems either stream content through a set-top box, a computer or other device, allowing viewing in real time, or download it to a device such as a computer, digital video recorder(also called a personal video recorder) or portable media player for viewing at any time. The majority of cable-

and telco-based television providers offer both VOD streaming, including pay-per-view and free content, whereby a user buys or selects a movie or television program and it begins to play on the television set almost instantaneously, or downloading to a DVR rented from the provider, or downloaded onto a pc, for viewing in the future. Internet television, using the Internet, is an increasingly popular form of video on demand. Some airlines offer AVOD as in-flight entertainment to passengers through individually-controlled video screens embedded in seatbacks or armrests or offered via portable media players. Airline AVOD systems offer passengers the opportunity to select specific stored video or audio content and play it on demand including pause, fast forward, and rewind.

Videoconferencing is the conduct of a videoconference (also known as a video conference or videoteleconference) by a set of telecommunicationtechnologies which allow two or more locations to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. It has also been called 'visual collaboration' and is a type of groupware. Videoconferencing differs from videophone calls in that it's designed to serve a conference or multiple [1] locations rather than individuals. It is an intermediate form of videotelephony, first deployed commercially in the United States by AT&T during the early 1970s as part of their development of Picturephonetechnology. With the introduction of relatively low cost, high capacity broadband telecommunication services in the late 1990s, coupled with powerful computing processors and video compression techniques, videoconferencing usage has made significant inroads in business, education, medicine and media. Like all long distance communications technologies (such as phone and Internet), by reducing the need to travel to bring people together the technology also contributes to reductions in carbon emissions, thereby helping to reduce global warming.

Telemedicine is the use of telecommunication and information technologies in order to provide clinical health care at a distance. It helps eliminate distance barriers and can improve access to medical services that would often not be consistently available in distant rural communities. It is also used to save lives incritical care and emergency situations. Although there were distant precursors to telemedicine, it is essentially a product of 20th century telecommunication and information technologies. These technologies permit communications between patient and medical staff with both convenience and fidelity, as well as the transmission of medical, imagingand health informatics data from one site to another. Early forms of telemedicine achieved with telephone and radio have been supplemented with videotelephony, advanced diagnostic methods supported bydistributed client/server applications, and [1] additionally with telemedical devices to support in-home care.

location-based services are a general class of computer program-level services used to include specific controls for location and time data as control features in computer programs. As such (LBS) is an

information and has a number of uses in Social Networking today as an entertainment service, which is accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and which uses information on the geographical position of the mobile device. This has become more and more important with the [1][2][3][4] expansion of the smartphone and pad markets as well. LBS are used in a variety of contexts, such as health, indoor object search, [7] personal life, etc.
[8] [5]

entertainment,

[6]

work,

LBS include services to identify a location of a person or object, such as discovering the nearest banking cash machine or the whereabouts of a friend or employee. LBS include parcel tracking andvehicle tracking services. LBS can include mobile commerce when taking the form of coupons or advertising directed at customers based on their current location. They include personalized weather services and even location-based games. They are an example of telecommunication convergence. This concept of location based systems is not compliant with the standardized concept of real-time [9] locating systems and related local services (RTLS), as noted in ISO/IEC 19762-5 and ISO/IEC 24730[10] 1.

