Exam Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) All of the following respiratory surfaces are associated with capillary beds except the A) gills of fishes. B) alveoli of lungs. C) tracheae of insects. D) skin of earthworms. E) skin of frogs. 2) Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize A) endocytosis. B) blood pressure. C) diffusion. D) active transport. E) osmosis. 3) Tracheal systems for gas exchange are found in which organism? A) crustacean B) earthworm C) insect D) jellyfish E) vertebrate

4) The phenomenon that increases the gas exchange efficiency of fish gills is the A) countercurrent exchange mechanism. B) largest tidal volume of all vertebrates. C) high degree of oxygen saturation in water. D) back-and-forth movement of water that maximizes oxygen uptake. E) large blood flow velocity and pressure found in some fish species. 5) Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inspiration because A) the volume of the thoracic cavity increases. B) pressure in the alveoli increases. C) the diaphragm contracts and pushes upward on the chest cavity. D) pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. E) smooth muscle lining the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles contracts and causes their volume to increase. 6) Which of the following occurs with the exhalation of air from human lungs? A) The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. B) The residual volume of the lungs decreases. C) The diaphragm contracts. D) The epiglottis closes. E) The rib cage expands.

7) Which one of these statements about lungs is false? A) Gas exchange takes place across moist membranes. B) The gases move across the exchange membranes by diffusion. C) The total exchange surface area is relatively large. D) The lining of the alveoli is only one cell thick. E) The concentration of CO2 is higher in the air than in the alveolar capillaries. 8) The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps A) Na+ and K+ into the cell. B) Na+ and K+ out of the cell. C) Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell. D) Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell. E) Na+ and K+ into the cell and H+ out of the cell through an antiport. 9) After an action potential, how is the resting potential restored? A) by the opening of sodium activation gates B) by the opening of voltage-sensitive potassium channels and the closing of sodium activation gates C) by an increase in the membrane's permeability to potassium and chloride ions D) by the delay in the action of the sodium-potassium pump E) by the refractory period in which the membrane is hyperpolarized SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. For the following questions, refer to the graph of an action potential in Figure 48.1 and use the lettered line to indicate your answer.

Figure 48.1 10) The membrane is unable to respond to any further stimulation, regardless of intensity. 11) The sodium gates open. 12) The threshold potential is reached.

13) Repolarization occurs, sodium gates close, and potassium gates reopen. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 14) Saltatory conduction is a term applied to conduction of impulses A) across electrical synapses. B) along the postsynaptic membrane from dendrite to axon hillock. C) in two directions at the same time. D) from one neuron to another. E) along myelinated nerve fibers. 15) Synaptic vesicles discharge their contents by exocytosis at the A) dendrite. B) axon hillock. C) nodes of Ranvier. D) postsynaptic membrane. E) presynaptic membrane. 16) Which part of the vertebrate nervous system is most involved in preparation for the "fight-or-flight" response? A) sympathetic B) somatic C) central D) visceral E) parasympathetic 17) Which of the following is correct about the telencephalon region of the brain? A) It develops as the neural tube differentiates. B) It develops from the midbrain. C) It is the brain region most like that of ancestral vertebrates. D) It gives rise to the cerebrum. E) It divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. 18) What controls the heart rate? A) neocortex B) medulla C) thalamus D) pituitary E) cerebellum

19) Which selection is incorrectly paired? A) forebraindiencephalon B) forebraincerebrum C) midbrainbrainstem D) midbraincerebellum E) hindbrainmedulla

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. For the next questions, choose the best answer from the following list. Each answer may be used once, more than once, or not at all. A. B. C. D. E. cerebrum cerebellum thalamus hypothalamus medulla oblongata

20) produces hormones that are secreted by the pituitary gland 21) coordinates muscle actions 22) regulates body temperature 23) contains regulatory centers for the respiratory and circulatory systems 24) contains regions that help regulate hunger and thirst MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 25) In a variation of the game "Twenty Questions," you are asked whether the animal being thought of is a suspension feeder or not. Which of the following questions could not provide you with any useful information? A) Is it aquatic? B) Does it have teeth? C) Is it bigger than your biology book? D) Does it have claws? E) Does it have tentacles? 26) Which of the following terms could be applied to any organism with a digestive system? A) heterotroph B) autotroph C) herbivore D) omnivore E) bulk feeder