Cost is Top Global Obstacle to 3G Adoption

12th October, 2006

Europe : Despite mobile phone providers' endeavours to recruit 3G customers, 3G technology remains a low priority for mobile users across the globe - and cost is the overriding factor. The annual Global Technology Insight (GTI) study by market information company TNS has identified little increase in 3G technology usage amongst consumers, who see the offer of mobile TV and surfing the net as costly and unnecessary services. At a global level, almost a quarter of people cite cost as the main obstacle to them using 3G (23 per cent); a further 22 per cent say cost puts them off using Wi-Fi technology. A fifth of people (21 per cent) are not downloading songs to their mobile primarily because of the expense, and 23 per cent choose not to surf the internet on their phone because it costs too much to do so. With technology providers promising better-than-ever quality viewing and faster connections, it may seem surprising that 3G and Wi-Fi capabilities have fallen close to the bottom of the mobile phone feature 'wishlist'. In fact, fewer people today aspire to have these facilities than they did a year ago, according to the TNS study (7 per cent of those surveyed in 2005 listed 3G as a priority feature to have on future mobile phones, compared with just 4 per cent in 2006). And although more people now have 3G phones than ever before (20 per cent of mobile users worldwide) less than half (9 per cent) are using their 3G capability. Of the 26 per cent of people who have Wi-Fi access through their phones (including Smartphones and PDA phones), just 11 per cent are using it - and mobile TV is no more popular, with only 9 of the 21 per cent of people with mobile TV-capable phones actually using this service. Despite widespread publicity about cost-effective service packages, mobile providers are still not giving their customers what they want - and people are having to purchase 3G packages that don't suit. The TNS study found that by far the most popular methods of payment for 3G and Wi-Fi enabled services are buffet-style price plans - either 'pay once for unlimited use', 'fixed monthly sum for unlimited use' or having the service bundled as part of the overall contract. However, many customers are being forced into paying per kilobyte used or paying each time a service is used - which is not popular amongst consumers. Hanis Harun, Global Director, TNS Technology, comments; "Given that cost is such a key obstacle to the adoption of more advanced mobile services, mobile operators must provide pricing regimes which are fixed for unlimited use, transparent and affordable. We also see some acceptance towards paying by time of use for mobile music and mobile TV services, pointing towards streamed services as a possible solution. As other sources for mobile services open up, such as side-loading and pod-casting, backed by the high interest in Bluetooth connectivity that we are seeing, it is getting ever more critical for service or content providers to peg their services competitively.

3G Mobile Phone System

Mobile telephony had the capacity to allow us to communicate whilst on the move. The internet converted raw data into supporting services that individuals found easy to use. These two technologies then merged together to produce third generation mobile services. (Source: 3gnewsroom.com)

Third generation mobile communications systems have several names such as 3G, UMTS and WCDMA they assure us that they will heighten mobile communications to better speed limits. Amongst the criteria set they plan to establish speedy Internet surfing, advanced valueadded services telephony. 3G technology is an improvement upon 2G systems in two ways. The first being a step towards packet switching from circuit switching. Packet switching tends to use the communication system more effectively, consequently boosting the capacity of the system. Packet switching also permits users to always be online. This means elimination in the need for users to dial up. Through judicious use of the frequency spectrum and inventive coding methods, 3G technology is poised to achieve bit rates up to 2 Mbps.

Figure 13
Source: Primary research conducted on the Internet.

Analysing Figure 13 Figure 13 shows the response to the surveyed participants interest toward 3G phones

Figure 14 3G BTS World Market Share 2002 to 2007

Source: 3G Base Station Market Growing http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/April2003/5314.htm (Ref. 04/05/03)

Figure 14 Shows the projected growth in the 3G World Market from 2002 to 2007.
Cellular Standards for the Third Generation: The ITU's IMT-2000 family It is in the mid-1980s that the concept for IMT-2000, International Mobile Telecommunications, was born at the ITU as the third generation system for mobile communications. After over ten years of hard work under the leadership of the ITU, a historic decision was taken in the year 2000 : unanimous approval of the technical specifications for third generation systems under the brand IMT-2000. The spectrum between 400 MHz and 3 GHz is technically suitable for the third generation. The entire telecommunication industry, including both industry and national and regional standards-setting bodies gave a concerted effort to avoiding the fragmentation that had thus far characterized the mobile market. This approval meant that for the first time, full interoperability and interworking of mobile systems could be achieved. IMT-2000 is the result of collaboration of many entities, inside the ITU (ITUR and ITU-T), and outside the ITU (3GPP, 3GPP2, UWCC and so on) IMT-2000 offers the capability of providing value-added services and applications on the basis of a single standard. The system envisages a platform for distributing converged fixed, mobile, voice, data, Internet and multimedia services. One of its key visions is to provide seamless global roaming, enabling users to move across borders while using the same number and handset. IMT-2000 also aims to provide seamless delivery of services, over a number of media (satellite, fixed, etc). It is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum speed of 2Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 348 kbit/s in a moving vehicle. Second-generation systems only provide speeds ranging from 9.6 kbit/s to 28.8 kbit/s. In addition, IMT-2000 has the following key characteristics: 1. Flexibility With the large number of mergers and consolidations occurring in the mobile industry, and the move into foreign markets, operators wanted to avoid having to support a wide range of different interfaces and technologies. This would surely have hindered the growth of 3G worldwide. The IMT-2000 standard addresses this problem, by providing a highly flexible system, capable of supporting a wide range of services and applications. The IMT-2000 standard accommodates five possible radio interfaces based on three different access technologies (FDMA, TDMA and CDMA):

Value-added services and worldwide applications development on the basis of one single standard accommodating five possible radio interfaces based on three technologies

2. Affordability There was agreement among industry that 3G systems had to be affordable, in order to encourage their adoption by consumers and operators. 3. Compatibility with existing systems IMT-2000 services have to be compatible with existing systems. 2G systems, such as the GSM standard (prevalent in Europe and parts of Asia and Africa) will continue to exist for some time and compatibility with these systems must be assured through effective and seamless migration paths. 4. Modular Design The vision for IMT-2000 systems is that they must be easily expandable in order to allow for growth in users, coverage areas, and new services, with minimum initial investment.

Significance of 3G Technology in the Mobile Phone Sector

The prefix 3G (UMTS) represents 'Third generation' technology, based on the international telecommunication union standards. Introduction of this technology has given a new impetus to the mobile phone concepts making the device an advanced multifunctional instrument. It now offers the user, a wide range of facilities. The most important among them is the spectral efficiency. Faster and improved efficiency in the system has contributed to the availability of broadband internet in the mobile phone. This remarkable innovation has also made it possible to achieve extensive wireless telephony, video calls and broad band wireless data in themobile phone. To be precise, the 3G technology has revolutionised the system to make it a complete, but compact device by providing easy access to internet and its multifarious applications

CradlePoint CTR500/MBR1000 1.5 Firmware adds support for 16 more 3G devices

CradlePoint has released Firmware Version 1.5 for their MBR1000 router providing official support for sixteenmore 3G data modems and handsets. Cradlepoint MBR1000 Firmware 1.5 enables official support for these popular devices:

Alltel's EC168 USB modem AT&T's Quicksilver and MC930D USB modems and Huawei E870 expresscard Cricket's Calcomp A600 USB modem Sprint's 598U , U760 and U300 USB modems (3G support only at this time) Rogers ZTE MF636 USB modem Verizon's BlackBerry Storm phone and USB760 USB modem In addition to support for the new devices, firmware 1.5 implements the following: Load Balancing now includes the Ethernet WAN port Increased Max user limit from 32 to 64 OpenDNS now has it own section in the user interface. Modified the modem reset architecture.

27th Jan 2010 - Apple has just announced their new iPad tablet device, which will be available with GSM 3G connectivity. In an interesting move, this will cost $15 a month for 250MB, or $30 a month for unlimited use, with no long-term contract.