27) The ticks you might find attached to your dog are best described as A) substrate feeders. B) bulk feeders. C) suspension feeders. D) deposit feeders. E) fluid feeders. 28) During the process of digestion, fats are broken down when fatty acids are detached from glycerol and proteins are degraded when amino acids are separated from each other. What do these two processes have in common? A) Both processes can be catalyzed by the same enzyme. B) Both processes occur intracellularly in most organisms. C) Both involve the addition of a water molecule to break bonds. D) Both require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower pH. E) Both require ATP as an energy source. 4

29) Which of the following digestive processes requires enzymes? A) ingestion B) peristalsis C) absorption D) digestion E) elimination

30) To actually enter the body, a substance must cross a cell membrane. During which stage of food processing does this first happen? A) ingestion B) digestion C) hydrolysis D) absorption E) elimination

31) Which of these animals has a gastrovascular cavity? A) bird B) hydra C) mammal D) insect E) annelid

32) Which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity? A) Extracellular digestion is not needed. B) Specialized regions are possible. C) Digestive enzymes can be more specific. D) Extensive branching is possible. E) Intracellular digestion is easier. 33) What is peristalsis? A) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vein D) loss of appetite, fatigue, dehydration, and nervous disorders E) smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal 34) What is the substrate of salivary amylase? A) protein B) starch C) sucrose D) glucose E) maltose

35) A digestive juice with a pH of 2 probably came from the A) mouth. B) stomach. C) pancreas. D) esophagus. E) small intestine. 36) Most nutrients are absorbed across the epithelium of the A) colon. B) stomach. C) esophagus. D) small intestine. E) large intestine.

37) Which of the following terms could be used accurately to describe absorbed nutrients? A) macromolecules B) polymers C) monomers D) enzymes E) peptides 38) In which group of animals would you expect to find a relatively long cecum? A) carnivores B) herbivores C) autotrophs D) heterotrophs E) humans

39) Cows are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of cellulose because A) cows are autotrophic. B) the cow, like the rabbit, reingests its feces. C) cows can manufacture all 20 amino acids out of sugars in the liver. D) the cow's saliva has enzymes capable of digesting cellulose. E) cows have cellulose-digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in their rumens. 40) The main nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is A) ammonia. B) nitrate. C) nitrite. D) urea. E) uric acid.

41) Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste that requires hardly any water for its excretion? A) amino acid B) urea C) uric acid D) ammonia E) nitrogen gas

42) Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely A) terrestrial. B) marine. C) amphibious. D) found in freshwater streams. E) found in freshwater lakes. 43) Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are correctly described as which of the following? I. hypertonic II. hypotonic III. isotonic A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and III only E) II and III only

Answer Key Testname: CONCEPTS I PRACTICE TEST FOUR.TST

1) Answer: C 2) Answer: C 3) Answer: C 4) Answer: A 5) Answer: A 6) Answer: A 7) Answer: E 8) Answer: D 9) Answer: B 10) Answer: D 11) Answer: A 12) Answer: A 13) Answer: C 14) Answer: E 15) Answer: E 16) Answer: A 17) Answer: D 18) Answer: B 19) Answer: D 20) Answer: D 21) Answer: B 22) Answer: D 23) Answer: E 24) Answer: D 25) Answer: C 26) Answer: A 27) Answer: E 28) Answer: C 29) Answer: D 30) Answer: D 31) Answer: B 32) Answer: B 33) Answer: E 34) Answer: B 35) Answer: B 36) Answer: D 37) Answer: C 38) Answer: B 39) Answer: E 40) Answer: E 1

Answer Key Testname: CONCEPTS I PRACTICE TEST FOUR.TST

41) Answer: C 42) Answer: B 43) Answer: C