This flies in the face of existing pricing plans for 3G devices. Typically, devices like netbooks and smartphones have been sold with accompanying 2-year contracts, which tied users into a $60 and up plan in return for lowering the cost of the device. The iPad is not tied into a long-term contract: although it comes with a 3G GSM modem, users can buy data in one month blocks from AT&T directly on the device. This no-contract service will cost $15 for up to 250MB of data a month, or $30 for unlimited data. This price also includes unlimited use of AT&T WiFi hot spots in locations such as coffe shops and many airports. Although details of how the plan will work have not been released, Apple did claim that it can be activated from the device itself; there is no need to go to an AT&T store. They also said that the service is pre-paid and can be cancelled at any time. The 3G modem on the device is unlocked: it will work with any GSM network that supports the 850, 1900 and 2100 Mhz frequencies. This means it will work with AT&T, but not with T-Mobile in the USA. Abroad, it will work with most GSM networks. However, it does use the new micro SIM cards, which are not offered by all phone networks yet. These microSIM cards are smaller than existing SIMs, so you won't be able to just remove the SIM from your iPhone or other phone and use it in an iPad. The iPad models with 3G will cost from $629 (for the 16GB model) and go up to $829 for the 64GB model. That price does not include any 3G service.

Effects of 3G Technology
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The 3G stands for Third Generation Mobile Phone Communication Technology. The 3G is becoming very popular these days. 3G (Third generation) Mobile technology, nowadays, is one of the most talked about technologies. The 3G (third generation mobile phone technology) has many effects on the present world. Some of these effects of the 3G system are given below. Please have a look.

The 3G system has increases the speed of data transfer between various devices. The speed of up to 2 mbps can be achieved by using 3G wireless technology devices. These systems has made possible the Video Conferencing for mobile devices. It supports Multi player games. Therefore, the youngsters have a kind of craze about 3G technology. They can play the games of their interests with their friends from any place at any time. With 3G mobiles, one can his bills from the mobile and can also book the movie tickets or hotel rooms in advance. Thus it makes the systems very fast. Thus it is being used for high speed broadband. Many large companies have supported the 3G mobile system for this reason. The this technology phones provide better security of data. Thus people working for big companies prefer 3G technology over the 2G (second Generation) and 2.5G (2.5 generation) technologies. The 3G phones also include the Mobile Television (T.V.), Location based services etc. One can watch th live T.V programs by using 3G phones. Thus becoming more useful and popular in the modern world.

The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health is the subject of recent interest and study, as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phoneusage throughout the world (as of June 2009, there were [1] more than 4.3 billion subscriptions worldwide ). Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in

themicrowave range. Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation. The WHO has classified mobile phone radiation on the IARC scale into Group 2B - possibly carcinogenic. That means that there "could be some risk" of carcinogenicity, so additional research into the long-term, [2] [3] heavy use of mobile phones needs to be conducted. Some national radiation advisory authorities have recommended measures to minimize exposure to their citizens as a precautionary approach.

Effects
Many scientific studies have investigated possible health symptoms of mobile phone radiation. These studies are occasionally reviewed by some scientific committees to assess overall risks. A recent assessment was published in 2007 by the European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and [4] Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). It concludes that the three lines of evidence, viz.animal, in vitro, and epidemiological studies, indicate that "exposure to RF fields is unlikely to lead to an increase in cancer in humans". [edit]Radiation

absorption

Part of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone handset are absorbed by the human head. The radio waves emitted by a GSM handset can have a peak power of 2 watts, and a US analogue phone had a maximum transmit power of 3.6 watts. Other digital mobile technologies, such as CDMA2000 and DAMPS, use lower output power, typically below 1 watt. The maximum power output from a mobile phone [citation needed] is regulated by the mobile phone standard and by the regulatory agencies in each country. In most systems the cellphone and the base station check reception quality and signal strength and the power level is increased or decreased automatically, within a certain span, to accommodate different situations, such as inside or outside of buildings and vehicles. The rate at which radiation is absorbed by the human body is measured by the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), and its maximum levels for modern handsets have been set by governmental regulating agencies in many countries. In the USA, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has set a SAR limit of 1.6 W/kg, averaged over a volume of 1 gram of tissue, for the head. In Europe, the limit is 2 W/kg, averaged over a volume of 10 grams of tissue. SAR values are heavily dependent on the size of the averaging volume. Without information about the averaging volume used, comparisons between different measurements cannot be made. Thus, the European 10-gram ratings should be compared among themselves, and the American 1-gram ratings should only be compared among themselves. SAR data for specific mobile phones, along with other [5] useful information, can be found directly on manufacturers' websites, as well as on third party web sites. [edit]Thermal

effects

One well-understood effect of microwave radiation is dielectric heating, in which any dielectric material (such as living tissue) is heated by rotations of polar molecules induced by the electromagnetic field. In the case of a person using a cell phone, most of the heating effect will occur at the surface of the head, causing its temperature to increase by a fraction of a degree. In this case, the level of temperature increase is an order of magnitude less than that obtained during the exposure of the head to direct sunlight. The brain's blood circulation is capable of disposing of excess heat by increasing local blood flow. However, the cornea of the eye does not have this temperature regulation mechanism and exposure of 23 hours duration has been reported to produce cataracts in rabbits' eyes at SAR values from 100140W/kg, which produced lenticular temperatures of 41C. There were no cataracts detected in the eyes

of monkeys exposed under similar conditions. Premature cataracts have not been linked with cell phone use, possibly because of the lower power output of mobile phones. [edit]Non-thermal

[6]

effects

The communications protocols used by mobile phones often result in low-frequency pulsing of the carrier [7] signal. Whether these modulations have biological significance has been subject to debate. Some researchers have argued that so-called "non-thermal effects" could be reinterpreted as a normal cellular response to an increase in temperature. The German biophysicist Roland Glaser, for [8] example, has argued that there are several thermoreceptor molecules in cells, and that they activate a cascade of second and third messenger systems, gene expression mechanisms and production of heat shock proteins in order to defend the cell against metabolic cell stress caused by heat. The increases in temperature that cause these changes are too small to be detected by studies such as REFLEX, which base their whole argument on the apparent stability of thermal equilibrium in their cell cultures. Other researchers believe the stress proteins are unrelated to thermal effects, since they occur for both extremely low frequencies (ELF) and radio frequencies (RF), which have very different energy [9] levels. Another preliminary study published in 2011 by The Journal of the American Medical Association conducted using fluorodeoxyglucose injections and positron emission tomography concluded that exposure to radiofrequency signal waves within parts of the brain closest to the cell phone antenna resulted in increased levels of glucose metabolism, but the clinical significance of this finding is [10][11] unknown. [edit]Blood-brain barrier effects Swedish researchers from Lund University (Salford, Brun, Persson, Eberhardt, and Malmgren) have studied the effects of microwave radiation on the rat brain. They found a leakage of albumin into the brain [12][13] via a permeated blood-brain barrier. This confirms earlier work on the blood-brain barrier by Allan [14] Frey, Oscar and Hawkins, and Albert and Kerns. Other groups have not confirmed these findings in in [15] [16] vitro cell studies or whole animal studies. [edit]Cancer In 2006 a large Danish study about the connection between mobile phone use and cancer incidence was published. It followed over 420,000 Danish citizens for 20 years and showed no increased risk of [17] cancer. The German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Bundesamt fr Strahlenschutz) considers [18] this report inconclusive. The following studies of long time exposure have been published: The 13 nation INTERPHONE project the largest study of its kind ever undertaken has now been [19] published and did not find a solid link between mobile phones and brain tumours.
[20]

The International Journal of Epidemiology published a combined data analysis from a multi national population-based case-control study of glioma and meningioma, the most common types of brain tumour. The authors reported the following conclusion: Overall, no increase in risk of glioma or meningioma was observed with use of mobile phones. There were suggestions of an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and error

prevent a causal interpretation. The possible effects of long-term heavy use of mobile phones require further investigation. In the press release accompanying the release of the paper, Dr Christopher Wild, Director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) said: An increased risk of brain cancer is not established from the data from Interphone. However, observations at the highest level of cumulative call time and the changing patterns of mobile phone use since the period studied by Interphone, particularly in young people, mean that further investigation of mobile phone use and brain cancer risk is merited. A number of independent health and government authorities have commented on this important study including The Australian Centre for Radiofrequency Bioeffects Research (ACRBR) which said in a [22] statement that: Until now there have been concerns that mobile phones were causing increases in brain tumours. Interphone is both large and rigorous enough to address this claim, and it has not provided any convincing scientific evidence of an association between mobile phone use and the development of glioma or meningioma. While the study demonstrates some weak evidence of an association with the highest tenth of cumulative call time (but only in those who started mobile phone use most recently), the authors conclude that biases and errors limit the strength of any conclusions in this group. It now seems clear that if there was an effect of mobile phone use on brain tumour risks in adults, this is likely to be too small to be detectable by even a large multinational study of the size of Interphone. The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA)which said in a statement that: On the basis of current understanding of the relationship between brain cancer and use of mobile phones, including the recently published data from the INTERPHONE study, ARPANSA: concludes that currently available data do not warrant any general recommendation to limit use of mobile phones in the adult population, continues to inform those concerned about potential health effects that they may limit their exposure by reducing call time, by making calls where reception is good, by using hands-free devices or speaker options, or by texting; and recommends that, due to the lack of any data relating to children and long term use of mobile phones, parents encourage their children to limit their exposure by reducing call time, by making calls where reception is good, by using hands-free devices or speaker options, or by texting. The Cancer Council Australia said in a statement that it cautiously welcomed the results of the largest international study to date into mobile phone use, which has found no evidence that normal use of mobile phones, for a period up to 12 years, can cause brain cancer.
[21]

Chief Executive Officer, Professor Ian Olver, said findings from the Interphone study, conducted across 13 countries including Australia, were consistent with other research that had failed to find a link between mobile phones and cancer. This supports previous research showing mobile phones dont damage cell DNA, meaning they cant cause the type of genetic mutations that develop into cancer, Professor Olver said. However, it has been suggested that electromagnetic fields associated with mobile phones may play a role in speeding up the development of an existing cancer. The Interphone study found no evidence to support this theory. A Danish study (2004) that took place over 10 years found no evidence to support a link. However, this study has been criticized for collecting data from subscriptions and not necessarily from actual users. It is known that some subscribers do not use the phones themselves but provide them for family members to use. That this happens is supported by the observation that only 61% of a small [17][23] sample of the subscribers reported use of mobile phones when responding to a questionnaire. A Swedish study (2005) that draws the conclusion that "the data do not support the hypothesis that [24] mobile phone use is related to an increased risk of glioma or meningioma." A British study (2005) that draws the conclusion that "The study suggests that there is no substantial risk of acoustic neuroma in the first decade after starting mobile phone use. However, an increase in [25] risk after longer term use or after a longer lag period could not be ruled out." A German study (2006) that states "In conclusion, no overall increased risk of glioma or meningioma was observed among these cellular phone users; however, for long-term cellular phone users, results [26] need to be confirmed before firm conclusions can be drawn." A joint study conducted in northern Europe that draws the conclusion that "Although our results overall do not indicate an increased risk of glioma in relation to mobile phone use, the possible risk in the most heavily exposed part of the brain with long-term use needs to be explored further before firm [27] conclusions can be drawn."

Other studies on cancer and mobile phones are: A Swedish scientific team at the Karolinska Institute conducted an epidemiological study (2004) that suggested that regular use of a mobile phone over a decade or more was associated with an increased risk of acoustic neuroma, a type of benign brain tumor. The increase was not noted in [28] those who had used phones for fewer than 10 years. The INTERPHONE study group from Japan published the results of a study of brain tumour risk and mobile phone use. They used a new approach: determining the SAR inside a tumour by calculating the radio frequency field absorption in the exact tumour location. Cases examined included glioma, meningioma, and pituitary adenoma. They reported that the overall odds ratio (OR) was not increased and that there was no significant trend towards an increasing OR in relation to [29] exposure, as measured by SAR.

In 2007, Dr. Lennart Hardell, from rebro University in Sweden, reviewed published epidemiological [30] papers (2 cohort studies and 16 case-control studies) and found that: Cell phone users had an increased risk of malignant gliomas. Link between cell phone use and a higher rate of acoustic neuromas. Tumors are more likely to occur on the side of the head that the cell handset is used. One hour of cell phone use per day significantly increases tumor risk after ten years or more.

In a February 2008 update on the status of the INTERPHONE study IARC stated that the long term findings could either be causal or artifactual, related to differential recall between cases and [31] controls.
Wikinews has related news:Media reports exaggerate cell phone cancer risk

A self-published and non-peer reviewed meta-study by Dr. Vini Khurana, an Australian neurosurgeon, presented what it termed "increasing body of evidence ... for a link between mobile phone usage and certain brain tumours" and that it "is anticipated that this danger [32] has far broader public health ramifications than asbestos and smoking". This was criticised as [33] an unbalanced analysis of the literature, which is also selective in support of the authors claims.

A publication titled "Public health implications of wireless technologies" cites that Lennart Hardell found age is a significant factor. The report repeated the finding that the use of cell phones before age 20 [34] increased the risk of brain tumors by 5.2, compared to 1.4 for all ages. A review by Hardell et al. [35] concluded that current mobile phones are not safe for long-term exposure. In a time trends study in Europe, conducted by the Institute of Cancer Epidemiology in Copenhagen, no significant increase in brain tumors among cell phone users was found between the years of 1998 and 2003. "The lack of a trend change in incidence from 1998 to 2003 suggests that the induction period relating mobile phone use to brain tumors exceeds 510 years, the increased risk in this population is too small to be observed, the increased risk is restricted to subgroups of brain tumors or mobile phone users, [36] or there is no increased risk." On 31 May 2011 the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). The IARC assessed and evaluated available literature and studies about the carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), and found the evidence to be "limited for carcinogenicity of RF-EMF, based on positive associations between glioma and acoustic neuroma and exposure". The conclusion of the IARC was mainly based on the INTERPHONE study, which found an increased risk for glioma in the highest category of heavy users (30 minutes per day over a 10year period), although no increased risk was found at lower exposure and other studies could not back up the findings. The evidence for other types of cancer was found to be "inadequate". Some members of the Working Group opposed the conclusions and considered the current evidence in humans still as inadequate, citing inconsistencies between the [2][37] assessed studies.

Researchers at the National Cancer Institute found that while cell phone use increased substantially over the period 1992 to 2008 (from nearly zero to almost 100 percent of the population), the U.S. trends in glioma incidence did not mirror that increase.[1] [edit]Cognitive effects A 2009 study examined the effects of exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted by standard GSM cell phones on the cognitive functions of humans. The study confirmed longer (slower) response times to a spatial working memory task when exposed to RFR from a standard GSM cellular phone placed next to the head of male subjects, and showed that longer duration of exposure to RFR may increase the effects on performance. Right-handed subjects exposed to RFR on the left side of their head on average had significantly longer response times when compared to exposure to the right side and [38] sham-exposure. [edit]Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Main article: Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Some users of mobile handsets have reported feeling several unspecific symptoms during and after its use; ranging from burning and tingling sensations in the skin of the head and extremities, fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, loss of mental attention, reaction times and memory retentiveness, headaches, malaise, tachycardia (heart palpitations), to disturbances of the digestive system. Reports have noted that all of these symptoms can also be attributed to stress and [39] that current research cannot separate the symptoms from nocebo effects. [edit]Genotoxic effects A meta-analysis (2008) of 63 in vitro and in vivo studies from the years 19902005 concluded that RF radiation was genotoxic only in some conditions and that the studies reporting positive effects [40] evidenced publication bias. A meta-study (2009) of 101 publications on genotoxicity of RF electromagnetic fields showed that 49 reported a genotoxic effect and 42 not. The authors found "ample evidence that RF-EMF can alter the [41] genetic material of exposed cells in vivo and in vitro and in more than one way". In 1995, in the journal Bioelectromagnetics, Henry Lai and Narenda P. Singh reported damaged DNA [42] after two hours of microwave radiation at levels deemed safe according to U.S. government standards. In December 2004, a pan-European study named REFLEX (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards from Low Energy Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods), involving 12 collaborating laboratories in several countries showed some compelling evidence of DNA damage of cells in in-vitro cultures, when exposed between 0.3 to 2 watts/kg, whole-sample average. There were indications, but not rigorous evidence of other cell changes, including damage [43] to chromosomes, alterations in the activity of certain genes and a boosted rate of cell division. Research published in 2004 by a team at the University of Athens had a reduction in reproductive [44] capacity in fruit flies exposed to 6 minutes of 900 MHz pulsed radiation for five days. Subsequent research, again conducted on fruit flies, was published in 2007, with the same exposure pattern but conducted at both 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, and had similar changes in reproductive capacity [45] with no significant difference between the two frequencies.

Following additional tests published in a third article, the authors stated they thought their research suggested the changes were due to degeneration of large numbers of egg chambers after DNA [46] fragmentation of their constituent cells . Australian research conducted in 2009 by subjecting in vitro samples of human spermatozoa to radiofrequency radiation at 1.8 GHz and specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.4 to 27.5 W/kg showed a correlation between increasing SAR and decreased motility and vitality in sperm, increased oxidative stress and 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine markers, stimulating DNA base adduct formation and [47] increased DNA fragmentation. [edit]Sleep and EEG effects Sleep, EEG and waking rCBF have been studied in relation to RF exposure for a decade now, and the majority of papers published to date have found some form of effect. While a Finnish study failed to find [48] any effect on sleep or other cognitive function from pulsed RF exposure, most other papers have found [49][50][51][52][53][54] significant effects on sleep. Two of these papers found the effect was only present when the exposure was pulsed (amplitude modulated), and one early paper actually found that sleep quality (measured by the amount of participants' broken sleep) actually improved. While some papers were inconclusive or inconsistent, a number of studies have now demonstrated [57][58][59][60] reversible EEG and rCBF alterations from exposure to pulsed RF exposure. German research from 2006 found that statistically significant EEG changes could be consistently found, but only in a [61] relatively low proportion of study participants (12 - 30%). [edit]Behavioral effects A study on mice suggested that cell phone use during pregnancy may cause behavioral problems for their [62] offspring that resemble the effects of ADHD.
The negative impact of mobile phone use, among others: a. The more down moral values and good manners b. The existence of crime and fraud in the SMS c. Evil in the abuse of the phone camera and photo d. Pointed out that the excessive use of cell phones can cause brain cancer and brain tumor risk. e. The cultural impact that mobile phones are not just as a communication technology but also as something that reflects the emotional and cultural ties that symbolize mans social status so that people always see the phone as a measure of human status and race to always get and replace the phone with the latest type f. With the mobile phone is now more likely to become a lazy society because only with mobile phones can perform a variety of communication activities so that the direct interaction or in person with another person is rarely done. The negative impact of 3G among others: a) Used for things that are distorted and cause crime. b) The cost is expensive. c) Can only be used by Mobile certain types. d) to suppress other businesses such as mail / letters, cafe, and others. e) Creates a lazy society. The negative impacts we must tackle together through the whole community. Not only is the governments role with the law and the rules are clear and binding, but the role of corporate communication is concerned. .
[55][56]